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新牛津译林版高中英语必修一Unit 1 Back to school
Grammar and Usage
句子成分及句子结构
这两句话的翻译正确吗？
How are you？
怎么是你
How old are you
怎么老是你
不可以完全按照中文的表达习惯学习英语哦！
我们需要了解中英文表达习惯的差异。
How are you？
你好吗
How old are you
你几岁啦
中文句子偏线形 英文句子偏树形
我 爱 学 英语。
主语+谓语
e.g. I go to school by bike every day.
宾语
补语
状语
定语
什么是句子呢？
我，是句子吗？
你，是句子吗？
我爱你，是句子吗？
请思考：
我，是句子吗？
你，是句子吗？
我爱你，是句子吗？
句子是指由词和词组通过句法构成的、
能够表达完整意思的语言单位。
那么，句子成分又是什么呢？
I love you.
主语：I
谓语：love
宾语：you
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。
句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、
定语、状语，同位语和宾补。
概念须知：
I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
我昨天在这个车站遇到了我最好的朋友Tom.
I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
↓
主语
↓
谓
语
↓
定语
↓
宾
语
↓
同位语
↓
地
点
状
语
↓
时
间
状
语
句子成分的构成
句子的主干成分：
主语、谓语、宾语、表语
句子的次要成分：
定语、状语、补语（宾补、主补）、
插入语、同位语
主语(subject)
1. 主语是句子陈述的对象。
2.一般在句首。
3. 一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。
1. We study in No. 7 Middle School.
2.The classroom is very clean.
3.To teach them English is my job.
4.Surfing, diving and swimming are all water sports.
5.Four plus four is eight.
6.What he has said is true.
7.The young should respect the old.
代词
名词
不定式
动名词
数词
主语从句
（the+adj表示一类人）
句子的主角，全句述说的对象
表示句子所说的是
“什么人”或“什么事物”
1. We speak English in class.
2. To love others is to love yourself.
3. Smoking is bad for our health.
4. China is a great and promising country.
即学即练：划出句子的主语
谓语(verb)
1. 表示主语的动作行为。
2. 必须由动词充当。
3.一般在主语后面。
(1) 简单谓语： 是由动词或动词短语构成的。
We study hard.
He often listens to music.
(2) 复合谓语：由“情态动词或助动词 + 动词原形”构成。
He can speak English.
We have finished the task.
I did see her yesterday.
实义动词
系动词
情态动词
助动词
（V.）
用来描述主语的动作，属性，状态
“做什么” 或“怎么样”, 谓语通常是动词。
即学即练：选出句中谓语动词。
1. I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't like B. on C. picture D. wall
2. Li Hua found the book interesting.
A. found B. book C. interesting D. Li Hua
3. I often go to school by bus.
A. I B. often C. go D. bus
4. There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting
C. the library D. afternoon
宾语 (object)
1. 表示动作的对象（动宾）；介词涉及的对象（介宾）
2. 用在及物动词或介词后面。
She is playing the piano.
He often helps me.
We enjoy living in the countryside.
He is interested in painting.
3.宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Please pass me the book.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
They saw an exhibition（展览）yesterday.
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
He pretended not to see me.
I enjoy listening to popular music.
I think（that）he is fit for his office.
名词
代词
数词
（the+adj表示一类人）
不定式
动名词短语
宾语从句
即学即练：判断下列句子划线部分是否为宾语。
1. He wanted to leave here. ( )
2. I often help my mother. ( )
3. She learns English well. ( )
4. My father and my mother watch TV every evening. ( )
√
×
×
√
表语(predicative)
1. 说明主语的身份、类属、状态或特征。
2. 位于系动词后面（最常见的系动词是be）。
1.He is young.
2.I am a teacher.
3.Everybody is here.
4.My job is to teach them English.
5.Now they are at home.
6.The book is what I need.
7.He got lost in the forest.
8.His hobby is swimming.
形容词
名词
副词
不定式短语
介词短语
从句
过去分词
动名词
表语predicative
位于系动词之后, 主语的“表现”
说明主语的身份，特征，状态
说明主语“是什么”, “怎么样”
1)表状态的动词：be (am, is, are)
2)表感官的动词:
3)表变化的动词:
4)表持续的动词：
5)表表像的动词:
6)表终止的动词：
look, feel, smell, taste, sound
prove, turn out（证明）
become, get, turn, go, grow
keep, stay
P
seem, appear (似乎，好像)
My father is a professor.
It's me.
The music sounds beautiful.
The story of my life may be of help to others.
His son turns fifteen.
His plan is to seek work in the city.
Her job is selling computers.
名词 n.
代词 pron.
形容词 adj.
介词短语
数词
to do不定式
Your conclusion 4：表语一般位于
可由 充当
doing动名词
即学即练：
名词, 代词, 形容词, 介词短语, 数词, 不定式, 动名词
Exploring the rules：探究规则
He is happy.
2. I agree.
3. I like reading.
4. Setting goals gives you a focus.
Rules：
①The Subject and the are necessary parts of a sentence.
② A transitive verb(Vt.) is always followed by a/an .
③Some verbs like “give” can have Objects.
S + V-l. +P
S + Vi.
S +Vt. +O
S+Vt. +IO +DO
Verb
Object
two
达标检测
1. The tips may help you.
2. The goals will seem easy to reach.
3. The experience gives you a good opportunity.
4. Setting good goals is important.
5. You should not give up.
Applying the rules：应用规则
Mark the different elements of each sentence with different symbols.
Subject:
Verb:
Object:
Predicative:
Different symbols：
You will enjoy personal growth.
句子基本成分与词类的关系
主语
谓语
Vi
Vt
V-l
宾语
宾语(间sb)宾语(直sth)
表语
课堂小结
宾语补足语(object complement)
在宾语后面,对宾语进行补充说明,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。
I made my room beautiful.
I can see her dancing there.
He had his car washed.
She asked me to lend her my bike.
Please make yourself at home.
We keep the dog out.
We call her Madam.
形容词
现在分词
过去分词
不定式
介词短语
副词
名词
主语补足语(subject complement)
对主语进行补充说明。
Tom was seen dancing in his room.
I was elected monitor.
Our country will be made stronger.
状语 (adverbial)
1. 修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子。
2. 表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，程度，结果，条件，让步，伴随等。
Light travels very quickly.
Wait a minute.
I've done it hundreds of times.
I got home, tired and thirsty.
He has lived in the city for ten years.
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.
They came out of the classroom, talking and laughing.
Mr Black came back drunk that night.
Once you begin, you must continue.
副词
名词
数词
形容词
介词短语
不定式短语
现在分词
过去分词
状语从句
定语(attribute) “……的”
用来修饰名词或代词,起类似于形容词的修饰作用。
1.He is a clever boy.
2.His father works in a shoe factory.
3.There are 54 students in our class.
4.Do you know Betty’s sister
5.His spoken English is good.
6.The girl in red is his sister.
7.I want to have something to drink.
8.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.
9.Do you know the man who's standing there
（形容词）
(物主代词)
(数词)
(名词所有格)
(过去分词)
(介词短语)
(现在分词短语)
(从句)
(不定式)
(名词)
同位语（apposition）
1.对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释,说明它们的性质和情况。
2.在句中和前面的名词指同一人、同一物，同做一种句子成分。
1. Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.
2. I myself will do the experiment.
3. She is the oldest among them six.
4. The news that he is ill worries us.
名词
反身代词
数词
从句
插入语（parenthesis）
插入语指的是对一句话所做的附加解释。其作用是，补足句意，包括说话者的态度，或引起听话者的注意。以下句子带有常见的插入语：
1. That will be a good beginning, I hope.
2. We'll have to take an umbrella, I' m afraid.
3. I have no money, you see.
4. He is a bad guy, you know.
5. Mr. Smith, I think, is at least 50 years old.
6. This, I suppose, will give you some idea of the situation in China.
Ex.分析下列句子成分
1. Everyone laughed happily.
2. My brother,Jim, was elected monitor.
3. There is a river at the foot of the hill.
4. He bought his son some books.
5. The young girl with long black hair is Kate.
6. I smell the cake.
7. The cake smells good.
8. I saw my friend Tom standing at the bus-stop.
Sentence Elements
A. Exploring the rules.
Have students read the short speech on Page6 and answer the following questions.
What is a goal
A goal is a dream that needs action.
What’s the significance of setting goals
Setting goals gives a focus in life.
Setting goals helps develop good habits.
Setting goals makes one more confident.
Subject Verb
I agree.
Subject Verb Predictive
Subject Verb Object
Subject Verb Indirect object Direct object
Subject Verb Object Object complement
A. Exploring the rules
These habits
will be
helpful.
You
will live
a happy life.
Setting goals
gives
you
a focus in life.
Setting goals
makes
you
more confident.
Have students finish the table of Part A on Page6.
Working out the Rules
Subject + Verb(SV)
Subject + Verb + Predicative(SVP)
Subject + Verb + Object (SVO)
Subject + Verb + Indirect object+ Direct object(SVOO)
Subject + Verb + Object + Object complement (SVOC)
Rule 1
The subject and the __________ are necessary parts of a sentence.
verb
Find the subjects and the verbs of the following sentences.
1. Your time and effort at senior high school will open
the door to your potential.
2. The path before you leads to a world full of challenges.
3. Potential can be developed when you try hard enough.
Working out the Rules
Subject
Verb
Subject
Verb
Subject
Verb
1. You will discover your potential while you develop
as a student and as a person.
2. You will find yourself growing into a well-rounded individual.
Rule 2:
A transitive verb is always followed by a(n) _________. Objects are usually _______ or ________.
Working out the Rules
object
nouns
pronouns
subject
verb
object
Rule 3: Some verbs can have two objects.
The indirect object usually refers to a person and the direct object a thing.
S+V+IO+DO
Setting goals gives you a focus in life.
My English teacher Ben gave me a present for my hard work.
Working out the Rules
S + V + O + OC
Do your best and make us proud.
Rule 4: The object complement adds more information about the object.
object complement
Working out the Rules
Review
I saw a cat.
I saw a cute cat.
I saw a cute cat running in the park.
I saw the white cat Bingo playing
in the park and it was naughty.
主语
宾语
谓语
主语
谓语
定语
宾语
主语
谓语
定语
宾语
宾补
状语
主语
谓语
定语
宾语
同位语
宾补
状语
主语
谓语
表语
Presentation
基本句型一：S +V（主＋谓）
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Time flies.
The moon rose.
The man cooked.
We all eat, and drink.
Everybody laughed.
I woke very soon.
Presentation
基本句型二：S +V +P （主＋系＋表）
系动词和表语二者缺一不可，系动词不能单独做谓语，有系动词必有表语，系表结构构成复合谓语
I am a doctor .
She looks happy ．
The food tastes delicious ．
The leaves turn yellow .
Presentation
基本句型二：S +link-V +P （主＋系＋表）
系动词，又称连系动词，用来连接主语和表语有些动词既可以作系动词，又可以作行为动词
状态系动词： be 动词，最常见的系动词
is , am , are , was , were , have / has / had been , will / would be
感官系动词：没有被动语态，接形容词作表语
look , smell , sound , feel , taste
变化系动词：
come , run , get , grow , turn , go , become ..
持续系动词： keep , stay , remain …
表象系动词： appear , seem ...
Presentation
基本句型三：S +V +O（主＋谓＋宾）
此句型用以说明"某人或某物做什么事情"，谓语为及物动词，本身不能表达完整的意思，后须跟宾语，动词、形容词和副词不能作宾语。
I study English ．
I need water .
She made apizza .
I love ice cream.
Presentation
基本句型四： S + V + O + O （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。
She passed him a new dress .
She cooked her husband a delicious meal .
I showed him my pictures .
He bought her nothing .
Presentation
基本句型五： S + V + O + C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
We keep the table clean .
They painted the door green .
They found the house dirty .
I saw them getting on the bus .
Presentation
句型六: S+V+A(主+谓+状)
这个句型是在主谓结构后通过状语对语义进行修饰补充，充当状语的一般是副词、介词短语等。
She arrives early .
She left last year .
I can run in the morning .
They work hard.
Presentation
句型七:S+V+O+A (主+谓+宾+状)
这个句型是在主谓宾结构后面通过状语进行修饰补充。
I drive my car everyday .
The teacher lifted his head all of a sudden.
We like the film very much.
Presentation
There be句型(存现句)
There + be ＋主语＋状语
这个句型其实属于倒装的一种，主语后置， there 作为引导词，无实际意义。
There are many children in the park .
There is a sports centre in our school.
主谓宾、定状补，主干枝叶分清楚。
主干成分主谓宾，枝叶成分定状补。
定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。
状语有时位主前，逗号分开心有数。
句子成分划分口诀
Applying the Rules
B1 Mark the different elements of each sentence with different symbols.
B. Applying the Rules
1. You will find (senior high) school different from (junior high) school.
2. (Your) schoolwork will be more challenging.
3. We will give you (more) independence.
4. You should listen [more carefully].
5. You can join a club.
6. (Your) teachers will help you [in (many) ways].
7. You will succeed.
B1. Mark the different elements of each sentence with different symbols. Use the example below to help you.
B2. Below are some tips about setting goals. Match the underlined sentences with the correct structures. Write the letters in the boxes.
c
b
d
g
e
a
f
Sentence Elements
Point out the sentence elements of the underlined part(s) of the following sentences.
1. He doesn’t have anything to do at the moment.
2. Listening to music makes me relaxed.
3. Clearly, talking to him is a mistake.
4. We should develop good study habits.
5. I felt happy because I was praised by the teacher.
6. Many students join school clubs.
7. The subject I like best is English.
Sentence Elements and Sentence Structures
1. He doesn’t have anything to do at the moment.
2. Listening to music makes me relaxed.
3. Clearly, talking to him is a mistake.
4. We should develop good study habits.
Attributive(定语）
Complement(补语)
Adverbial(状语)
Object(宾语)
Sentence Elements and Sentence Structures
5. I felt happy because I was praised by the teacher.
6. Many students join school clubs.
7. The subject I like best is English.
Predicative(表语)
Verb(谓语)
Subject(主语)
Beginning
Setting goals is the first step in achieving them.
Main Body
Set goals that can be achieved.
Break big goals down into small ones.
Write your goals on paper.
Conclusion
After you set a goal, you …
Passage Structure:
1.________ (be)a member of my new school’s basketball team 2.______ my goal now, because basketball is my favorite sport. Besides 3.__________ (exercise) my body, I will make new acquaintances through this activity. More 4.________________(important), exercising should go hand in hand with studying, so in the new term, I hope5. _________ (have) faster and better 6.________(grow) in both my body 7. _____ my mind.
Practice
Fill in the blanks with one word or proper form of the word given.
Being
is
exercising
importantly
to have
growth
and

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