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　阅读理解——词句猜测题(2)
Passage 1
(2024·山东德州一模)
Think you have a good grasp of English Good．Read the six sentences below，then．
Sentence 1: The old man the boat．
Sentence 2: The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi．
Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana．
Sentence 4: Fat people eat collects．
Sentence 5: The man who hunts ducks out on weekends．
Sentence 6: The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families．
Linguists (语言学家) call these “garden path sentences”， which take you by the hand and lead you down a winding path to a dead end．Despite this，they're all grammatically correct．Let's see why．
Sentence 1: The old man the boat．
Besides sounding like a rejected Hemingway title，this sentence is indeed grammatically correct thanks to some well placed homonyms—words that share the same spellings but have different meanings．Homonym 1 here is “old”， used as a noun，meaning “old people”； homonym 2 is “man”， used as a verb，meaning “to serve in/on”．With that in mind，the sentence means “The old people serve on the boat”．
Sentence 2: The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi．
At first read，you'd think “is made of” is the main verb of this sentence．But it's not．The simplest form of this sentence is “The cotton grows in Mississippi”； confusingly，“clothing is made of” is used to tell us what cotton we're talking about．This sentence would make way more sense if written “The cotton that clothing is made of grows in Mississippi”， but English allows us to remove certain conjunctions like “that”， with its meaning maintained．
Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana．
The first half of this sentence is easy to catch．So when dealing with the other half，people usually follow the structure of the first half，and it'd be understood as “fruits fly like bananas”．This is obviously unreasonable．Only when people rethink can they recognize the true meaning of the sentence．Therefore，such sentences manage to make people ignore the structure of the sentence itself，thus departing from its original meaning．
Come on! Take a walk down the garden path with the rest of the sentences．
1．What's the characteristic of “garden path sentences” according to linguists
A．Misleading but error free．
B．Accurate and plain．
C．Improperly worded and meaningless．
D．Ungrammatical but comprehensible．
2．Which word is an example similar to the homonym of “man” in sentence 1
A．“grows” in sentence 2．
B．“eat” in sentence 4．
C．“hunts” in sentence 5．
D．“houses” in sentence 6．
3．Which of the following correctly interprets “fruit flies like a banana” in sentence 3
A．“fruit flies” refers to a sort of insect．
B．“flies” serves as the verb of the sentence．
C．“flies like” explains what fruit is talked about．
D．“like” has the same meaning as the “like” before it．
4．What can be the troublemaker in sentence 4
A．The ill placed verbs．
B．The removal of “that”．
C．The grammar mistakes．
D．The lack of noun behind “collects”．
Passage 2
(2024·广东广州一模)
When adult humans meet a baby，many can't help speaking in a higher pitched (更高音的)，sing song voice．This shift，known as parentese，is not unique to humans — it has also been observed in animals like monkeys and gorillas．Now，scientists are adding one more species to that list: bottlenose dolphins．
Dolphins are intelligent animals that live and hunt in groups．They communicate in a unique way: every individual produces its own signature sound that acts much like an ID card，usually by its first birthday．But how does each come up with its distinctive whistle For babies，it might have something to do with listening to Mum．To solve this mystery, researchers examined the sounds mother dolphins make．
Scientists studied 34 years' worth of recordings of sounds made by 19 female bottlenose dolphins．When the mother dolphins were near their young，they continued to make their signature sound，but at a higher frequency．They also used a wider range of frequencies than they did when their babies were not nearby．
This discovery suggests that using these modifications mother dolphins assist their young in learning how to produce these calls themselves．Since dolphin babies often spend some years with their mothers before living on their own，it makes sense that this adaptation would help them learn to communicate．At the very least，the higher pitched whistle likely gets the babies' attention．“It's important for a baby to know，‘Oh，Mum's talking to me now，’” says marine biologist June Mann．
This kind of research could help us understand how language developed in humans．“It is absolutely essential to have basic knowledge about other species and how they communicate，” says Mann．“I would be really interested to see whether dolphins also change their sounds when interacting with babies of others，which is what happens in humans．”
5．What do the underlined words “this mystery ” refer to in paragraph 2
A．Why dolphins live and play in groups．
B．How dolphins develop their unique sounds．
C．What aspects of intelligence dolphins possess．
D．Whether dolphins can use parentese like humans．
6．How did the researchers carry out their study of dolphins
A．By analyzing mother dolphins' sound features．
B．By recording parent child interaction frequency．
C．By measuring the distance between the parent and the child．
D．By examining the speech organs of mother dolphins．
7．What is a suggested reason why dolphin mothers use parentese with their young
A．To help them learn to talk．
B．To teach them hunting skills．
C．To express their beautiful voice．
D．To distract their attention．
8．What is the purpose of the text
A．To compare the parentese of humans and dolphins．
B．To illustrate the development of dolphin intelligence．
C．To share new findings about dolphin communication．
D．To highlight the value of studying dolphins' language．
Passage 3
Kenya has been at the forefront (前沿) of the global war on plastic since the government banned single use plastics in protected areas in June 2020．Unfortunately，the preventive measures have barely received attention．Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer waste continues to get dumped into landfills daily．However，if 29 year old Nzambi Matee has her way, the unsightly plastic heaps will soon be transformed into colorful bricks．
The materials engineer's seeking to find a practical solution to control plastic pollution began in 2017．She quit her job and set up a small lab in her mother's backyard．It took her nine months to produce the first brick and even longer to convince a partner to help build the machinery to make them．But the determined eco entrepreneur was confident in her idea and did not give up．
She says，“I wanted to use my education to handle plastic waste pollution．But I was very clear that the solution had to be practical，sustainable，and affordable．The best way to do this was by channeling the waste into the construction space and finding the most efficient and affordable material to build homes．” Her company produces over 1，500 bricks a day．The pavers are made using a mix of plastic products that cannot be reprocessed or recycled．
The collected plastic is mixed with sand，heated at very high temperatures，and compressed (压缩) into bricks that vary in color and thickness．The resulting product is stronger，lighter，and about 30 percent cheaper than concrete bricks．More importantly，it helps repurpose the lowest quality of plastic．“There is that waste they cannot process anymore and that they cannot recycle．That is what we get．” Matee says．
Matee is not nearly done．Her dream is to reduce the mountain of trash to just a hill by increasing production and expanding her offerings．She says，“The more we recycle the plastic，the more we produce affordable housing，the more we create more employment for the youth．”
9．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 1 imply
A．Matee's method can be effective if adopted．
B．Matee's idea has been widely accepted．
C．Colorful bricks are in huge demand．
D．Plastic waste hasn't attracted enough attention．
10．Which of the following can best describe Nzambi Matee
A．Generous and ambitious．
B．Confident and grateful．
C．Creative and resolved．
D．Optimistic and modest．
11．What is Nzambi Matee's ultimate purpose in using a mix of plastic products
A．To build cheaper houses．
B．To support the government．
C．To reduce job opportunities．
D．To tackle plastic pollution．
12．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Kenya：A Pioneer in Banning Single use Plastics
B．Nzambi Matee: An Innovator in Solving Plastic Waste Pollution
C．A Mix of Plastic Products: A New Construction Material
D．Plastic Recycling: A Creative Solution to Pollution
1/1第三讲　词句猜测题
一、题型特点
词句猜测题着重考查利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇上下文等理解生词的能力。主要通过以下两点进行考查：
1．要求根据阅读材料，结合考生应有的常识和经验判断生词、词组或熟词在特定语境中的含义以及一些句子的意思；
2．代词指代题也是词句猜测题的常考类型。
二、设问方式
1．What does the underlined word/phrase/sentence“...”in paragraph ...mean/refer to
2．Which is the closest in meaning to“...” in paragraph ...
3．Which of the following words can replace the word/phrase “...” in paragraph ...
4．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph ...suggest
利用上下文线索猜测词义
1　定义
常使用的信号词汇：i．e．、 is、 are、 is/are called、 mean、 refer to、 known as等。
【典例】(2021·全国甲卷·阅读理解C篇)
Southbank，at an eastern bend in the Thames，is the center of British skateboarding，where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing．I loved it．I soon made friends with the local skaters．We spoke our own language．And my favorite：Safe．Safe meant cool．It meant hello．It meant don't worry about it．Once，when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆)，I fell onto the stones，damaging a nerve in my hand，and Toby came over，helping me up：Safe，man．Safe．A few minutes later，when I landed the trick，my friends beat their boards loud，shouting：“Safe! Safe! Safe！” And that's what mattered — landing tricks，being a good skater．
29．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe！” probably mean
A．Be careful！ B．Well done!
C．No way! D．Don't worry!
自主解答：B
解题分析：根据选段中的“And my favorite：Safe．Safe meant cool．”可知，作者将“Safe”定义为“cool”，即“出色的”；同时结合下文可知，在作者成功完成了一次滑板动作后，同伴们都大喊“Safe! Safe! Safe！”来表示祝贺或鼓励作者，夸作者“做得好”。
2　举例
常出现的信号词汇：such as、 such ...as、 for example、 for instance、 like、 including、 especially等。
【典例】(2020·北京卷·阅读理解D篇)
Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous．For example，algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets，self-driving cars are appearing on city streets，and our smartphones are translating from one language into another．These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are．But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed．That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change．
42．What does the underlined word “ubiquitous”in paragraph 1 probably mean
A．Enormous in quantity．
B．Changeable daily．
C．Stable in quality．
D．Present everywhere．
自主解答：D
解题分析：根据画线词后的“For example”可知，下文是对画线词所在句的举例。这些例子都是人工智能被广泛应用到生活中不同领域的体现，由此可以推测出，画线词表示人工智能变得越来越普遍。
3　重述
常见的信号词汇：or、namely、that is、 in other words、 that is to say、to be more exact、to put it another way等。
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter．This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days．At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value．
29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up． B．Add-on．
C．Check-in． D．Take-over．
自主解答：A
解题分析：画线词后的句子重述了“digital declutter”的过程，用以进一步解释该词。根据画线词后面的“step away from”可知，画线词表示“清除，清理”，A项含义与画线词含义相近。
4　同义词或近义词
同义词、近义词常见的信号词汇：and、or、like、as well、similarly、too、also、either等。
【典例】(2023·浙江1月卷·阅读理解C篇)
Brilliant though it is，Project Debater has some weaknesses．It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together．This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make．Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out，yet they also point to a fundamental problem．As Kristian Hammond，professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University，put it：“There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about．”
29．What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Arguments． B．Doubts．
C．Errors． D．Differences．
自主解答：C
解题分析：根据画线词的上一句“This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make．”可知，这可能导致一些人类不会犯的错误。因此wrinkles指代errors。画线词wrinkles所在的句子表示“这样的错误毫无疑问会被纠正”。
5　反义词
常见的表示对比或反义的信号词汇：(whether...) or、 unlike、 but、 yet、 however、 while、 although、 nevertheless、 instead、 rather than、 in contrast、 on the contrary、 on the other hand等。
【典例】(2020·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇)
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research，both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake．And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份)，it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid．
13．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to
A．Big eaters．
B．Overweight persons．
C．Picky eaters．
D．Tall thin persons．
自主解答：D
解题分析：根据画线词所在句的上半句可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭；后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是“the beanpoles with big appetites”。由“contrary to”可推断出，画线词和heavier people意义相反。
根据上下文逻辑猜测词义
作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一复杂难懂的单词或短语的意义。
1　转折关系
在猜测词义时，两个分句之间的逻辑关系往往给我们一些重要暗示，比如转折关系。
【典例】(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解D篇)
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but，thankfully，Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable．She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic，making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which，by the close，will make you feel almost as smart as AI．
32．What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．If read by someone poorly educated．
B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned．
C．If written by someone less competent．
D．If translated by someone unacademic．
自主解答：C
解题分析：根据画线短语后“but”及“thankfully”可知，前后语意转折，前句应该是一种假设一个不是Campbell的作者，与后句中经验丰富的作者进行对比。
2　对比关系
有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或者出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，考生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。
【典例】(2023·浙江1月卷·阅读理解B篇)
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon．
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago，as I was living with my parents，and I continue to experience this with my husband，as he is not completely zero waste like me．I've learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household．
24．What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph
A．Share an apartment with you．
B．Join you in what you're doing．
C．Transform your way of living．
D．Help you to make the decision．
自主解答：B
解题分析：画线部分前的“Live with roommates？Have friends and family around you？”及“looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle”提及了对生活方式的渴望，再根据下文作者将自己在生活方式的选择上与家人相对比推断，此处表示当你想选择更加可持续的生活方式时，不是身边的所有人都会加入其中。
3　类比关系
常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇：similarly、like、also、just as、as well等。
【典例】(2024·全国甲卷·阅读理解B篇)
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit，but cats take this behavior up a notch．Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners．This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物)．Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you．These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time．So just go along with it!
26．Which best explains the phrase “take ...up a notch” in paragraph 3
A．Perform appropriately． B．Move faster．
C．Act strangely． D．Do better．
自主解答：D
解题分析：根据选段第一句以及接下来的描述可知，猫通过带回物品给主人来表示爱意，这种行为比狗的取物行为更进一步，即做得更好。
根据构词法猜测词义
根据词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思，熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的解题技巧。
【典例】(2020·新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解B篇)
I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit．
...
My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring，and later．Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it．Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I seldom actually kept them．Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day，and I would return the belonging．
25．What do the underlined words “the offender” in paragraph 8 refer to
A．The student's parent．
B．The maker of the Grandma's Box．
C．The author's grandchild．
D．The owner of the forbidden fruit．
自主解答：D
解题分析：根据构词法知识可知，“-er”为名词后缀，当其与动词组合时，表示“做某事的人或物”；offend为动词，意为“违反；冒犯”。所以offender有“犯规者；违反者”之意。结合上文中出现的“forbidden fruit”以及下文提到的“return the belonging”可推断，画线词所在句表示，通常the offender会在放学的时候过来，作者就会把东西归还给他/她。因此，the offender就是携带违禁物品的人。
根据上下文语境猜测词义
对于词汇或短语的理解，离不开特定的语境。因此，毫无疑问，上下文语境是进行词义猜测最重要的线索。
【典例1】(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
When reading texts of several hundred words or more，learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen．A large amount of research confirms this finding．The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text．
28．What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Seem unlikely to last．
B．Seem hard to explain．
C．Become ready to use．
D．Become easy to notice．
自主解答：D
解题分析：根据本段前两句可知，在阅读几百字或更多字的文本时，纸质阅读比屏幕阅读的学习效果更好。再根据画线短语所在句可知，当实验人员把任务从易(比如找到阅读文章的主旨)到难(需要抽象思维，比如从文本中推断出结论)推进时，纸质阅读的优势尤为明显，也就是变得容易被人注意到(become easy to notice)。
【典例2】(2023·全国甲卷·阅读理解B篇)
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself)．Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself．
24．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1
A．An artist． B．A winner．
C．A specialist． D．A pioneer．
自主解答：C
解题分析：根据选段中的“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself．”可知，泰瑞·博尔顿擅长搭架子和拼装家具，她自己能做的工作从不付钱让别人做。据此可知，她是自我动手方面的专家，故画线部分意为“专家”。
Passage 1
(2024·湖北武汉二模)
Peru's legislature is prepared to approve new laws that would make it easier to investigate and punish researchers who engage in academic cheating，including paying to have their names added to a scientific paper．
The move comes as Peru's national science agency seeks to crack down on authorship buying and other dishonest practices．It recently removed two scientists accused of dishonest publications from a national registry that is key to receiving government grants，job promotions，and salary bonuses．And officials are investigating many more researchers in the wake of an October media report that identified 180 individuals allegedly involved in academic misconduct，including 72 listed on the national registry who work at 14 universities in Peru．
The new laws will empower universities and government officials to punish such behavior．Dishonest publishing practices “transcend mere moral misbehavior” because they enable researchers to obtain government and private funding without telling the truth，says Edward Málaga Trillo，a member of Congress who is the driving force behind the bills，which lawmakers are expected to finalize early this year．“These individuals are operating academic cheating．”
Peru's academic community has been struggling with a rising tide of false authorship and related problems．One cause，some researchers say，is a 2014 law that aimed to stimulate research by rewarding researchers who boost their publishing output．For example，under a scoring system used by universities，researchers can earn five points for authorship in a high-impact journal，and two points when the journal is lower impact．Amassing points can bring bonus payments and career promotion．
Signs of dishonest publishing can be obvious，notes Nahuel Monteblanco，president of Cientificos．pe，a Peruvian group that investigates misconduct．Many of the papers cited by Punto Final have numerous co-authors from different nations with few prior publications on the same subject．“If your colleague consistently publishes 20 articles a year with co-authors from other countries，that's highly suspect，” Monteblanco says．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了秘鲁准备通过新的法律，以便更容易地调查和惩罚从事学术作弊的研究人员，并且解释了作弊的原因和现象等。
1．What action did Peru take recently to address academic cheating
A．Fining 72 offenders for academic dishonesty．
B．Disqualifying 2 scientists from a national registry．
C．Punishing 180 researchers for academic misconduct．
D．Withdrawing government funds from 14 universities．
B　[细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，秘鲁最近采取了从国家注册中心取消2名科学家资格来解决学术作弊问题。]
2．Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “transcend” in paragraph 3
A．Change． B．Strengthen．
C．Go beyond． D．Approve of．
C　[词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“because they enable researchers to obtain government...‘These individuals are operating academic cheating．’”可推断，上文意思是国会议员Edward Málaga Trillo说，不诚实的出版行为“超越了单纯的道德不端行为”，所以transcend意为“超越”，和“Go beyond”同义。]
3．What do we know about the 2014 law in Peru
A．It advocated a fair scoring system．
B．It applied to high-impact journals．
C．It led to an increase in false authorship．
D．It aimed to punish dishonest publishing．
C　[推理判断题。根据题干定位到倒数第二段“One cause，...Amassing points can bring bonus payments and career promotion．”可知，一些研究人员表示，其中一个原因是2014年的一项法律，该法律旨在通过奖励提高论文发表量的研究人员来刺激研究。例如，在大学使用的评分系统下，研究人员在高影响力期刊上的作者可以获得5分，在影响力较低的期刊上可以获得2分。积累的积分可以带来奖金和职业晋升。因此可知，研究人员会想办法提高论文的发表量，这样就会导致虚假作者的增加。]
4．The most suspicion might be given to a productive researcher with ．
A．career promotion
B．consistent research focus
C．few citations by Punto Final
D．co-authors from various countries
D　[细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Many of the papers cited by Punto Final have numerous co-authors from different nations with few prior publications on the same subject．‘If your colleague consistently publishes 20 articles a year with co-authors from other countries，that's highly suspect，’ Monteblanco says．” 可知，最值得怀疑的可能是拥有来自不同国家的合著者。]
Passage 2
(2024·山东潍坊二模)
I had to say something after reading The Anxious Generation．It is going to sell well，because Jonathan Haidt is telling a scary story about children's development many parents are led to believe．However，the book's repeated suggestion that digital technologies are rewiring our children's brains and causing the epidemic of mental illness is unsupported by science．Worse，the rude proposal that social media is to blame might distract (分心) us from effectively responding to the real causes of the current mental-health crisis in young people．
Researchers have searched for the effects suggested by Haidt．Our efforts have produced a mix of no，small and mixed associations．Most data are correlative．When associations over time are found，they suggest that not social-media use predicts or causes depression，but that young people who already have mental-health problems use such platforms more often or in different ways from their healthy peers．
We are not alone here．Several analyses and systematic reviews centralize on the same message．An analysis done in 72 countries shows no consistent or measurable associations between well-being and social media globally．Moreover，studies from some authorities find no evidence of intense changes associated with digital-technology use．
As a psychologist studying children's and adolescents' mental health，I appreciate parents' frustration (沮丧) and desire for simple answers．As a parent of adolescents，I would also like to identify a simple source for the pain this generation is reporting．There are，however，no simple answers．The beginning and development of mental disorders are driven by a complex set of genetic and environmental factors．
More young people are talking openly about their mental-health struggles than ever before．But insufficient services are available to address their needs．In the United States，there is，on average，one school psychologist for every 1，119 students．We have a generation in crisis and in desperate need of the best of what science and evidence-based solutions can offer．Unfortunately，our time is being spent telling stories that are unsupported by research and that do little to support young people who need，and deserve，more．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。文章是对《焦虑的一代》一书的评论。
5．What is presented in The Anxious Generation
A．Scary stories affect children's brains．
B．Parents are responsible for children's health．
C．Teen's mental illness results from screen time．
D．The epidemic of mental illness is unavoidable．
C　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“However，the book's repeated suggestion that digital technologies are rewiring our children's brains and causing the epidemic of mental illness is unsupported by science．”可知，该书重复暗示数字技术正在重构我们孩子的大脑，并导致精神健康问题的流行。C项与该描述相一致。]
6．What does the phrase “the same message” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Many countries do research in mental health．
B．Well-being and social media are closely related．
C．The young are trapped in the mental-health crisis．
D．Social media don't necessarily cause mental illness．
D　[词义猜测题。根据画线词前面的内容可知，“同样的信息”指的是社交媒体并不一定导致心理健康问题。通过在72个国家进行的一项分析显示，在全球范围内，(心理)健康和社交媒体之间没有一致的或可衡量的联系。故画线词指代的是没有一致或可测量的证据表明社交媒体与(心理)健康之间有密切关系。]
7．What is implied in the last paragraph
A．Effective action need to be taken．
B．Positive stories should be shared．
C．Financial support needs to be provided．
D．Broader research should be done．
A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句可知，针对年轻人的心理健康问题，我们正在浪费时间讲述没有研究支持的故事，而这些故事对需要帮助的年轻人并没有帮助，这暗示我们需要采取有效的行动来解决这个问题。]
8．What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To suggest ways to help those in need．
B．To encourage parents to brave the crisis．
C．To recommend a newly-published book．
D．To give a voice to children's mental issues．
D　[推理判断题。根据第一段前三句以及最后一段最后一句可知，作者的目的是引起人们对儿童心理健康问题以及真正引发该问题的原因进行关注和理解。D项符合作者的目的。]
　阅读理解——词句猜测题(1)
Passage 1
(2024·江西鹰潭一模)
The Yellow River is the cradle (摇篮) of Chinese civilization．And flood control and prevention have always been key to the well-being of the people living along it．Now，scientists can better work on these issues by giving the river a digital twin．
The digital twin of the Yellow River uses various technologies，including big data，artificial intelligence，and the Internet of things．Devices set up along the river collect and transmit information to the command center．Based on the information，a 3D model of the river is presented on the computer screen．It's like the Yellow River has a twin that reflects its real conditions．
One big breakthrough in the river's digital governance (治理) is “smart stones”．According to Wang Qin，a lead researcher at the Information Center of Yellow River Henan Bureau，a smart stone is a water-proof stone-shaped device with chips，a battery，and a signal transmitter．They are buried in important dike (堤坝) locations to record and report the movement of dike stones．“Upon feeling movement of the dike stones，the smart stone sends an alarm to the command center for quick response，” Wang said．“In the past，researchers had to learn the conditions of the dike on the spot by themselves，putting their lives at risk，” said Zhao Xiaoxiong from the bureau．“Now the smart stones can do this for us，more safely，quickly，and accurately．”
And in the sky，drones (无人机) are flying．On the routes designed by engineers，the drones become expert patrollers of the river，looking at its dikes and flood prevention projects．According to Shen Lin from the Yellow River Conservancy Commission，thanks to the drones，researchers at the command center can get first-hand photos and information．“Researchers then update the 3D model according to the changes the drones reported．The newly updated model helps us test our floodwater release plans in case we ever need to batten down the hatches，” said Shen．
Under the water and up in the sky，intelligent systems are helping to protect the Yellow River Basin on all fronts．According to the Ministry of Water Resources，in the future，we can expect to see the construction of an even more comprehensive digital system for this important river．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了黄河数字孪生体的创建目的、运行方式和发展。
1．What is the main purpose of creating a digital twin of the Yellow River
A．To conduct historical research．
B．To raise public awareness of river protection．
C．To improve flood control and prevention efforts．
D．To create a virtual tourist attraction．
C　[推理判断题。根据第一段后两句可知，创建黄河数字孪生体的主要目的是加强防洪工作。]
2．How do the smart stones contribute to the river's digital governance
A．They record water quality．
B．They serve as markers for important locations．
C．They enhance the river's beauty．
D．They monitor and report dike movements．
D　[细节理解题。根据第三段第三句可知，智能石头通过监测和报告堤石的运动来为河流的数字化治理做出贡献。故选D项。]
3．What is one of the functions of drones in the digital governance of the Yellow River
A．Entertaining tourists．
B．Collecting information on dike conditions．
C．Patrolling and taking wildlife photos．
D．Giving warnings of coming floods．
B　[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知，无人机在黄河数字化治理中的作用之一是收集堤坝状况信息。]
4．What does the underlined phrase “batten down the hatches” in the fourth paragraph mean
A．Prepare for difficult times．
B．Foresee the future．
C．Work hard to achieve one's goals．
D．Overcome challenges．
A　[词义猜测题。根据第四段后三句可知，使用无人机可以获得黄河水利情况的第一手资料，研究人员可以根据无人机发回的资料实时更新3D模型，这样做可以提早预防洪涝等紧急情况，以便做出快速回应。故推知batten down the hatches应表示“做好迎接困难的准备”的含义，与A项同义。故选A项。]
Passage 2
(2024·湖南岳阳二模)
Billions of people deal with a nail-biting habit at some point in their lives．Many will go to great lengths to try to stop．And while not all of us are nail-biters，most of us do have a habit we'd like to kick．So what's the best way to break one
Research shows that intentions alone often fail to lead to a long-term behavior change．This isn't to say you can't break a habit．Rather，by understanding the basis of habits，you can create better plans for changing them．For example，we know habits are often affected by environments and routines．Lying in bed may cause you to endlessly scroll through your phone，or watching TV on the couch may lead you to grab a sugary snack．
One of the most effective ways to manage behavior is to identify these locations or times of day．Then try to modify them by changing your routine or creating obstacles that make it more difficult to perform the habit in that space．Moving，switching jobs，or even starting a new schedule，is particularly a great time to break a habit or build a new one．
One 2005 study tracked university students' exercising，reading，and TV-watching habits before and after they transferred schools．When students were no longer around old environments and routines，their habits，even the strong ones，significantly changed．
For behaviors like nail-biting，a practice called habit reversal training can be helpful．Developed by psychologists in the 1970s，the aim is to change a habit by replacing it with another one that's less detrimental．The training requires you to analyze and understand your habit cues，so you can effectively step in at the right time．For example，if you tend to bite your nails at work，keep a fidget toy at your desk in advance．Then，if a stressful email comes in，use the toy when you feel the urge to bite your nails．
Breaking a habit takes time，so remember to give yourself grace and have patience through the process．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些改变习惯的方法。
5．Why does the author mention “a nail-biting habit” in paragraph 1
A．To make a comparison．
B．To make a conclusion．
C．To introduce the topic．
D．To attract readers' attention．
C　[推理判断题。根据文章第一段可知，第一段以“咬指甲”这个坏习惯为例，引出文章主题即如何改掉习惯。]
6．What is the best way to help us control our action
A．Having intentions alone．
B．Understanding the basis of habits．
C．Making practical plans．
D．Adapting the environments or times．
D　[细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句可知，管理行为最好的方法之一是确定时间或地点，即适应环境或时间。]
7．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Harmful． B．Helpful．
C．Annoying． D．Time-consuming．
A　[词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Developed by psychologists in the 1970s，the aim is to change a habit by replacing it with another one that's less”以及后文的“For example ...use the toy when you feel the urge to bite your nails．”可知，如果收到一封压力大的电子邮件时，当你感到想要咬指甲时，就使用这个玩具。即通过一种危害性较小的习惯来取代或者改变原有的习惯。由此可知，detrimental意为“有害的”。 ]
8．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Difficulties in Dealing with the Nail-biting Habit
B．Insignificance of Habit Reversal Training
C．Useful Tips on Getting Rid of a Habit
D．Necessity of Having Grace and Patience
C　[标题归纳题。根据文章第一段最后一句以及通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了如何改变习惯，包括了环境和常规的影响，以及一些有效的方法。C项是最好的标题。故选C。]
Passage 3
(2024·安徽滁州二模)
The multipurpose AS700 civilian airship model recently received a major certification from the government，moving it closer to mass production，according to State-owned Aviation Industry Corp of China，the nation's leading aircraft maker．
The company said in a statement on Tuesday that the Civil Aviation Administration of China issued the type certificate to the AS700 on Dec．13，making the type the first manned airship in China to be domestically developed and certified．
Designed and built by the Special Aircraft Research Institute，the airship's research and development started in August 2018，with the main aim of meeting tourist demand for sightseeing air tours．
The airship has a maximum take-off weight of 4.15 metric tons and a maximum speed of 100 kilometers per hour．The plane is able to carry one pilot and nine tourists and is capable of flying 700 kilometers and staying in the air for up to 10 hours．
“After receiving the type certificate，we will cooperate with the airship's first users to develop a set of standard procedures for its business operations．And we will also work together to get the production certificate as soon as possible，” Zhao Xiajun，deputy director of the institute，said on Wednesday．“So far，we have signed several contracts for the first mass-produced AS700s．”
There will be plenty of space inside the aircraft，which will allow it to have cooking facilities and a washroom．It can also be equipped with high-end electrical devices to meet market needs for extravagant vehicles，according to designers．
With a comfortable flight experience，good economy and high safety，airships are a good choice for aerial (空中) tourism and cargo (货物) transportation to remote areas，said Du Wei，project manager of the AS700．“Besides its potential in tourism，the AS700 will also be suitable for a wide range of civilian operations such as mineral prospecting，emergency rescue and so on．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲的是多用途的AS700民用飞艇模型最近获得了政府的型号合格证，从而使其大规模生产成为可能，同时文章还介绍了该飞艇模型的特点及使用前景。
9．What do we know about the AS700 civilian airship
A．It has received the type certificate．
B．It will be put into operation in no time．
C．It has already been massively made．
D．It has been recognized by its first users．
A　[推理判断题。根据文章第一段以及第二段可知，AS700已经获得了中国民用航空局颁发的型号合格证。]
10．Why was the airship designed and built
A．To prove China's great development in space．
B．To satisfy tourist need for sightseeing air tours．
C．To make high profits from selling the aircrafts．
D．To promote cooperation between different nations．
B　[细节理解题。根据文章第三段可知，飞艇的设计和建造是为了满足游客对空中观光旅游的需要。故选B项。]
11．Which of the following has the closest meaning to “extravagant”？
A．Economical． B．Military．
C．Luxurious． D．Recyclable．
C　[词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段画线词之前内容以及画线词之后的“vehicles(车辆；交通工具)”可知，飞艇内部可以配备高端电器设备，所以可以满足拥有高端设备的交通工具的市场需求，由此可以推测画线词的意思应为“奢侈的，豪华的”，与C项Luxurious(豪华的)意思相近。]
12．What is the text
A．A news report． B．A film review．
C．An advertisement． D．A poster．
A　[推理判断题。根据文章第一段以及文章其他段落的内容可知，文章主要介绍了AS700多用途民用飞艇模型的最新情况，即该飞艇模型最近获得了政府的型号合格证，以及该飞艇模型的基本情况和使用前景，符合新闻报道的特点，所以文章是一篇新闻报道。]
　阅读理解——词句猜测题(2)
Passage 1
(2024·山东德州一模)
Think you have a good grasp of English Good．Read the six sentences below，then．
Sentence 1：The old man the boat．
Sentence 2：The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi．
Sentence 3：Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana．
Sentence 4：Fat people eat collects．
Sentence 5：The man who hunts ducks out on weekends．
Sentence 6：The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families．
Linguists (语言学家) call these “garden path sentences”， which take you by the hand and lead you down a winding path to a dead end．Despite this，they're all grammatically correct．Let's see why．
Sentence 1：The old man the boat．
Besides sounding like a rejected Hemingway title，this sentence is indeed grammatically correct thanks to some well-placed homonyms—words that share the same spellings but have different meanings．Homonym 1 here is “old”， used as a noun，meaning “old people”； homonym 2 is “man”， used as a verb，meaning “to serve in/on”．With that in mind，the sentence means “The old people serve on the boat”．
Sentence 2：The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi．
At first read，you'd think “is made of” is the main verb of this sentence．But it's not．The simplest form of this sentence is “The cotton grows in Mississippi”； confusingly，“clothing is made of” is used to tell us what cotton we're talking about．This sentence would make way more sense if written “The cotton that clothing is made of grows in Mississippi”， but English allows us to remove certain conjunctions like “that”， with its meaning maintained．
Sentence 3：Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana．
The first half of this sentence is easy to catch．So when dealing with the other half，people usually follow the structure of the first half，and it'd be understood as “fruits fly like bananas”．This is obviously unreasonable．Only when people rethink can they recognize the true meaning of the sentence．Therefore，such sentences manage to make people ignore the structure of the sentence itself，thus departing from its original meaning．
Come on! Take a walk down the garden path with the rest of the sentences．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了对特殊的英文句子的理解。
1．What's the characteristic of “garden path sentences” according to linguists
A．Misleading but error-free．
B．Accurate and plain．
C．Improperly-worded and meaningless．
D．Ungrammatical but comprehensible．
A　[推理判断题。根据文章第八段“Linguists call these...they're all grammatically correct．Let's see why．”可知，这些句子的特点是误导但没有错误。]
2．Which word is an example similar to the homonym of “man” in sentence 1
A．“grows” in sentence 2．
B．“eat” in sentence 4．
C．“hunts” in sentence 5．
D．“houses” in sentence 6．
D　[推理判断题。根据文章第一个黑标题“Sentence 1：The old man the boat．”下的“Homonym 1 here is ‘old’， used as a noun，meaning ‘old people’； homonym 2 is ‘man’， used as a verb，meaning ‘to serve in/on’．”和第七段“Sentence 6：The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families．”可知，第6句中的“houses”可以是名词“房子”，本句中用作动词，意为“给(某人)提供住处”与第1句中“man”都是具有名词词性，在句子中用作动词。]
3．Which of the following correctly interprets “fruit flies like a banana” in sentence 3
A．“fruit flies” refers to a sort of insect．
B．“flies” serves as the verb of the sentence．
C．“flies like” explains what fruit is talked about．
D．“like” has the same meaning as the “like” before it．
A　[句意理解题。根据文章第三个黑标题“Sentence 3：Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana．”下的“The first half of this sentence is easy to catch．So when dealing with the other half...thus departing from its original meaning．”可知，句子应该理解为“fruit flies”为句子主语，意为“果蝇”，指的是一种昆虫；谓语是“like”意为“喜欢”；宾语是“a banana”，意为“香蕉”。]
4．What can be the troublemaker in sentence 4
A．The ill-placed verbs．
B．The removal of “that”．
C．The grammar mistakes．
D．The lack of noun behind “collects”．
B　[推理判断题。根据文章第五段中“Sentence 4：Fat people eat collects．”可知，people前省略了that，that people eat为定语从句，修饰先行词Fat，所以“that”的省略导致句子不好理解。故选B。]
Passage 2
(2024·广东广州一模)
When adult humans meet a baby，many can't help speaking in a higher-pitched (更高音的)，sing-song voice．This shift，known as parentese，is not unique to humans — it has also been observed in animals like monkeys and gorillas．Now，scientists are adding one more species to that list：bottlenose dolphins．
Dolphins are intelligent animals that live and hunt in groups．They communicate in a unique way：every individual produces its own signature sound that acts much like an ID card，usually by its first birthday．But how does each come up with its distinctive whistle For babies，it might have something to do with listening to Mum．To solve this mystery, researchers examined the sounds mother dolphins make．
Scientists studied 34 years' worth of recordings of sounds made by 19 female bottlenose dolphins．When the mother dolphins were near their young，they continued to make their signature sound，but at a higher frequency．They also used a wider range of frequencies than they did when their babies were not nearby．
This discovery suggests that using these modifications mother dolphins assist their young in learning how to produce these calls themselves．Since dolphin babies often spend some years with their mothers before living on their own，it makes sense that this adaptation would help them learn to communicate．At the very least，the higher-pitched whistle likely gets the babies' attention．“It's important for a baby to know，‘Oh，Mum's talking to me now，’” says marine biologist June Mann．
This kind of research could help us understand how language developed in humans．“It is absolutely essential to have basic knowledge about other species and how they communicate，” says Mann．“I would be really interested to see whether dolphins also change their sounds when interacting with babies of others，which is what happens in humans．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了海豚妈妈通过教授幼崽使用独特的声音来教会幼崽说话。文章讲述了研究开展的经过并阐述了研究的意义。
5．What do the underlined words “this mystery ” refer to in paragraph 2
A．Why dolphins live and play in groups．
B．How dolphins develop their unique sounds．
C．What aspects of intelligence dolphins possess．
D．Whether dolphins can use parentese like humans．
B　[词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“But how does each come up with its distinctive whistle For babies，it might have something to do with listening to Mum．To solve”以及后文“researchers examined the sounds mother dolphins make．”可知，海豚发出独特的声音与听到海豚妈妈的声音有关，所以为了解“海豚如何发出独特的声音”这个谜团，研究人员检查了海豚妈妈发出的声音。故画线词指的是“海豚如何发出独特的声音”。 ]
6．How did the researchers carry out their study of dolphins
A．By analyzing mother dolphins' sound features．
B．By recording parent-child interaction frequency．
C．By measuring the distance between the parent and the child．
D．By examining the speech organs of mother dolphins．
A　[推理判断题。根据第三段的“Scientists studied 34 years' worth of recordings of sounds made by 19 female bottlenose dolphins．”可知，研究人员通过分析母海豚的声音特征对海豚进行研究。故选A。]
7．What is a suggested reason why dolphin mothers use parentese with their young
A．To help them learn to talk．
B．To teach them hunting skills．
C．To express their beautiful voice．
D．To distract their attention．
A　[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“This discovery suggests that using these modifications mother dolphins assist their young in learning how to produce these calls themselves．”可知，海豚妈妈对幼崽使用父母语的原因是帮助它们学会说话。]
8．What is the purpose of the text
A．To compare the parentese of humans and dolphins．
B．To illustrate the development of dolphin intelligence．
C．To share new findings about dolphin communication．
D．To highlight the value of studying dolphins' language．
C　[写作目的题。根据第一段的内容并通读全文可知，文章主要说明了海豚妈妈使用独特的声音来教会幼崽说话，讲述了研究开展的经过以及研究的意义。因此，本篇文章的目的是分享海豚交流的新发现。]
Passage 3
Kenya has been at the forefront (前沿) of the global war on plastic since the government banned single-use plastics in protected areas in June 2020．Unfortunately，the preventive measures have barely received attention．Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer waste continues to get dumped into landfills daily．However，if 29-year-old Nzambi Matee has her way, the unsightly plastic heaps will soon be transformed into colorful bricks．
The materials engineer's seeking to find a practical solution to control plastic pollution began in 2017．She quit her job and set up a small lab in her mother's backyard．It took her nine months to produce the first brick and even longer to convince a partner to help build the machinery to make them．But the determined eco-entrepreneur was confident in her idea and did not give up．
She says，“I wanted to use my education to handle plastic waste pollution．But I was very clear that the solution had to be practical，sustainable，and affordable．The best way to do this was by channeling the waste into the construction space and finding the most efficient and affordable material to build homes．” Her company produces over 1，500 bricks a day．The pavers are made using a mix of plastic products that cannot be reprocessed or recycled．
The collected plastic is mixed with sand，heated at very high temperatures，and compressed (压缩) into bricks that vary in color and thickness．The resulting product is stronger，lighter，and about 30 percent cheaper than concrete bricks．More importantly，it helps repurpose the lowest quality of plastic．“There is that waste they cannot process anymore and that they cannot recycle．That is what we get．” Matee says．
Matee is not nearly done．Her dream is to reduce the mountain of trash to just a hill by increasing production and expanding her offerings．She says，“The more we recycle the plastic，the more we produce affordable housing，the more we create more employment for the youth．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了材料工程师Nzambi Matee通过自己的努力，创造性地解决塑料垃圾污染的问题。
9．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 1 imply
A．Matee's method can be effective if adopted．
B．Matee's idea has been widely accepted．
C．Colorful bricks are in huge demand．
D．Plastic waste hasn't attracted enough attention．
A　[句意理解题。根据画线句子前的“However”可知，该句话的意思与画线句子前的内容为转折关系，根据画线句子前的“Unfortunately，the preventive measures have barely received attention．Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer waste continues to get dumped into landfills daily．”可知，政府的一些治理塑料污染的预防措施几乎没有取得实质的效果，大量的垃圾仍然被倒进垃圾填埋场，由此可知，画线句子的意思与此相反，应为“如果Matee的方法被采用可能会有效”。]
10．Which of the following can best describe Nzambi Matee
A．Generous and ambitious．
B．Confident and grateful．
C．Creative and resolved．
D．Optimistic and modest．
C　[推理判断题。根据第二段中的“But the determined eco-entrepreneur was confident in her idea and did not give up．”可知，Matee绝不会放弃自己的想法，说明她很有决心。再根据第三段中的“The best way to do this was by channeling the waste into the construction space and finding the most efficient and affordable material to build homes．”可知，她认为最好的方法是将废物引入建筑空间，这种想法很有创造性，由以上内容可推知，Matee是一个有创造性且有决心的人。]
11．What is Nzambi Matee's ultimate purpose in using a mix of plastic products
A．To build cheaper houses．
B．To support the government．
C．To reduce job opportunities．
D．To tackle plastic pollution．
D　[细节理解题。根据第三段“She says，‘I wanted to use my education to handle plastic waste pollution...’...The pavers are made using a mix of plastic products that cannot be reprocessed or recycled．”可知，将塑料产品的混合物做成了铺路砖的最终目的是解决塑料污染问题。]
12．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Kenya：A Pioneer in Banning Single-use Plastics
B．Nzambi Matee：An Innovator in Solving Plastic Waste Pollution
C．A Mix of Plastic Products：A New Construction Material
D．Plastic Recycling：A Creative Solution to Pollution
B　[标题归纳题。根据第二段中的“The materials engineer's seeking to find a practical solution to control plastic pollution began in 2017．”可知，材料工程师Nzambi Matee试图找到方法来解决塑料垃圾污染问题，以及第三段中的“She says，‘...build homes．’”可知，她认为解决问题的方法必须是具备实用性，可持续性以及经济适用性，她提出了将塑料垃圾用于建筑的想法，并结合全文可知，“Nzambi Matee：解决塑料垃圾污染问题的创新者”适合作文章的标题。]
　阅读理解——词句猜测题(3)
Passage 1
(2024·浙江义乌二模)
Last night，I told my Argentinian friend that I had been using LangAI to practice my Spanish．It can not only correct my errors I told him but also give me different regional expressions in the language，including Mexican Spanish，Argentinian Spanish，and Spanglish．And，unlike when I am chatting with him on social media，I do not have to factor in time zone differences．
My friend seemed less excited．“So，you've replaced me？” he joked．I haven't，of course．The convenience and width of an AI chatbot can't compete with the pleasures of chatting with someone whose personality I have learned over the course of years．It is，however，a useful supplement．
LangAI，one specific language-learning chatbot，was launched in March by Federico Ruiz Cassarino．He drew on his own experiences of learning English after moving from Uruguay to Britain．
Many people get self-conscious about making mistakes in a language they barely speak，even to a tutor，Ruiz Cassarino notes．But a chatbot won't judge you．And the new wave of generative AI is so advanced that rather than stick to boring pre-scripted(照本宣科的) role-plays，“you can speak about things that are interesting to you，which makes it feel like not as much of a chore to learn．” To this end，the team customized LangAI's interface to match users' vocabulary levels，added the ability to make corrections during a conversation，and enabled the conversion of speech to text．
AI-powered language learning apps have weaknesses．Users are reporting that chatbots are quite competent in widely spoken European languages，but the quality substantially worsens for languages that are less represented online or that have different writing systems．Even in common languages，the chatbots make errors，sometimes inventing words．This may not bother advanced learners much，but with these chatbots delivering text so confidently，it would be easy for a relatively new learner to take what they say as correct．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章通过讲述LangAI的使用情况，说明了使用LangAI练习语言的优点和不足。
1．What advantages does AI have over my friend
A．Fix every error in conversations．
B．Display differences in languages．
C．Provide enjoyable conversations．
D．Offer round-the-clock assistance．
D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“And，unlike when I am chatting with him on social media，I do not have to factor in time zone differences．”可知，AI的优势是可以提供全天候帮助。]
2．What does the underlined word “It” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．The course of years．
B．Using LangAI to practice languages．
C．Chatting on social media．
D．The pleasure of chatting．
B　[代词指代题。画线词所在句前文“The convenience and width of an AI chatbot can't compete with the pleasures of chatting with someone whose personality I have learned over the course of years．”描述了使用人工智能聊天机器人练习语言的特点，从而推知画线词指的是“使用LangAI练习语言”。故选B项。]
3．Why is Cassarino's language learning experience mentioned
A．To highlight the inspiration behind LangAI's creation．
B．To illustrate the challenges faced by language learners．
C．To compare the differences between different languages．
D．To show LangAI's emphasis on personalized experiences
A　[推理判断题。根据第三段可知，提到Cassarino的语言学习经历是为了突出创造LangAI背后的灵感。]
4．What can LangAI do to support language learners
A．Scoring users' performance in conversations．
B．Generating speech according to the given text．
C．Creating new words by the rules of word formation．
D．Providing dialogues based on users' language proficiency．
D　[细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，LangAI能根据用户的语言水平提供对话来支持语言学习者。]
Passage 2
(2024·江苏苏锡常镇二模)
Deforestation—by clear-cutting or wildfires—has massive consequences both on climate and health．But leaving reforestation to Mother Nature can take decades，particularly as disastrous wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity．And the time，costs and labor involved make traditional methods of tree planting not as practical as they once were．
Bryce Jones knows how hard it is to replant forests．For four months in 2013，he worked as a tree planter throughout Canada．“There's no technology there，” he says．“The only way you can accomplish reforestation is through the air．” But it wasn't until 2019 that he hit on the one that he thought had potential：use drones (无人机) to fire specially designed seed pods (荚) into the ground—at 10 times the normal rate and costing 20 percent less than traditional methods．He proposed the idea to his brother and Flash Forcer was born．His first goal was to plant a billion trees by 2025．
The team took out a loan，bought a drone and used 3D printers at Jones's school to make casts of the pods．Now，only two and a half years later，the company has a group of drones with each able to carry several thousand pods per flight．Three operators work in a field，controlling five drones，whose flight take 15 to 20 minutes．Flash Forcer's big draw is its seed pod，which contains everything seedlings (幼苗) need to promote survival．And its technology allows them to reach post-burn sites or remote areas that are difficult for traditional tree planting．
There are challenges every day，Jones says，as they work to improve the engineering，hardware，software and seed-pod recipes．Then there are the challenges presented by the climate—this year，record temperatures，record wildfires and drought．“That was something that was totally out of our control，” he says．
Unlike some traditional forms of reforestation，Flash Forcer is focused on biodiversity．For Jones，the target of planting a billion trees by 2025 is just the beginning．“I have a dream that the company will plant on six continents—everywhere where our technology is needed，” he says．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项无人机的创新应用——使用无人机进行森林再造。
5．What does the author intend to tell us in paragraph 1
A．The benefits of reforestation．
B．The power of AI machines．
C．The way of putting out wildfires．
D．The necessity of using new planting methods．
D　[推理判断题。根据第一段可知，作者在第一段想告诉我们用传统的种树方法不切实际，意思就是我们需要更先进的种树方法，也就是采用新的种植方法的必要性。]
6．What contributes to the particular appeal of Flash Forcer
A．Its drone operators．
B．The frequent flights．
C．Its seed pod．
D．The low cost of seedlings．
C　[细节理解题。根据倒数第三段的“Flash Forcer's big draw is its seed pod，which contains everything seedlings need to promote survival．And its technology allows them to reach post-burn sites or remote areas that are difficult for traditional tree planting．”可知，Flash Forcer最大的吸引力在于它的种子荚。]
7．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 4 refer to
A．Extreme weather．　 B．Drone technology．
C．3D equipment． D．Computer software．
A　[代词指代题。that为代词，应是代指前文提到的事物，根据前文“Then there are the challenges presented by the climate—this year，record temperatures，record wildfires and drought．”可知，that代指前文提到的极端天气。]
8．What can we infer about Flash Forcer from the last paragraph
A．It changed its focus in the past．
B．It will achieve its final target in 2025．
C．It might be available worldwide one day．
D．It has replaced traditional forms of reforestation．
C　[推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘I have a dream that the company will plant on six continents—everywhere where our technology is needed，’ he says．”可知，从本段可推断也许Flash Forcer以后会推广至全世界。]
Passage 3
(2024·贵州贵阳一模)
Bees are more than just honey-makers．They are essential pollinators (传粉者) that help maintain the balance of our ecosystems and the diversity of our crops．Bees are among the most diverse and plentiful insects on Earth，with over 20，000 species worldwide．They belong to the order Hymenoptera (膜翅目昆虫)，which also includes wasps，ants，and sawflies．
Bees have evolved to feed on nectar (花蜜) and pollen from flowers，and in doing so，they transfer pollen from one flower to another，enabling fertilization (受精) and reproduction．This process，called pollination，is essential for the survival of many plants，especially those that produce fruit，nuts，seeds，and vegetables that we eat．
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)，bees and other pollinators affect 35% of global agricultural land，supporting the production of 87% of the leading food crops worldwide．
Pollination also enhances the quality and quantity of the crops，as well as their resistance to pests and diseases．Without bees and other pollinators，our food supply and our biodiversity would be at risk．
Unfortunately，bees are facing many threats，such as habitat loss，pesticide use，climate change，diseases，and invasive species．The FAO estimates that 16.5% of vertebrate (脊椎动物) pollinators and 40% of invertebrate pollinators，such as bees，are facing extinction．This could have serious consequences for our food security，our livelihoods，and our environment．
Therefore，it is important to protect the bees and their habitats，and to raise awareness about their role and value．
One way to appreciate and support the bees is to learn how to identify them and observe their behavior．You might be surprised by the diversity and beauty of the bees that visit your backyard，garden，or balcony．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了蜜蜂不仅作为蜂蜜制造者，更是至关重要的传粉者，对于维护生态系统平衡、丰富农作物多样性起着不可或缺的作用，同时指出蜜蜂面临的生存挑战及对其保护的紧迫性。
9．Why are pollinators important
A．They help the bees fertilize．
B．They keep the crops diverse．
C．They support the bees to make honey．
D．They protect insects such as wasps．
B　[细节理解题。根据第一段的“Bees are more than just honey-makers．They are essential pollinators that help maintain the balance of our ecosystems and the diversity of our crops．”可知，传粉昆虫很重要是因为它们在维持生态系统平衡和农作物多样性方面至关重要。]
10．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．How pollination works．
B．How the flowers attract bees．
C．How the bees reproduce．
D．How the plants produce fruits．
A　[主旨大意题。根据第二段内容可知，第二段主要介绍了蜜蜂通过取食花蜜和花粉进行传粉，从而帮助植物受精和繁殖的过程，即“传粉是如何运作的”。 ]
11．What does the underlined word “This” in paragraph 5 probably refer to
A．Climate change．
B．Pesticide use．
C．Pollinators' survival crisis．
D．Bees' habitat loss．
C　[代词指代题。根据第五段的“The FAO estimates that 16.5% of vertebrate pollinators and 40% of invertebrate pollinators，such as bees，are facing extinction．”可知，蜜蜂和其他传粉者面临灭绝的危机，“这种危机”可能导致严重的后果，因此，“This”指代的是“传粉者生存危机”。 ]
12．Which would be the best title for the text
A．A Duty：Protect Bees' Habitat
B．A Means：Observe Bees' Behaviour
C．Bees：Maintainers of the Ecosystem
D．Bees：Consumers at the Top of the Food Chain
C　[标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段前两句以及倒数第二段“Therefore，it is important to protect the bees and their habitats，and to raise awareness about their role and value．”可知，文章主要围绕蜜蜂作为生态系统维护者的核心角色展开，论述了其传粉功能对农业生产、生物多样性和环境稳定性的重大意义，同时指出蜜蜂面临的生存挑战及对其保护的紧迫性。所以“蜜蜂：生态系统的维护者”适合作本文的标题。]
30/32　阅读理解——词句猜测题(1)
Passage 1
(2024·江西鹰潭一模)
The Yellow River is the cradle (摇篮) of Chinese civilization．And flood control and prevention have always been key to the well being of the people living along it．Now，scientists can better work on these issues by giving the river a digital twin．
The digital twin of the Yellow River uses various technologies，including big data，artificial intelligence，and the Internet of things．Devices set up along the river collect and transmit information to the command center．Based on the information，a 3D model of the river is presented on the computer screen．It's like the Yellow River has a twin that reflects its real conditions．
One big breakthrough in the river's digital governance (治理) is “smart stones”．According to Wang Qin，a lead researcher at the Information Center of Yellow River Henan Bureau，a smart stone is a water proof stone shaped device with chips，a battery，and a signal transmitter．They are buried in important dike (堤坝) locations to record and report the movement of dike stones．“Upon feeling movement of the dike stones，the smart stone sends an alarm to the command center for quick response，” Wang said．“In the past，researchers had to learn the conditions of the dike on the spot by themselves，putting their lives at risk，” said Zhao Xiaoxiong from the bureau．“Now the smart stones can do this for us，more safely，quickly，and accurately．”
And in the sky，drones (无人机) are flying．On the routes designed by engineers，the drones become expert patrollers of the river，looking at its dikes and flood prevention projects．According to Shen Lin from the Yellow River Conservancy Commission，thanks to the drones，researchers at the command center can get first hand photos and information．“Researchers then update the 3D model according to the changes the drones reported．The newly updated model helps us test our floodwater release plans in case we ever need to batten_down_the_hatches，” said Shen．
Under the water and up in the sky，intelligent systems are helping to protect the Yellow River Basin on all fronts．According to the Ministry of Water Resources，in the future，we can expect to see the construction of an even more comprehensive digital system for this important river．
1．What is the main purpose of creating a digital twin of the Yellow River
A．To conduct historical research．
B．To raise public awareness of river protection．
C．To improve flood control and prevention efforts．
D．To create a virtual tourist attraction．
2．How do the smart stones contribute to the river's digital governance
A．They record water quality．
B．They serve as markers for important locations．
C．They enhance the river's beauty．
D．They monitor and report dike movements．
3．What is one of the functions of drones in the digital governance of the Yellow River
A．Entertaining tourists．
B．Collecting information on dike conditions．
C．Patrolling and taking wildlife photos．
D．Giving warnings of coming floods．
4．What does the underlined phrase “batten down the hatches” in the fourth paragraph mean
A．Prepare for difficult times．
B．Foresee the future．
C．Work hard to achieve one's goals．
D．Overcome challenges．
Passage 2
(2024·湖南岳阳二模)
Billions of people deal with a nail biting habit at some point in their lives．Many will go to great lengths to try to stop．And while not all of us are nail biters，most of us do have a habit we'd like to kick．So what's the best way to break one
Research shows that intentions alone often fail to lead to a long term behavior change．This isn't to say you can't break a habit．Rather，by understanding the basis of habits，you can create better plans for changing them．For example，we know habits are often affected by environments and routines．Lying in bed may cause you to endlessly scroll through your phone，or watching TV on the couch may lead you to grab a sugary snack．
One of the most effective ways to manage behavior is to identify these locations or times of day．Then try to modify them by changing your routine or creating obstacles that make it more difficult to perform the habit in that space．Moving，switching jobs，or even starting a new schedule，is particularly a great time to break a habit or build a new one．
One 2005 study tracked university students' exercising，reading，and TV watching habits before and after they transferred schools．When students were no longer around old environments and routines，their habits，even the strong ones，significantly changed．
For behaviors like nail biting，a practice called habit reversal training can be helpful．Developed by psychologists in the 1970s，the aim is to change a habit by replacing it with another one that's less detrimental．The training requires you to analyze and understand your habit cues，so you can effectively step in at the right time．For example，if you tend to bite your nails at work，keep a fidget toy at your desk in advance．Then，if a stressful email comes in，use the toy when you feel the urge to bite your nails．
Breaking a habit takes time，so remember to give yourself grace and have patience through the process．
5．Why does the author mention “a nail biting habit” in paragraph 1
A．To make a comparison．
B．To make a conclusion．
C．To introduce the topic．
D．To attract readers' attention．
6．What is the best way to help us control our action
A．Having intentions alone．
B．Understanding the basis of habits．
C．Making practical plans．
D．Adapting the environments or times．
7．What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Harmful．　　　 B．Helpful．
C．Annoying． D．Time consuming．
8．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Difficulties in Dealing with the Nail biting Habit
B．Insignificance of Habit Reversal Training
C．Useful Tips on Getting Rid of a Habit
D．Necessity of Having Grace and Patience
Passage 3
(2024·安徽滁州二模)
The multipurpose AS700 civilian airship model recently received a major certification from the government，moving it closer to mass production，according to State owned Aviation Industry Corp of China，the nation's leading aircraft maker．
The company said in a statement on Tuesday that the Civil Aviation Administration of China issued the type certificate to the AS700 on Dec．13，making the type the first manned airship in China to be domestically developed and certified．
Designed and built by the Special Aircraft Research Institute，the airship's research and development started in August 2018，with the main aim of meeting tourist demand for sightseeing air tours．
The airship has a maximum take off weight of 4.15 metric tons and a maximum speed of 100 kilometers per hour．The plane is able to carry one pilot and nine tourists and is capable of flying 700 kilometers and staying in the air for up to 10 hours．
“After receiving the type certificate，we will cooperate with the airship's first users to develop a set of standard procedures for its business operations．And we will also work together to get the production certificate as soon as possible，” Zhao Xiajun，deputy director of the institute，said on Wednesday．“So far，we have signed several contracts for the first mass produced AS700s．”
There will be plenty of space inside the aircraft，which will allow it to have cooking facilities and a washroom．It can also be equipped with high end electrical devices to meet market needs for extravagant vehicles，according to designers．
With a comfortable flight experience，good economy and high safety，airships are a good choice for aerial (空中) tourism and cargo (货物) transportation to remote areas，said Du Wei，project manager of the AS700．“Besides its potential in tourism，the AS700 will also be suitable for a wide range of civilian operations such as mineral prospecting，emergency rescue and so on．”
9．What do we know about the AS700 civilian airship
A．It has received the type certificate．
B．It will be put into operation in no time．
C．It has already been massively made．
D．It has been recognized by its first users．
10．Why was the airship designed and built
A．To prove China's great development in space．
B．To satisfy tourist need for sightseeing air tours．
C．To make high profits from selling the aircrafts．
D．To promote cooperation between different nations．
11．Which of the following has the closest meaning to “extravagant”？
A．Economical． B．Military．
C．Luxurious． D．Recyclable．
12．What is the text
A．A news report． B．A film review．
C．An advertisement． D．A poster．
1/1第三讲　词句猜测题
一、题型特点
词句猜测题着重考查利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇上下文等理解生词的能力。主要通过以下两点进行考查：
1．要求根据阅读材料，结合考生应有的常识和经验判断生词、词组或熟词在特定语境中的含义以及一些句子的意思；
2．代词指代题也是词句猜测题的常考类型。
二、设问方式
1．What does the underlined word/phrase/sentence“...”in paragraph ... mean/refer to
2．Which is the closest in meaning to“...” in paragraph ...
3．Which of the following words can replace the word/phrase “...” in paragraph ...
4．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph ... suggest
利用上下文线索猜测词义
1　定义
常使用的信号词汇：i．e．、 is、 are、 is/are called、 mean、 refer to、 known as等。
【典例】(2021·全国甲卷·阅读理解C篇)
Southbank，at an eastern bend in the Thames，is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing．I loved it．I soon made friends with the local skaters．We spoke our own language．And my favorite：Safe．Safe meant cool．It meant hello．It meant don't worry about it．Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆), I fell onto the stones，damaging a nerve in my hand，and Toby came over，helping me up：Safe, man．Safe．A few minutes later，when I landed the trick，my friends beat their boards loud, shouting：“Safe! Safe! Safe！” And that's what mattered — landing tricks, being a good skater．
29．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe！” probably mean
A．Be careful！ B．Well done!
C．No way! D．Don't worry!
自主解答：
解题分析：根据选段中的“And my favorite: Safe． Safe meant cool．”可知，作者将“Safe”定义为“cool”，即“出色的”；同时结合下文可知，在作者成功完成了一次滑板动作后，同伴们都大喊“Safe! Safe! Safe！”来表示祝贺或鼓励作者，夸作者“做得好”。
2　举例
常出现的信号词汇：such as、 such ... as、 for example、 for instance、 like、 including、 especially等。
【典例】(2020·北京卷·阅读理解D篇)
Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous． For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets，and our smartphones are translating from one language into another． These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are． But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed． That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change．
42．What does the underlined word “ubiquitous”in paragraph 1 probably mean
A．Enormous in quantity．
B．Changeable daily．
C．Stable in quality．
D．Present everywhere．
自主解答：
解题分析：根据画线词后的“For example”可知，下文是对画线词所在句的举例。这些例子都是人工智能被广泛应用到生活中不同领域的体现，由此可以推测出，画线词表示人工智能变得越来越普遍。
3　重述
常见的信号词汇：or、namely、that is、 in other words、 that is to say、to be more exact、to put it another way等。
【典例】(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter． This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days． At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value．
29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up． B．Add-on．
C．Check-in． D．Take-over．
自主解答：
解题分析：画线词后的句子重述了“digital declutter”的过程，用以进一步解释该词。根据画线词后面的“step away from”可知，画线词表示“清除，清理”，A项含义与画线词含义相近。
4　同义词或近义词
同义词、近义词常见的信号词汇：and、or、like、as well、similarly、too、also、either等。
【典例】(2023·浙江1月卷·阅读理解C篇)
Brilliant though it is，Project Debater has some weaknesses． It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together． This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make． Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem． As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it：“There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about．”
29．What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Arguments． B．Doubts．
C．Errors． D．Differences．
自主解答：
解题分析：根据画线词的上一句“This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make．”可知，这可能导致一些人类不会犯的错误。因此wrinkles指代errors。画线词wrinkles所在的句子表示“这样的错误毫无疑问会被纠正”。
5　反义词
常见的表示对比或反义的信号词汇：(whether...) or、 unlike、 but、 yet、 however、 while、 although、 nevertheless、 instead、 rather than、 in contrast、 on the contrary、 on the other hand等。
【典例】(2020·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇)
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake．And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid．
13．What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to
A．Big eaters．
B．Overweight persons．
C．Picky eaters．
D．Tall thin persons．
自主解答：
解题分析：根据画线词所在句的上半句可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭；后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是“the beanpoles with big appetites”。由“contrary to”可推断出，画线词和heavier people意义相反。
根据上下文逻辑猜测词义
作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一复杂难懂的单词或短语的意义。
1　转折关系
在猜测词义时，两个分句之间的逻辑关系往往给我们一些重要暗示，比如转折关系。
【典例】(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解D篇)
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable． She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI．
32．What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．If read by someone poorly educated．
B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned．
C．If written by someone less competent．
D．If translated by someone unacademic．
自主解答：
解题分析：根据画线短语后“but”及“thankfully”可知，前后语意转折，前句应该是一种假设一个不是Campbell的作者，与后句中经验丰富的作者进行对比。
2　对比关系
有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或者出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，考生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义。
【典例】(2023·浙江1月卷·阅读理解B篇)
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon．
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me． I've learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household．
24．What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph
A．Share an apartment with you．
B．Join you in what you're doing．
C．Transform your way of living．
D．Help you to make the decision．
自主解答：
解题分析：画线部分前的“Live with roommates？Have friends and family around you？”及“looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle”提及了对生活方式的渴望，再根据下文作者将自己在生活方式的选择上与家人相对比推断，此处表示当你想选择更加可持续的生活方式时，不是身边的所有人都会加入其中。
3　类比关系
常见的表示类比关系的信号词汇：similarly、like、also、just as、as well等。
【典例】(2024·全国甲卷·阅读理解B篇)
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch． Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners． This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物)． Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you． These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time． So just go along with it!
26．Which best explains the phrase “take ... up a notch” in paragraph 3
A．Perform appropriately． B．Move faster．
C．Act strangely． D．Do better．
自主解答：
解题分析：根据选段第一句以及接下来的描述可知，猫通过带回物品给主人来表示爱意，这种行为比狗的取物行为更进一步，即做得更好。
根据构词法猜测词义
根据词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思，熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的解题技巧。
【典例】(2020·新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解B篇)
I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit．
...
My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later．Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it．Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I seldom actually kept them．Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day，and I would return the belonging．
25．What do the underlined words “the offender” in paragraph 8 refer to
A．The student's parent．
B．The maker of the Grandma's Box．
C．The author's grandchild．
D．The owner of the forbidden fruit．
自主解答：
解题分析：根据构词法知识可知，“-er”为名词后缀，当其与动词组合时，表示“做某事的人或物”；offend为动词，意为“违反；冒犯”。所以offender有“犯规者；违反者”之意。结合上文中出现的“forbidden fruit”以及下文提到的“return the belonging”可推断，画线词所在句表示，通常the offender会在放学的时候过来，作者就会把东西归还给他/她。因此，the offender就是携带违禁物品的人。
根据上下文语境猜测词义
对于词汇或短语的理解，离不开特定的语境。因此，毫无疑问，上下文语境是进行词义猜测最重要的线索。
【典例1】(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇)
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen． A large amount of research confirms this finding． The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text．
28．What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Seem unlikely to last．
B．Seem hard to explain．
C．Become ready to use．
D．Become easy to notice．
自主解答：
解题分析：根据本段前两句可知，在阅读几百字或更多字的文本时，纸质阅读比屏幕阅读的学习效果更好。再根据画线短语所在句可知，当实验人员把任务从易(比如找到阅读文章的主旨)到难(需要抽象思维，比如从文本中推断出结论)推进时，纸质阅读的优势尤为明显，也就是变得容易被人注意到(become easy to notice)。
【典例2】(2023·全国甲卷·阅读理解B篇)
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself)． Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself．
24．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1
A．An artist． B．A winner．
C．A specialist． D．A pioneer．
自主解答：
解题分析：根据选段中的“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself．”可知，泰瑞·博尔顿擅长搭架子和拼装家具，她自己能做的工作从不付钱让别人做。据此可知，她是自我动手方面的专家，故画线部分意为“专家”。
Passage 1
(2024·湖北武汉二模)
Peru's legislature is prepared to approve new laws that would make it easier to investigate and punish researchers who engage in academic cheating, including paying to have their names added to a scientific paper．
The move comes as Peru's national science agency seeks to crack down on authorship buying and other dishonest practices． It recently removed two scientists accused of dishonest publications from a national registry that is key to receiving government grants, job promotions, and salary bonuses． And officials are investigating many more researchers in the wake of an October media report that identified 180 individuals allegedly involved in academic misconduct, including 72 listed on the national registry who work at 14 universities in Peru．
The new laws will empower universities and government officials to punish such behavior． Dishonest publishing practices “transcend mere moral misbehavior” because they enable researchers to obtain government and private funding without telling the truth, says Edward Málaga Trillo, a member of Congress who is the driving force behind the bills, which lawmakers are expected to finalize early this year． “These individuals are operating academic cheating．”
Peru's academic community has been struggling with a rising tide of false authorship and related problems． One cause, some researchers say, is a 2014 law that aimed to stimulate research by rewarding researchers who boost their publishing output． For example, under a scoring system used by universities, researchers can earn five points for authorship in a high-impact journal, and two points when the journal is lower impact． Amassing points can bring bonus payments and career promotion．
Signs of dishonest publishing can be obvious, notes Nahuel Monteblanco, president of Cientificos．pe, a Peruvian group that investigates misconduct． Many of the papers cited by Punto Final have numerous co-authors from different nations with few prior publications on the same subject． “If your colleague consistently publishes 20 articles a year with co-authors from other countries, that's highly suspect，” Monteblanco says．
1．What action did Peru take recently to address academic cheating
A．Fining 72 offenders for academic dishonesty．
B．Disqualifying 2 scientists from a national registry．
C．Punishing 180 researchers for academic misconduct．
D．Withdrawing government funds from 14 universities．
2．Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “transcend” in paragraph 3
A．Change． B．Strengthen．
C．Go beyond． D．Approve of．
3．What do we know about the 2014 law in Peru
A．It advocated a fair scoring system．
B．It applied to high-impact journals．
C．It led to an increase in false authorship．
D．It aimed to punish dishonest publishing．
4．The most suspicion might be given to a productive researcher with ．
A．career promotion
B．consistent research focus
C．few citations by Punto Final
D．co-authors from various countries
Passage 2
(2024·山东潍坊二模)
I had to say something after reading The Anxious Generation． It is going to sell well, because Jonathan Haidt is telling a scary story about children's development many parents are led to believe． However, the book's repeated suggestion that digital technologies are rewiring our children's brains and causing the epidemic of mental illness is unsupported by science． Worse, the rude proposal that social media is to blame might distract (分心) us from effectively responding to the real causes of the current mental-health crisis in young people．
Researchers have searched for the effects suggested by Haidt． Our efforts have produced a mix of no, small and mixed associations． Most data are correlative． When associations over time are found, they suggest that not social-media use predicts or causes depression, but that young people who already have mental-health problems use such platforms more often or in different ways from their healthy peers．
We are not alone here． Several analyses and systematic reviews centralize on the same message． An analysis done in 72 countries shows no consistent or measurable associations between well-being and social media globally． Moreover, studies from some authorities find no evidence of intense changes associated with digital-technology use．
As a psychologist studying children's and adolescents' mental health, I appreciate parents' frustration (沮丧) and desire for simple answers． As a parent of adolescents, I would also like to identify a simple source for the pain this generation is reporting． There are, however, no simple answers． The beginning and development of mental disorders are driven by a complex set of genetic and environmental factors．
More young people are talking openly about their mental-health struggles than ever before． But insufficient services are available to address their needs． In the United States, there is, on average, one school psychologist for every 1，119 students． We have a generation in crisis and in desperate need of the best of what science and evidence-based solutions can offer． Unfortunately, our time is being spent telling stories that are unsupported by research and that do little to support young people who need, and deserve, more．
5．What is presented in The Anxious Generation
A．Scary stories affect children's brains．
B．Parents are responsible for children's health．
C．Teen's mental illness results from screen time．
D．The epidemic of mental illness is unavoidable．
6．What does the phrase “the same message” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Many countries do research in mental health．
B．Well-being and social media are closely related．
C．The young are trapped in the mental-health crisis．
D．Social media don't necessarily cause mental illness．
7．What is implied in the last paragraph
A．Effective action need to be taken．
B．Positive stories should be shared．
C．Financial support needs to be provided．
D．Broader research should be done．
8．What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To suggest ways to help those in need．
B．To encourage parents to brave the crisis．
C．To recommend a newly-published book．
D．To give a voice to children's mental issues．
11/11　阅读理解——词句猜测题(3)
Passage 1
(2024·浙江义乌二模)
Last night，I told my Argentinian friend that I had been using LangAI to practice my Spanish．It can not only correct my errors I told him but also give me different regional expressions in the language，including Mexican Spanish，Argentinian Spanish，and Spanglish．And，unlike when I am chatting with him on social media，I do not have to factor in time zone differences．
My friend seemed less excited．“So，you've replaced me？” he joked．I haven't，of course．The convenience and width of an AI chatbot can't compete with the pleasures of chatting with someone whose personality I have learned over the course of years．It is，however，a useful supplement．
LangAI，one specific language learning chatbot，was launched in March by Federico Ruiz Cassarino．He drew on his own experiences of learning English after moving from Uruguay to Britain．
Many people get self conscious about making mistakes in a language they barely speak，even to a tutor，Ruiz Cassarino notes．But a chatbot won't judge you．And the new wave of generative AI is so advanced that rather than stick to boring pre scripted(照本宣科的) role plays，“you can speak about things that are interesting to you，which makes it feel like not as much of a chore to learn．” To this end，the team customized LangAI's interface to match users' vocabulary levels，added the ability to make corrections during a conversation，and enabled the conversion of speech to text．
AI powered language learning apps have weaknesses．Users are reporting that chatbots are quite competent in widely spoken European languages，but the quality substantially worsens for languages that are less represented online or that have different writing systems．Even in common languages，the chatbots make errors，sometimes inventing words．This may not bother advanced learners much，but with these chatbots delivering text so confidently，it would be easy for a relatively new learner to take what they say as correct．
1．What advantages does AI have over my friend
A．Fix every error in conversations．
B．Display differences in languages．
C．Provide enjoyable conversations．
D．Offer round the clock assistance．
2．What does the underlined word “It” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．The course of years．
B．Using LangAI to practice languages．
C．Chatting on social media．
D．The pleasure of chatting．
3．Why is Cassarino's language learning experience mentioned
A．To highlight the inspiration behind LangAI's creation．
B．To illustrate the challenges faced by language learners．
C．To compare the differences between different languages．
D．To show LangAI's emphasis on personalized experiences
4．What can LangAI do to support language learners
A．Scoring users' performance in conversations．
B．Generating speech according to the given text．
C．Creating new words by the rules of word formation．
D．Providing dialogues based on users' language proficiency．
Passage 2
(2024·江苏苏锡常镇二模)
Deforestation—by clear cutting or wildfires—has massive consequences both on climate and health．But leaving reforestation to Mother Nature can take decades，particularly as disastrous wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity．And the time，costs and labor involved make traditional methods of tree planting not as practical as they once were．
Bryce Jones knows how hard it is to replant forests．For four months in 2013，he worked as a tree planter throughout Canada．“There's no technology there，” he says．“The only way you can accomplish reforestation is through the air．” But it wasn't until 2019 that he hit on the one that he thought had potential: use drones (无人机) to fire specially designed seed pods (荚) into the ground—at 10 times the normal rate and costing 20 percent less than traditional methods．He proposed the idea to his brother and Flash Forcer was born．His first goal was to plant a billion trees by 2025．
The team took out a loan，bought a drone and used 3D printers at Jones's school to make casts of the pods．Now，only two and a half years later，the company has a group of drones with each able to carry several thousand pods per flight．Three operators work in a field，controlling five drones，whose flight take 15 to 20 minutes．Flash Forcer's big draw is its seed pod，which contains everything seedlings (幼苗) need to promote survival．And its technology allows them to reach post burn sites or remote areas that are difficult for traditional tree planting．
There are challenges every day，Jones says，as they work to improve the engineering，hardware，software and seed pod recipes．Then there are the challenges presented by the climate—this year，record temperatures，record wildfires and drought．“That was something that was totally out of our control，” he says．
Unlike some traditional forms of reforestation，Flash Forcer is focused on biodiversity．For Jones，the target of planting a billion trees by 2025 is just the beginning．“I have a dream that the company will plant on six continents—everywhere where our technology is needed，” he says．
5．What does the author intend to tell us in paragraph 1
A．The benefits of reforestation．
B．The power of AI machines．
C．The way of putting out wildfires．
D．The necessity of using new planting methods．
6．What contributes to the particular appeal of Flash Forcer
A．Its drone operators．
B．The frequent flights．
C．Its seed pod．
D．The low cost of seedlings．
7．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 4 refer to
A．Extreme weather．　 B．Drone technology．
C．3D equipment． D．Computer software．
8．What can we infer about Flash Forcer from the last paragraph
A．It changed its focus in the past．
B．It will achieve its final target in 2025．
C．It might be available worldwide one day．
D．It has replaced traditional forms of reforestation．
Passage 3
(2024·贵州贵阳一模)
Bees are more than just honey makers．They are essential pollinators (传粉者) that help maintain the balance of our ecosystems and the diversity of our crops．Bees are among the most diverse and plentiful insects on Earth，with over 20，000 species worldwide．They belong to the order Hymenoptera (膜翅目昆虫)，which also includes wasps，ants，and sawflies．
Bees have evolved to feed on nectar (花蜜) and pollen from flowers，and in doing so，they transfer pollen from one flower to another，enabling fertilization (受精) and reproduction．This process，called pollination，is essential for the survival of many plants，especially those that produce fruit，nuts，seeds，and vegetables that we eat．
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)，bees and other pollinators affect 35% of global agricultural land，supporting the production of 87% of the leading food crops worldwide．
Pollination also enhances the quality and quantity of the crops，as well as their resistance to pests and diseases．Without bees and other pollinators，our food supply and our biodiversity would be at risk．
Unfortunately，bees are facing many threats，such as habitat loss，pesticide use，climate change，diseases，and invasive species．The FAO estimates that 16.5% of vertebrate (脊椎动物) pollinators and 40% of invertebrate pollinators，such as bees，are facing extinction．This could have serious consequences for our food security，our livelihoods，and our environment．
Therefore，it is important to protect the bees and their habitats，and to raise awareness about their role and value．
One way to appreciate and support the bees is to learn how to identify them and observe their behavior．You might be surprised by the diversity and beauty of the bees that visit your backyard，garden，or balcony．
9．Why are pollinators important
A．They help the bees fertilize．
B．They keep the crops diverse．
C．They support the bees to make honey．
D．They protect insects such as wasps．
10．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．How pollination works．
B．How the flowers attract bees．
C．How the bees reproduce．
D．How the plants produce fruits．
11．What does the underlined word “This” in paragraph 5 probably refer to
A．Climate change．
B．Pesticide use．
C．Pollinators' survival crisis．
D．Bees' habitat loss．
12．Which would be the best title for the text
A．A Duty: Protect Bees' Habitat
B．A Means: Observe Bees' Behaviour
C．Bees: Maintainers of the Ecosystem
D．Bees: Consumers at the Top of the Food Chain
5/5

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