资源简介

高考英语专题复习
专题四 非谓语动词
目 录
一、基本概念 4
1.非谓语动词可以充当的句子成分 4
2.非谓语动词的一般体、进行体和完成体和被动的变体 4
3.根据非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间的关系，可以把非谓语动词分成七类 5
二、非谓语作状语 6
1.不定式作状语 7
2.现在分词作状语 7
●作时间状语 7
●作方式状语 8
●作结果状语 9
●作伴随状语 9
●作原因状语 9
●作条件状语 10
●起补充说明作用 10
●过去分词作状语 10
三、非谓语作定语 11
1.不定式作定语 13
2.分词作定语 14
3.不定式to be done形式、过去分词done和现在分词being done形式作定语的区别 15
四、非谓语作补语 16
1.不定式作补语 16
2.分词作补语 17
五、非谓语作宾语 19
1.不定式作宾语 19
2.动名词作宾语 20
3.动词后使用动名词和不定式，意思相差无几 21
4.动词后使用动名词和不定式，意思不同 21
5.非谓语作宾语的易错点 22
6.摆脱思维定势 22
7.用作介词的to和不定式的to 24
六、非谓语作主语 25
1.不定式作主语一般表示具体的某次动作 25
2.动名词作主语一般表示泛指意义的行为 25
3.动名词的特殊句型 26
七、非谓语作表语 27
1.不定式和动名词作表语 27
2.分词作表语 27
一、基本概念
在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括：不定式、动名词和分词。它们的核心意义是：
·不定式：目的、将来
·动名词：功能同名词
·现在分词：主动、进行
·过去分词：被动、完成
1.非谓语动词可以充当的句子成分
主语 宾语 补语 表语 定语 状语
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动名词 √ √ √ √
分词 √ √ √ √
2.非谓语动词的一般体、进行体和完成体和被动的变体
主被动 一般式 完成式 （强调非谓语动作先于谓语动作完成） 进行式 （强调非谓语动作与谓语动作同时发生）
to do 主动 to do to have done to be doing
被动 to be done to have been done
doing 主动 doing having done
被动 being done having been done
done 被动 done
3.根据非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间的关系，可以把非谓语动词分成七类
非谓语动词与逻辑主语间的主被动关系 主动 doing （动作和谓语动词同时发生，或者基本上同时发生）
having done （动作在谓语动词之前发生）
to do （动作在谓语动词之后发生）
被动 done （动作在谓语动词之前已结束，或不强调动作发生的具体时间）
being done （动作和谓语动词同时发生）
having been done （动作在谓语动词之前发生-不作定语）
to be done （动作发生在非谓语动词之后）
二、非谓语作状语
不定式作状语现在分词作状语过去分词作状语
能够充当状语的非谓语动词有不定式和分词，以及它们的变体
充当状语的非谓语动词 例句 用法要点
doing Walking around the park，the old lady suddenly saw a wallet. 主动+进行
having done Having received all kinds of awards，the actress decided to retire. 主动+完成
having been done Having been put into prison for twenty years，the man is totally despaired. 被动+完成
being done Being attacked by a serious disease，people in the village show their courage to the world. 被动+进行
done Given another hour，I can also work out this problem. 被动+完成
to do He seldom bought expensive clothes to save money. To see the painting clearly，the old man had to put on his glasses. 主动+目的
to be done To be finished on time，the work requires great efforts. 被动+将来
1.不定式作状语
不定式作状语，可以表目的。
He came to help me with my maths.
他来帮助我学数学。
To draw maps properly，you need a special pen.
要正确绘制地图，你需要一支特殊的笔。
●不定式作状语，可以表结果，经常是意料之外的结果。如：
I hurried to his house only to find he was out.
我急忙赶往他家，却发现他不在家。
●某些形容词作表语，表示喜怒哀乐，后跟不定式表原因。如：
I'm very glad to see you.
见到你很高兴。
I'm sorry to hear about your failure in business.
听说你生意失败了，我很遗憾。
2.现在分词作状语
●作时间状语
A.如果现在分词的动作和主谓语的动作同时发生，分词用一般式，其前可加while或when。
Hearing the news，they all jumped with joy.（=When they heard the news，they all jumped with joy.）
听到这个消息，他们都高兴得跳了起来。
Walking slowly across the grass，he pointed the gun at the lion and fired.
他慢慢地穿过草地，把枪对准狮子，开了一枪。
B.如果现在分词的动作结束之后，谓语动词的动作才发生，现在分词应用完成式。但是，如果现在分词是hear，see等表示感官的动词或是leave，arrive，turn，open等表示位置转换或情况改变的动词，那就不必用完成式，仍用一般式。例如：
Having watered the flowers（=After/When he had watered the flowers），he began to cut the grass.
在他浇完花之后，就开始割草了。
Having eaten his dinner，the boy rushed out.
男孩吃完晚饭就冲出去了。
Hearing the footstep below（=When he heard the footstep below），he rose and went to the top of the stairs.
当他听到楼下有脚步声时，他起身走到楼梯顶端。
●作方式状语
But later，people developed a way of printing，using rocks.
但是后来，人们发明了一种用石头印刷的方法。
●作结果状语
I thought he was making fun of me，and ran faster than ever，reaching（=so that I reached）the school yard quite out of breath.
Her husband died ten years ago，leaving her with three children to look after.
●作伴随状语
伴随状语的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。
He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper.
他坐在扶手椅里读报。
All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem.
他整夜睡不着，想着这个问题。
●作原因状语
现在分词短语作原因状语，尤其是be，feel，know，recognize，fear等状态动词的现在分词（短语），以及现在分词的否定式用作状语时，通常表示原因。
Being sick，I stayed at home.
生病了，我呆在家里。
Not knowing her address，I can't write to her.
不知道她的地址，我不能给她写信。
Not having done（=As he has not done）his homework，he stayed at home.
由于没有做功课，他呆在家里。
●作条件状语
Taking the path that leads out of the town，you will come to a dense wood.
沿着通向镇外的小路，你会来到一片茂密的树林。
●起补充说明作用
My train leaves at six，arriving in Chicago at ten.
的火车六点发车，十点到达芝加哥。
The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.
来访的部长对会谈表示满意，并表示他在这里很愉快。
注意:分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）除了不作目的状语外，几乎可充当所有的状语。
●过去分词作状语
1.过去分词作时间状语相当于一个时间状语从句。例如：
Asked（When he was asked）what had happened，he lowered his head.
2.过去分词作原因状语相当于一个原因状语从句。例如：
Frightened（=Because/As she was frightened）by the tiger，the girl didn't dare to sleep alone.
3.过去分词作条件状语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：
Grown（If these seeds are grown）in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast.
Given（If we were given）more time，we could do it better.
4.过去分词作让步状语相当于一个让步状语从句。例如：
Left（Although he was left）at home，John didn't feel afraid at all.
5.过去分词作状语表示伴随动作或状态。例如：
The teacher entered the classroom，（and he was）followed by a group of students.
三、非谓语作定语
不定式作定语分词作定语不定式to be done形式、过去分词done和现在分词being区别
与逻辑主语的主被动关系 充当定语的非谓语动词 例句 用法要点
主动 doing The moving castle has attracted many people's attention. 动作由所修饰的名词发出。
to do He is the right man to do the job. 动作由所修饰的名词the man发出
被动 done The destroyed bridge needs repairing. 所修饰的名词“被使用、被破坏”
being done The bridge being built by the workers will be finished before December. 所修饰的名词“被建造”
to be done The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important. 问题“被讨论”
注意：动名词亦可充当定语，只是在充当定语时受限，仅在修饰逻辑主语的功能用途时可用。
如：washing machine（洗衣机），bottling plant（装瓶车间）等。
对上述五种能够充当定语的非谓语动词，根据动作与所修饰名词的主动、被动关系，可以作如下分类：
作定语，且表示主动作 定语，且表示被动
doing（主动+进行，或者不强调具体时间） to do（主动+将来） done（被动+完成，或者不强调具体时间） being done（被动+进行） to be done（被动+将来）
1.不定式作定语
作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需要相关的介词。如：
The Brown have a comfortable house to live in.
布朗一家住着舒适的房子。
但是，不定式修饰的名词如果是time，place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去，如：
He had no money and no place to live（in）.
他没有钱，也没有地方住。
当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可以用被动语态，但其意义有所不同，试比较：
Have you got anything to send （不定式to send的动作执行者是“听话者”）
Have you got anything to be sent （不定式to be sent动作执行者是“说话者”或“第三者”）
用不定式作定语的几种情况：
A.不定式表将来
The car to be caught is for his sister.
B.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或不定代词（no，all，any等）限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。
He was the best man to do the job.
他是做这项工作的最佳人选。
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
她是第一位在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。
C.被修饰的词是抽象名词，常见的有：ability，chance，idea，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，belief，way，reason，moment，time等。
2.分词作定语
作定语的及物动词的分词形式为：现在分词、being+过去分词、过去分词。
当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时，用being+过去分词；当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。如：
The houses being built are for the teacher.（被动，正在进行）
Tsinghua University，founded in 1911，is home to a great number of outstanding figures.（被动，完成）
清华大学创建于1911年，培养了大批杰出人才。
I have never seen a more moving movie.（主动，表特征）
我从没见过这么感人的电影。
●作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。如：
boiling water沸腾的水
falling leaves正在下落的叶子
boiled water烧开过的水（开水）
fallen leaves已经落下的叶子
【再次强调】having（been）done不作定语。
3.不定式to be done形式、过去分词done和现在分词being done形式作定语的区别
●不定式to be done形式表被动+将来；过去分词done表被动+完成；现在分词being done形式表被动+正在进行。如：
The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer games.（被动，完成）
从全国挑选的运动员们将为我国在本届夏季奥运会上赢得荣誉。
Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students.（被动，正在进行）
听！这首歌在学生中很流行。
The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is a very important one.（被动，将来）
明天会议要讨论的问题非常重要。
四、非谓语作补语
不定式作补语分词作补语
1.不定式作补语
分类 常见词汇
带to的不定式作补语 allow/advise/ask/beg/cause/encourage/expect/forbid/force/get/intend/invite/like/love/order/persuade/prefer/require/teach/tell/remind/want/warn/wish/wait for/call on/depend on sb.to do sth.
不带to的不定式作补语 感官动词：look at/see/watch/notice/observe/listen to/hear/feel sb.do sth. 使役动词：let/make/have sb.do sth. （即：五看三使两听一感觉）
2.分词作补语
现在分词和过去分词可以放在感官动词和使役动词后面作宾语补足语。
常见词汇 基本用法
let let sb.do sth. let sb./sth.be done Let the work be finished on time
make make sb.do sth. You can't make everyone feel satisfied. make sb./sth.done The teacher had to shout to make himself heard.
have have sb.do sth. Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. have sb.doing sth. It's rude of you to have a lady waiting in the rain for two hours. have sb./sth.done I had my hair cut yesterday.
get get sb.to do sth. You will never get him to understand. get sb.doing sth. The captain got the soldiers moving towards the destination after a short rest. get sb./sth.done I want to get my clothes washed in the Laundromat.
leave leave sb.doing sth. It's wrong of you to leave the machine running. leave sb.to do sth. He left me to do all the rest of the work. leave sth.undone The guests left most of the dishes untouched，which made us really depressed. leave sth.to be done The boss suddenly went out，leaving many problems to be settled.
注意：
·没有let sb./sth.done的结构
·没有make sb.doing sth.的结构
·have sb./sth.done时，意味着动作不是由主语发出的，而是由别人完成。
·get sb./sth.done时，意味着动作不是由主语发出，而是由别人完成。
常见词汇 基本用法
感官动词 5看： look at/see/ watch/notice/ observe 2听： hear/listen to 1感觉： feel 下面以see为例来分析： see sb.do sth看见某人做了某事（主动，完成） I saw the little baby grow into a sweet girl. see sb.doing sth.看见某人正在做某事（主动，正在进行） I saw the girl painting when I opened the door. see sb./sth.done（被动，完成，或者不强调时间性） I saw the old man greeted by a group of young men. see sb./sth.being done看见某人/某事正在被…… I saw the waiter being scolded by the boss when I passed by the restaurant.
五、非谓语作宾语
不定式作宾语动名词作宾语动名词的逻辑主语问题用作介词的to和不定式的to
1.不定式作宾语
动词后面可用不定式作宾语。这类动词有：
decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish;refuse，manage，care，pretend，offer，promise，choose，plan;agree，ask/beg，help
帮助记忆的口诀：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
此外：seem，attempt，fail，happen，afford，strive，make up one's mind to，be determined to，would/should like/love to等后面亦可加不定式作宾语。
●介词后面的宾语通常都是动名词或名词结构。但介词but和except（皆表示“除了”）这两个除外，它们后面用不定式作宾语。如：can't choose but……，can't help but……
The soldier had no other choice but to wait for the order.
The soldiers could do nothing but wait for the order.
The scientist cannot help but wonder，"Are humans dying out like other animals "
注意:but和except所在句子中，谓语带有do的任何形式或can't，则不定式要省略to。
2.动名词作宾语
少数动词后只能用动名词作宾语，如：
miss，imagine，mind，escape，insist on，practise，suggest，consider，avoid，risk，finish，enjoy/appreciate，deny，forbid，keep/keep on，allow/permit，delay/put off，can't stand，give up，feel like，insist on，thank you for，apologize for，be busy（in），have difficulty/trouble/problem（in），have a good/wonderful/hard time（in），spend time（in）.
3.动词后使用动名词和不定式，意思相差无几
有些动词后面既可以加不定式作宾语，亦可以加动名词作宾语，而且意思差不多的，如：
like/love/hate/prefer to do sth.（偏向于具体事件）≈like/love/hate/prefer doing sth.（偏向于常态事件）
start/begin to do sth.≈start/begin doing sth
4.动词后使用动名词和不定式，意思不同
forget to do忘记要去做某事（未做） forget doing忘记做过某事（己做）
stop to do停止去做吊一件事 stop doing停止正在或经常做的事
remember to do记住去做某事（未做） remember doing记得做过某事（已做）
try to do努力，企图做某事 try doing试验，试一试某种办法
mean to do打算，有意要… mean doing意味着
go on to do继而（去做吊外一件事情） go on doing继续（原先没有做完的事情）
regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾，后悔
propose to do打算（要做某事） propose doing建议
5.非谓语作宾语的易错点
注意动词的一词多义
☆consider只有在作“考虑”解时才以-ing形式作宾语
Tom is considered to be the best driver in the team.（认为）
Tom is considering borrowing some money from the bank.（考虑）
☆can't help只有作“禁不住”解时才以-ing形式作宾语
Sorry，I'm busy preparing for the exam and can't help clean the room不能帮
Sorry，I can't help laughing when I heard the news.（禁不住）
☆be used to只有作“习惯于”解时才以-ing形式作宾语
The knife is used to cut off the skin of the trees.（被用来做）
The students are used to getting up early in the morning.（习惯于）
6.摆脱思维定势
allow，advise，forbid，permit
①+doing sth.
②+sb.to do sth.
①My parents don't allow me to go there by plane for the sake of safety.
为了安全起见，我父母不允许我乘飞机去那里。
They don't allow smoking in this area of the campus.
校园里不允许吸烟。
②Jill's teacher advised him to take the job in the less famous company.
吉尔的老师建议他去那家不太出名的公司工作。
Jill's teacher advised taking the job in the less famous company.
③The manager forbids anyone to enter his office without permission.
Smoking is forbidden in this office.
6.动名词的逻辑主语问题
动名词的逻辑主语通常为：①形容词性物主代词+动名词；②名词所有格+动名词。如：
Tom insisted on my going with them.
He dislikes his wife's working late.
I can hardly imagine Peter's sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
●在动名词的复合结构作宾语时，其中的形容词性物主代词可以转化为宾格形式的人称代词。如：
We'll appreciate your calling back soon.（your→you）
Do you mind your students' using mobiles in school （your students'→your students）
●但是当动名词作主语时，前面只能用形容词性物主代词或者名词所有格。
His coming back late made all of us angry.
My mother's being ill sent all of us into great anxiety.
7.用作介词的to和不定式的to
to有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形；一为作介词+名词/动名词。在下面的用法中，to充当介词，因此后面加动名词或名词：
admit to承认
confess to坦白
be accustomed to习惯于
be used to习惯于
stick to坚恃
turn to转向，向…求助
devote oneself to献身于
be devoted to致力于
look forward to盼望
pay attention to注意
get down to着手做某事
lead to导致
object to反对
六、非谓语作主语
不定式作主语动名词作主语动名词的特殊句型
1.不定式作主语一般表示具体的某次动作
如：
To complete the 30 storied building in one year was quite a difficult task.
2.动名词作主语一般表示泛指意义的行为
（这时也可用动词不定式）如：
Seeing is believing.
注意1:当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用汇做形式主语，而将不定式所作的主语放到谓语的后面。
It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages.
注意2:在It's no use（或good，need）.或It's useless….等结构中，常用动名词作真正的主语。
It is no use watching too much TV.
注意3:比较状语从句里的主语用动词不定式还是用动名词，取决于主句里主语的形式。
It's easier to read a foreign language than to speak it.
读外语比说外语容易。
Reading a foreign language is easier than speaking it.
学习一门外语比说它容易。
3.动名词的特殊句型
☆It is+no use，no good（fun，a great pleasure，a waste of time，a bore...）等名词+doing sth.
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
It is fun playing with children.
☆It is+useless+doing sth.
It is useless speaking.
☆There is no use（good/point/sense/harm..）+doing sth.
There is no use crying over spilt milk.
There is no point asking his parents for the money，for they are poor.
There's no sense in waiting three hours.
There is no harm having a walk after your meal.
☆have difficulty/trouble/problem…+（in）+doing.
We had difficulty（in）carrying out the plan.
☆feel like+名词/动名词=would like to+原形动词
I feel like a newborn baby.
I feel like having a shower.=I would like to have a shower.
☆spend/waste time doing sth.
They spent a lot time（in）making preparations.
七、非谓语作表语
不定式作表语分词作表语
1.不定式和动名词作表语
不定式和动名词作表语，通常表示主语的内容。不定式偏向于具体事件，动名词偏向于常态事件。如：
My job is teaching.
Today my job is to teach my little sister to swim.
2.分词作表语
分词作表语通常表示主语的性质和状态。一般而言，现在分词表示主语的性质，而过去分词则表示主语的状态。如：
This famous performer is interesting.
这位著名的表演者很有趣。
My favorite cup is broken.
我最喜欢的杯子坏了。
在分词作表语的情况中，分词多数已形容词化了，如上例中的interesting和broken我们平常也作为形容词使用。

展开更多......

收起↑