资源简介

Section Ⅱ　Using language
维度一：基础题型练
根据汉语提示写出单词的适当形式
1.He delivered a speech on different symbols to 　　　　（更换） words， phrases or sentences.
2.If the 　　　　　　（结构） of your speech is loose and confusing， chances are that your thinking is also disordered and confused.
3.Surfing is the sport of riding on waves while standing on a 　　　　　　（狭窄的） board.
4.If there were no air or water， there would be no 　　　　　　（活的） things on the earth.
5.　　　　　　 （气候） and weather affect every aspect of our lives.
6.You must ask for permission before taking any photos 　　　　　　（在……内） the hall.
7.Is it practicable to try to develop agriculture in 　　　　　　（沙漠） regions？
8.Scientists will produce plastic 　　　　　　（材料） from beans， but right now the new product is being developed in the lab.
维度二：语法与写作
补全句子
1.The Students’ Union is like a huge stage， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
学生会就像一个大平台，在这个平台上每个人都不遗余力地实现他们的梦想。
2.Many young people， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
许多年轻人前往偏远地区追逐他们的梦想，他们中大多数都受过良好教育。
3.The soldier will remember the rescue worker 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　during the earthquake.
这名士兵将会记住与他在地震中一起工作的救援人员。
4.They are the very people 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
他们正是你可以随时寻求帮助的人。
5.We made a survey among the students， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我们在学生中做了一次调查，78%的人选汤姆为他们的班长。
维度三：语法与语篇
“用介词＋关系代词”完成下面语段
　　Jack is an engineer， who is working in the factory 1.　　　　　　　　 my father worked.He has been interested in stories of physical scientists since an early age， 2.　　　　　　　　 he learned a lot.During the years in Tsinghua University， he was taught by a famous professor， 3.　　　　　　　　　 help he couldn’t have made his achievement today.The reason 4.　　　　　　　　 he is famous is that he has made great contributions to our country， and he is the man 5.　　　　　　 we should show our respect.
　　
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　Jace Tunnell， the founder of Nurdle I troll and reserve director at the University of Texas Marine Science Institute， is listening to the same question often.
　　“I hear every day， somebody says， ‘What is a nurdle？’” he said.
　　Tunnell explained nurdles are tiny balls of plastic that are typically used to make almost every plastic item we use， so they’re everywhere！ He said nurdles are usually spilled （溢出） during transport from cargo ships or railroad cars.“These things would be out here for hundreds of years if we’re not picking them up，” Tunnell said while on a recent Nurdle Patrol clean-up along Galveston Bay.
　　Since 2018， Nurdle Patrol has grown to thousands of volunteers worldwide.Many people volunteer with Nurdle Patrol and work for the Galveston Bay Foundation.Nurdle Patrol groups upload their findings to the nonprofit’s website map.It’s marked in colors to show where the highest concentration of nurdles is found.
　　“They look natural， and birds think that they’re food，” Tunnell said. “Birds， fish， sea turtles and other sea animals can eat nurdles and finally die from hunger because of a false sensation of fullness and lack of nutrition.”
　　“I ended up finding 123 nurdles in 10 minutes.That’s high concentration，” Tunnell said about a recent clean-up.“I plan to take those to an elected official and say， ‘Look， these are what I found on our beaches here.We need to do something about this.’ So， it kind of puts in motion change that can happen.”
　　Nurdle Patrol has sent out hundreds of kits （工具包） globally， many to schools and volunteer organizations， with information about gathering nurdles and reporting the findings safely.Anyone can request a kit through their website.
1.What do we know about the nurdle？
A.It is easily broken down.
B.It is a small piece of plastic.
C.It was invented by Tunnell.
D.It is mainly used to make ships.
2.What do Tunnell’s words in Paragraph 5 mainly stress？
A.The unique look of nurdles.
B.The number of nurdles in the sea.
C.Nurdles’ harm to sea animals’ food.
D.Nurdles’ impact on sea animals.
3.What does Tunnell want to do？
A.Draw a map of nurdles’ concentration.
B.Call the government’s attention to nurdles.
C.Organize more clean-ups along the beaches.
D.Share his findings on Nurdle Patrol’s website.
4.What is the best title for the text？
A.Group Surveys the Level of Pollution in the Sea
B.Group Takes Action to Reduce the Use of Plastics
C.Group Tries to Deal with Pollutant Harming Wildlife　
D.Group Looks for Volunteers for Its Beach Clean-ups
B
　　Humans’ light at night does not spare even the sea from its glare （强光）.Researchers published the first global map of ocean light pollution.It shows large parts of the sea are lit up at night.And that risks confusing or disrupting the behaviors of sea life.
　　Tim Smyth led a team to research the areas of the ocean where light pollution is strongest.Smyth and his colleagues started with a world map of man-made night-sky brightness that had been created in 2016.Then they added data on the ocean and atmosphere.Some data came from shipboard measurements of man-made light in the water.Others came from satellite images that judge how clear the water is.Particles （微粒） in the water， such as tiny floating plants and animals， can affect how far downward light travels.These factors vary from place to place and may change with the seasons.The team also used computers to copy how different wavelengths of light move through water.
　　Next， they wanted to know how that underwater light might affect animals.Not all species will be easily affected.The team focused on copepods （桡足亚纲甲壳动物）.These common creatures are a key part of many ocean food chains.They use light as a signal to move all together to the dark deep， seeking safety from other surface creatures.Normally they use the sun or the winter moon as their signal.Too much man-made light can mess up their usual patterns.
　　Light pollution is strongest in about three feet of the water.Here， man-made light can be strong enough to confuse the copepods.Nearly 2 million square kilometers of ocean get such strong night light.That’s an area about the size of Mexico.Farther down， the light gets weaker.But even 65 feet deep， it’s still bright enough to bother copepods across 840，000 square kilometers of ocean.
　　The team published its findings on 13 December in Elementa： Science of the Anthropocene.
5.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 1？
A.Upsetting. B.Observing.
C.Ensuring. D.Protecting.
6.What do we know about copepods from the passage？
A.They are main eaters of other creatures.
B.They are not affected by underwater light.
C.They can escape attacks with the help of light.
D.They can weaken the effect of man-made light.
7.How does the author show the seriousness of light pollution in Paragraph 4？
A.By stating opinions. B.By listing numbers.
C.By raising questions. D.By giving reasons.
8.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？
A.Light Pollution from Sea Life
B.Living Conditions of Copepods
C.Discoveries of Copepods
D.Light Pollution Even in Sea
C
　　Despite many air-pollution-reduction policies （政策） designed to improve health， these are always ineffective.Often this is because they fail to consider local knowledge and cultural practices.Previous research suggests that people should be put at the centre of developing ways around the problem.Thus， a study has been done to confirm it.
　　One of the authors of the study， Dr Cressida Bowyer from the University of Portsmouth， says， “For the first time， a study has placed arts and humanities （人文学科） methods at the centre of the exploration of perceptions （感知） of air pollution.Working with local communities， we were able to discover how people there understood air pollution.”
　　Researchers from the University of Portsmouth， and researchers and experts from the UK， Kenya and Sweden worked together with local people in Mukuru in Nairobi， the capital of Kenya in East Africa， to explore a range of methods including storytelling， music， art and theatre to explore understandings of air pollution.Some community members made digital （数字的） stories by taking photos around Mukuru which told their story of air pollution.Trained community researchers helped school children to create drawn and/or written stories of their experiences of air pollution.Theatre pieces were presented in key community spaces around Mukuru.Suggestions were given by the audience about how to solve the problem and local people acted out their suggestions as part of the theatre.The song “Mazingira”， which explained the problems of air pollution， had been played on national radio and television stations with an audience of about three million people.
　　Dr Sarah West， Principal Investigator at the Stockholm Environment Centre， says， “From this range of methods we have got a more detailed understanding of how air pollution is perceived and understood in Mukuru.The project also created new spaces for conversations about the topic of air pollution in the community.We expect other researchers wishing to discuss difficult problems to use various creative methods to have a wide range of people take part in their activities.This can lead to unexpected understandings that may not otherwise exist.”
9.Why are many air-pollution-reduction policies ineffective according to the text？
A.Local people don’t care about the issue.
B.Little attention is paid to local people.
C.No one is responsible for offering solutions.
D.Policymakers don’t have enough experience.
10.Which of the following was a creative method used to explore the air pollution issue in Mukuru？
A.Fully accepting local people’s proposals.
B.Inviting actors to give professional performances in theatres.
C.Training local students to reduce air pollution.
D.Using music to make people realize the problem.
11.What does Sarah West advise researchers to do about talking about difficult problems？
A.To have a more detailed understanding.
B.To creatively get many people to join in.
C.To have conversations in communities.
D.To attract support from local experts.
12.What is the best title for the text？
A.How Can Local People Do Further Research？
B.Air Pollution Problems Cannot Be Solved Traditionally　
C.How Can Music， Dance and Art Help Cut Air Pollution？
D.Researchers Help People in Nairobi Cut Air Pollution　
Ⅱ.完形填空
　　Angela never liked seeing plastic waste washed up on the shore near her home.She had been 　13　 to call on her community to clean it up， to change the 　14　， so she tried to set up an organization called Washed Ashore： Art to Save the Sea.Her　15　 proved quite a success.
　　Here’s how it 　16　.Volunteers help clean up 300 miles of shoreline.Then， 　17　 only plastics from the beach clean-up， Angela and many other volunteers create sculptures of sea 　18　.She explains， “I mean to create sculptures that make people take a look and 　19　：‘How can there be this much waste on the beach？’ 　20　 these sculptures will make people consider what they have 　21　 in their daily life and realize how so much plastic ends up in the oceans.” So far， about 10，000 　22　 volunteers have collected 21 tons of waste and helped create more than 70 works of art.Four traveling 　23　 have demonstrated the artworks in 18 places of the country.One of the sculptures， Turtle Ocean， received a 　24　 honor.It was admitted into the National Museum.
　　The Washed Ashore team is now working on sculpture of a dolphin， with 　25　 for more sculptures.“Until we 　26　 plastic on the beach， the work will continue.These sculptures are a（n） 　27　 for clean oceans.” Angela says seriously.
13.A.offering B.longing
C.admitting D.hesitating
14.A.landscape B.world
C.surface D.situation
15.A.attempt B.choice
C.program D.instruction
16.A.walks B.applies
C.functions D.prepares
17.A.stopping B.presenting
C.delivering D.employing
18.A.waste B.floor
C.waves D.creatures
19.A.rethink B.remark
C.confirm D.announce
20.A.Generally B.Hopefully
C.Fortunately D.Surprisingly
21.A.achieved B.observed
C.purchased D.recommended
22.A.devoted B.surprised
C.grateful D.adventurous
23.A.guides B.managers
C.advertisements D.exhibitions
24.A.folk B.simple
C.special D.strange
25.A.plans B.calls
C.elements D.exchanges
26.A.get down to B.keep away from
C.get rid of D.end up with
27.A.answer B.appeal
C.warning D.response
Ⅲ.语法填空
　　Water shortage is knocking at the door.It is one of the 　28　 （great） crises facing us today， with two thirds of the global population 　29　 （live） in areas where water is short for a month or more every year.There are two main factors （因素） leading 　30　 this problem： increasing global demand for water， and unsustainable means by which these demands are being met.Though global water usage 　31　 （increase） a lot over the last fifty years， it is predicted that there will be a further 60%－100% increase in water usage by 2050.
　　This is not just 　32　 matter of turning the tap off when you brush your 　33　 （tooth）， cutting your showers down to 3 minutes， or sharing the washing-load with your roommates.In fact， daily activities of human make up less than 4% of our total water usage， with 92% falling into two groups， 　34　 are the industrial production of household items and the production of food.Astonishingly， 69% of our total daily water usage comes from the 　35　 （grow） and production of food alone.
　　　36　 （unfortunate）， there is no reference book for the exact number of liters （升） used in the production of any individual food item.This is a hard thing to do， for we have other factors 　37　 （consider） when weighing up the benefits of every food choice： taste， cost and convenience.
28.　　　　　　 29.　　　　　　 30.　　　　
31.　　　 32.　　　 33.　　　
34.　　　 35.　　　 36.　　　
37.　　　
Section Ⅱ　Using language
基础知识自测
维度一
1.replace　2.structure　3.narrow　4.living　5.Climate
6.inside　7.desert　8.materials
维度二
1.on which everyone spares no effort to achieve their dreams
2.most of whom were well-educated
3.with whom he has worked
4.to whom you can always turn for help
5.78% of whom voted Tom as their monitor
维度三
1.in which　2.from which　3.without whose　4.for which
5.to whom
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Nurdle I troll组织致力于清理海洋中的小塑料球，解释了其危害以及组织的发展情况。
1.B　细节理解题。根据第三段中的Tunnell explained nurdles are tiny balls of plastic可知，nurdle是塑料块。
2.D　推理判断题。根据第五段内容可推知，Tunnell在第五段主要强调了小塑料球对海洋动物的影响。
3.B　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的I plan to take those to an elected official and say ... We need to do something about this.可知，Tunnell想唤起政府对小塑料球的注意。
4.C　标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了Nurdle I troll组织致力于清理海洋中的小塑料球，解释了其危害以及组织的发展情况。由此可知，C项（一个组织试图处理危害野生动物的污染物）为文章最佳标题。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是海洋中也有光污染以及光污染对海洋生物的影响。
5.A　词义猜测题。根据第一段的It shows large parts of the sea are lit up at night.And that risks confusing ...可知，that指代“大片海域在夜间被点亮”。根据画线词前的or可知，画线词与confusing为同等感彩的词，和upsetting意思相近。
6.C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的They use light as a signal to move all together to the dark deep， seeking safety from other surface creatures.可知，桡足亚纲甲壳动物可以在光的帮助下躲避攻击。
7.B　细节理解题。根据第四段第二句和最后一句可知，作者在第四段通过列出数字来展示光污染的严重性。
8.D　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲的是光污染对海洋生物的影响。由此可知，D项（海洋中的光污染）适合作本文标题。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明许多减少空气污染的政策无效，并研究帮助减少空气污染的有效方法。
9.B　细节理解题。根据第一段中的Often this is because they fail to consider local knowledge and cultural practices.可知，许多减少空气污染的政策无效的原因是很少关注当地人。
10.D　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，通过音乐使人意识到问题是用于探索Mukuru空气污染问题的创造性方法。
11.B　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的We expect other researchers wishing to discuss difficult problems to use various creative methods to have a wide range of people take part in their activities.可知，Sarah West建议研究人员在谈论困难问题时使用各种创造性方法让广泛的人参与。
12.C　标题归纳题。根据全文可知，文章主要说明许多减少空气污染的政策无效，并研究音乐、舞蹈和艺术如何帮助减少空气污染。C项为文章最佳标题。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了Angela创立了名为Washed Ashore： Art to Save the Sea的社区组织，致力于清理海岸垃圾，并将海岸垃圾创作出海洋生物雕塑以给人警醒：人们需要的是一个洁净的海洋。
13.B　根据下文so she tried to set up an organization called Washed Ashore：Art to Save the Sea可知，她努力建立一个名为“冲上岸：拯救海洋的艺术”的组织，因此她应是渴望通过这个组织让社区的人们一起来做这件事。long to do sth渴望做某事。offer主动提供；long渴望；admit宣称，断言；hesitate犹豫。
14.D　根据上文Angela never liked seeing plastic waste washed up on the shore near her home.可知，她是想通过这个组织来改变目前塑料垃圾堆满海滩的状态。landscape风景，景色；world世界；surface表面；situation现状。
15.A　根据下文可知，她的努力很成功。attempt尝试，努力；choice选择；program节目；instruction说明。
16.C　根据语境可知，it指代上文an organization called Washed Ashore：Art to Save the Sea，结合下文内容可知，此处意为“下面是它的运作流程”。walk步行；apply应用，申请；function运作，起作用；prepare准备。
17.D　根据下文Angela and many other volunteers create sculptures of sea 　18　可知，这些雕塑应是使用海滩清理来的垃圾创作而成。stop阻止；present呈现；deliver传送；employ雇用，使用。
18.D　根据下文One of the sculptures， Turtle Ocean可知，他们创作的雕塑是和海洋生物有关。waste浪费，废弃物；floor地板；wave海浪，风潮；creature生物，动物。
19.A　结合语境可知，下文How can there be this much waste on the beach？应是人们看到雕塑后思考的内容，与下文consider相呼应。rethink重新考虑；remark评论；confirm证明，确认；announce宣告。
20.B　根据下文these sculptures will make people consider ... in the oceans可知，Angela希望这些雕塑能够引起人们的思考。generally一般地，普遍地；hopefully有希望地；fortunately幸运地；surprisingly出乎意料地。
21.C　结合常识可知，日常生活中购买的东西中有大量的塑料垃圾。achieve获得；observe观察；purchase购买；recommend推荐。
22.A　根据下文have collected 21 tons of waste and helped create more than 70 works of art可知，能够收集21吨垃圾，帮助创作艺术品的应该是全心全意保护海洋的人。devoted挚爱的，忠诚的，全心全意的；surprised惊奇的；grateful感激的；adventurous有冒险精神的。
23.D　根据下文have demonstrated the artworks in 18 places of the country可知，在全国18个地方展出这些作品，应是举行了巡回展。guide导游；manager经理；advertisement广告；exhibition展览。
24.C　根据下文It was admitted into the National Museum.可知，这一雕塑被允许进入国家博物馆，这是一项特殊的荣誉。folk民间的；simple简单的；special特别的；strange奇怪的。
25.A　该团队正在制作海豚的雕塑，再结合下文的for more sculptures可知，应该是要表达他们还会有更多关于雕塑的计划。plan计划；call电话；element要素，基本成分；exchange交换，交谈。
26.C　该志愿者团队是打捞被冲上岸的垃圾的，当然在他们完全清除海滩上的塑料前，工作还将继续。get down to开始考虑，着手处理；keep away from远离；get rid of摆脱；end up with以……结束。
27.B　根据本文所述，我们不难知道制作这些雕塑的目的是呼吁人们一定要保护海洋。answer答案；appeal呼吁；warning警告；response回复。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述水资源短缺是我们今天面临的最大危机之一及造成水资源短缺的两个因素，并指出并不是日常生活中节约用水就能解决问题，我们每天总用水量的92%来自家庭用品的工业生产和食品的生产。
28.greatest　考查形容词的最高级。根据空前的one of the可知，此处应该用形容词的最高级，表示“最……的之一”。故填greatest。
29.living　考查非谓语动词。此处是with复合结构，two thirds of the global population与live是逻辑上的主谓关系，应该用动词-ing形式作宾语补足语。故填living。
30.to　考查介词。lead to导致。故填to。
31.has increased　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语over the last fifty years可知，空处应用现在完成时；主语global water usage是不可数名词，故填has increased。
32.a　考查冠词。a matter of ...一个……的问题。故填a。
33.teeth　考查名词复数。tooth为可数名词，空处应用其复数形式。故填teeth。
34.which　考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词two groups，关系词在从句中作主语。故填which。
35.growth　考查词形转换。此处与名词production是并列成分，应用名词。故填growth。
36.Unfortunately　考查词形转换。此处修饰整个句子，应用副词作状语。根据语境可知，此处表示“不幸的是”，首字母应大写。故填Unfortunately。
37.to consider　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处作后置定语，用动词不定式。故填to consider。
5 / 6Section Ⅱ　Using language
定语从句（3）
①These terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people， to whom Guangxi is home.
②Building the terraces therefore meant that they could increase the areas in which they could grow rice.
③But perhaps what is most significant is the way in which people have worked in harmony with nature to make these terraces and grow rice.
④These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish， some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.
⑤Although modern technology could help produce more crops， these terraces still mean a lot to the local people for whom traditions hold much value.
【我的发现】
1.以上5个句子都使用了“　　　　　　　　”引导的定语从句。先行词若指物，那么介词后的关系代词用which，如第　　　　　　句；若指人，则用whom，如第　　　　句。
2.以上5个句子中，第②③⑤句是　　　　定语从句，第①④句是　　　　　　定语从句。
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
一、关系代词的确定
“介词＋关系代词”结构既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，关系代词只能用which （指物） 或whom （指人），即“介词＋which/whom”，并且不能省略。
If you have anything on which you want my opinions， feel free to see me.
如果你们有什么事需要征求我的意见的话，随时来找我。
I took a photo of the students， among whom was seated a teacher.
我给这些学生拍了一张照片，他们中间坐着一位老师。
二、关系代词前介词选择的原则
　“介词＋关系代词（which/whom）”中介词的选择要遵循“一先、二动、三意义”的原则。
1.“一先”，即根据先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。
The factory in which I’m working mainly produces computers.
我工作所在的工厂主要生产电脑。
（in which代替in the factory，“在工厂里”用介词in）
2.“二动”，即根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。
In the dark street， there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在漆黑的街道上，她没有一个人可以求助。
（to whom代替to a person；turn to sb for help“向某人求助”）
名师点津
当定语从句中的谓语动词短语是固定搭配不可分割时，那么该动词短语中的介词不能前置，如look for， look into， look after， hear from等。
This is the pen which I’m looking for.
这是我正在找的那支钢笔。
3.“三意义”，即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。
In the office， I never seem to have time until after 5：30 pm， by which time many people have gone home.
在办公室里，我要到下午5：30之后才能有点空闲，到那时，许多人已经回家了。
【即时演练1】　用适当的“介词＋关系代词”填空
　①We are in a position 　　　　　　　　we may lose a large sum of money.
②Thank you for your help， 　　　　　　we couldn’t have finished the task on time.
③This is the man 　　　　　　　　I have learned a lot in my life.
④Wang Hong， 　　　　　　　　I went to the concert， enjoyed herself very much.
⑤Is this the magazine 　　　　　　　　you were talking just now？
三、“介词＋关系代词”的几种常见结构
1.“介词＋which”在定语从句中，可作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when， where和why。
I’ll never forget the days on which （＝when） we studied together.
我永远忘不了我们一起学习的日子。
The police searched the house in which （＝where） the thief had stayed.
警察搜查了那个小偷待过的房子。
I don’t know the reason for which （＝why） he performed badly.
我不知道他为什么表现差。
2.“代词/数词＋of＋which/whom”引导定语从句。
这个结构中，代词常常为all， each， one， many， much， most， some， none， both等，“代词＋of＋which/whom”通常在定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的一部分。有时候也可把“of＋which/whom”置于代词或数词前。
He has lots of hobbies， one of which is swimming.
他有很多爱好，其中之一是游泳。
3.“the＋名词＋of which/whom”引导定语从句。
这个结构中，of which/whom充当定语，修饰前面的名词，整个结构相当于“whose＋名词”引导的定语从句。
I saw some trees， the leaves of which（＝whose leaves） were yellow with disease.
我看见一些树，它们的叶子因害病而发黄。
4.“the＋形容词比较级（最高级）＋of＋which/whom”引导定语从句。
There are two buildings， the larger of which stands nearly a hundred feet in height.
这儿有两座建筑物，较大的那座几乎有100英尺高。
【即时演练2】　根据汉语提示完成下列句子
①Two girls came to see the car， 　　　　　　　　　　　　（她们中没有一个） liked it.
②There are sixty students in our class in all， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（他们中的多数都来自农村）.
③The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year， 　　　　　　　　　（它们中的80%） are sold abroad.
④On the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　（它的意思） I didn’t understand.
replace v.以……替换，更换；放回原处
【教材原句】　In sentence （a）， can we replace “in which” with “where” without changing the meaning？在句子（a）中，我们可以在不改变句意的情况下用“where”替换“in which”吗？
【用法】
（1）replace A （with/by B） （用B）替换/接替/取代A
（2）replacement n. 更换，替换
（3）“代替”的其他表达法：
instead of 代替
in place of sb/in sb’s place 顶替/代替某人
take sb’s/sth’s place＝take the place of sb/sth 代替/替换某人/某物
【佳句】　The factory replaced most of its workers with robots.
这家工厂用机器人取代了大多数工人。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①The house in which I grew up has been taken down and replaced 　　　　　　an office building.
②Bear in mind that nothing can take the place 　　　　　　your parents’ love.
③If I refused to go，they would send someone else 　　　　　　my place.
【写美】　同义句转换
④It is clear to everyone that nothing can replace mother’s love and care.
→It is clear to everyone that nothing can 　　　　　　　　mother’s love and care.（place）
priority n.优先处理的事，当务之急
【教材原句】　Natural dyes are also becoming more popular with consumers for whom caring for the environment is a priority.
天然染料也越来越受到消费者的欢迎，对他们来说，保护环境是当务之急。
【用法】
（1）give priority to 优先考虑；给……以优先权
take/have priority over
优先于，比……重要
（2）prior adj. 优先的；在前的；较重要的
prior to 在……前
【佳句】　My top priority is to find somewhere to live. Then， I’ll find a job to pay the rent.
我首先要考虑的是找个地方住。然后，我找份工作以付房租。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①The management did not seem to consider office safety to be 　　　　　　priority.
②As students， working hard takes priority 　　　　　　everything else.
【写美】　补全句子
③The school 　　　　　　　　　　　　science， maths and modern languages.
这所学校将重点发展理科、数学和现代语言。
narrow adj.狭窄的，不宽的；狭隘的；勉强的，刚刚好的 v.使窄小，变窄，缩小
【教材原句】　Tourists can stand on a narrow glass platform called the Skywalk to see the Grand Canyon.游客可以站在一个名为“空中走廊”的窄窄的玻璃平台上观看科罗拉多大峡谷。
【用法】
（1）a narrow escape　　死里逃生
a narrow victory 险胜
narrow ...to ... 把……局限在……之内
（2）narrowly adv. 勉强地；狭隘地
（3）narrow-minded adj. 气量小的
【佳句】　Last weekend， he won a narrow victory in the table tennis competition held by our school.上周末，他在我们学校举办的乒乓球比赛中险胜。
【生义】　New tax laws will narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.
新税法将会缩小贫富差距。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①She narrows her life 　　　　　　a certain circle of friends.
②We managed to narrow the gap between our team and theirs， or we wouldn’t have 　　　　　　（narrow） won the game.
【写美】　补全句子
③He was fortunate enough to　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 in a car accident last year.
去年他在车祸中死里逃生，真够幸运的。
Section Ⅱ　Using language
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
1.介词＋关系代词　②③④　①⑤　2.限制性　非限制性
即时演练1
①in which　②without which　③from whom
④with whom　⑤about which
即时演练2
①neither of whom　②most of whom are from countryside
③80% of which　④the meaning of which
【知识要点·须拾遗】
1.①with/by　②of　③in　④take the place of
2.①a　②over　③will give priority to
3.①to　②narrowly　③have/make a narrow escape
4 / 4(共86张PPT)
Section Ⅱ　Using language
1
重难语法·要攻克
目 录
2
知识要点·须拾遗
3
课时检测·提能力
重难语法·要攻克
掌握核心语法
1
定语从句（3）
①These terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people， to
whom Guangxi is home.
②Building the terraces therefore meant that they could increase the areas
in which they could grow rice.
③But perhaps what is most significant is the way in which people have
worked in harmony with nature to make these terraces and grow rice.
④These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish，
some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.
⑤Although modern technology could help produce more crops， these
terraces still mean a lot to the local people for whom traditions hold much
value.
【我的发现】
1. 以上5个句子都使用了“ ”引导的定语从句。
先行词若指物，那么介词后的关系代词用which，如第
句；若指人，则用whom，如第 句。
2. 以上5个句子中，第②③⑤句是 定语从句，第①④句
是 定语从句。
介词＋关系代词　
②③④　
①⑤　
限制性　
非限制性　
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
一、关系代词的确定
“介词＋关系代词”结构既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非
限制性定语从句。在此结构中，关系代词只能用which （指物） 或
whom （指人），即“介词＋which/whom”，并且不能省略。
If you have anything on which you want my opinions， feel free to see
me.
如果你们有什么事需要征求我的意见的话，随时来找我。
I took a photo of the students， among whom was seated a teacher.
我给这些学生拍了一张照片，他们中间坐着一位老师。
二、关系代词前介词选择的原则
　“介词＋关系代词（which/whom）”中介词的选择要遵循“一先、
二动、三意义”的原则。
1. “一先”，即根据先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。
The factory in which I’m working mainly produces computers.
我工作所在的工厂主要生产电脑。
（in which代替in the factory，“在工厂里”用介词in）
2. “二动”，即根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词与介词的习惯搭
配来确定介词。
In the dark street， there wasn’t a single person to whom she could
turn for help.
在漆黑的街道上，她没有一个人可以求助。
（to whom代替to a person；turn to sb for help“向某人求助”）
名师点津
当定语从句中的谓语动词短语是固定搭配不可分割时，那么该动
词短语中的介词不能前置，如look for， look into， look after，
hear from等。
This is the pen which I’m looking for.
这是我正在找的那支钢笔。
3. “三意义”，即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。
In the office， I never seem to have time until after 5：30 pm， by
which time many people have gone home.
在办公室里，我要到下午5：30之后才能有点空闲，到那时，许多
人已经回家了。
【即时演练1】　用适当的“介词＋关系代词”填空
①We are in a position we may lose a large sum of money.
②Thank you for your help， we couldn’t have
finished the task on time.
③This is the man I have learned a lot in my life.
④Wang Hong， I went to the concert， enjoyed herself
very much.
⑤Is this the magazine you were talking just now？
in which　
without which　
from whom　
with whom　
about which　
三、“介词＋关系代词”的几种常见结构
1. “介词＋which”在定语从句中，可作时间、地点和原因状语，代
替相应的关系副词when， where和why。
I’ll never forget the days on which （＝when） we studied together.
我永远忘不了我们一起学习的日子。
The police searched the house in which （＝where） the thief had
stayed.
警察搜查了那个小偷待过的房子。
I don’t know the reason for which （＝why） he performed badly.
我不知道他为什么表现差。
2. “代词/数词＋of＋which/whom”引导定语从句。
这个结构中，代词常常为all， each， one， many， much， most，
some， none， both等，“代词＋of＋which/whom”通常在定语从
句中作主语，说明整体中的一部分。有时候也可把“of＋
which/whom”置于代词或数词前。
He has lots of hobbies， one of which is swimming.
他有很多爱好，其中之一是游泳。
3. “the＋名词＋of which/whom”引导定语从句。
这个结构中，of which/whom充当定语，修饰前面的名词，整个结
构相当于“whose＋名词”引导的定语从句。
I saw some trees， the leaves of which（＝whose leaves） were
yellow with disease.
我看见一些树，它们的叶子因害病而发黄。
4. “the＋形容词比较级（最高级）＋of＋which/whom”引导定
语从句。
There are two buildings， the larger of which stands nearly a hundred
feet in height.
这儿有两座建筑物，较大的那座几乎有100英尺高。
【即时演练2】　根据汉语提示完成下列句子
　①Two girls came to see the car， （她们中没有
一个） liked it.
②There are sixty students in our class in all，
（他们中的多数都来自农村）.
③The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year，
（它们中的80%） are sold abroad.
④On the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence，
（它的意思） I didn’t understand.
neither of whom　
most of whom are from
countryside　
80%
of which　
the meaning of
which　
知识要点·须拾遗
关注高频词汇
2
replace v.以……替换，更换；放回原处
【教材原句】　In sentence （a）， can we replace “in which” with
“where” without changing the meaning？
在句子（a）中，我们可以在不改变句意的情况下用“where”替换
“in which”吗？
（1）replace A （with/by B） （用B）替换/接替/取代A
（2）replacement n.　　更换，替换
（3）“代替”的其他表达法：
instead of　　代替
in place of sb/in sb’s place 顶替/代替某人
take sb’s/sth’s place＝take the place of sb/sth　代替/替换某人/某物
【用法】
【佳句】　The factory replaced most of its workers with robots.
这家工厂用机器人取代了大多数工人。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①The house in which I grew up has been taken down and
replaced an office building.
②Bear in mind that nothing can take the place your parents’
love.
③If I refused to go，they would send someone else my place.
with/by　
of　
in　
【写美】　同义句转换
④It is clear to everyone that nothing can replace mother’s love and care.
→It is clear to everyone that nothing can mother’s
love and care.（place）
take the place of　
priority n.优先处理的事，当务之急
【教材原句】　Natural dyes are also becoming more popular with
consumers for whom caring for the environment is a priority. 天然染料
也越来越受到消费者的欢迎，对他们来说，保护环境是当务之急。
【用法】
（1）give priority to 优先考虑；给……以优先权
take/have priority over　优先于，比……重要
（2）prior adj.　　优先的；在前的；较重要的
prior to　　在……前
【佳句】　My top priority is to find somewhere to live. Then， I’ll
find a job to pay the rent.
我首先要考虑的是找个地方住。然后，我找份工作以付房租。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①The management did not seem to consider office safety to be
priority.
②As students， working hard takes priority everything else.
a　
over　
【写美】　补全句子
③The school science， maths and modern
languages.
这所学校将重点发展理科、数学和现代语言。
will give priority to　
narrow adj.狭窄的，不宽的；狭隘的；勉强的，刚刚好的 v.使窄
小，变窄，缩小
【教材原句】　Tourists can stand on a narrow glass platform called the
Skywalk to see the Grand Canyon.
游客可以站在一个名为“空中走廊”的窄窄的玻璃平台上观看科罗拉
多大峡谷。
（1）a narrow escape　　死里逃生
a narrow victory　　险胜
narrow ...to ...　　把……局限在……之内
（2）narrowly adv.　　勉强地；狭隘地
（3）narrow-minded adj.　　气量小的
【用法】
【佳句】　Last weekend， he won a narrow victory in the table tennis
competition held by our school.
上周末，他在我们学校举办的乒乓球比赛中险胜。
【生义】　New tax laws will narrow the gap between the rich and the
poor.新税法将会缩小贫富差距。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①She narrows her life a certain circle of friends.
②We managed to narrow the gap between our team and theirs， or we
wouldn’t have （narrow） won the game.
to　
narrowly　
【写美】　补全句子
③He was fortunate enough to in a car
accident last year.
去年他在车祸中死里逃生，真够幸运的。
have/make a narrow escape　
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
3
维度一：基础题型练
根据汉语提示写出单词的适当形式
1. He delivered a speech on different symbols to （更换）
words， phrases or sentences.
2. If the （结构） of your speech is loose and confusing，
chances are that your thinking is also disordered and confused.
replace　
structure　
3. Surfing is the sport of riding on waves while standing on a
（狭窄的） board.
4. If there were no air or water， there would be no （活的）
things on the earth.
5. （气候） and weather affect every aspect of our lives.
6. You must ask for permission before taking any photos
（在……内） the hall.
7. Is it practicable to try to develop agriculture in （沙漠）
regions？
8. Scientists will produce plastic （材料） from beans，
but right now the new product is being developed in the lab.
narrow　
living　
Climate　
inside　
desert　
materials　
维度二：语法与写作
补全句子
1. The Students’ Union is like a huge stage，
.
学生会就像一个大平台，在这个平台上每个人都不遗余力地实现他
们的梦想。
on which everyone
spares no effort to achieve their dreams　
2. Many young people， ，
headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
许多年轻人前往偏远地区追逐他们的梦想，他们中大多数都受过良
好教育。
3. The soldier will remember the rescue worker
during the earthquake.
这名士兵将会记住与他在地震中一起工作的救援人员。
4. They are the very people .
他们正是你可以随时寻求帮助的人。
most of whom were well-educated　
with whom he has
worked　
to whom you can always turn for help　
5. We made a survey among the students，
.
我们在学生中做了一次调查，78%的人选汤姆为他们的班长。
78% of whom voted Tom as
their monitor　
维度三：语法与语篇
“用介词＋关系代词”完成下面语段
　　Jack is an engineer， who is working in the factory 1.
my father worked.He has been interested in stories of physical scientists
since an early age， 2. he learned a lot.During the years
in Tsinghua University， he was taught by a famous professor，
3. help he couldn’t have made his achievement
today.The reason 4. he is famous is that he has made great
contributions to our country， and he is the man 5. we
should show our respect.
in which　
from which　
without whose　
for which　
to whom　
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　Jace Tunnell， the founder of Nurdle I troll and reserve director at the
University of Texas Marine Science Institute， is listening to the same
question often.
　　“I hear every day， somebody says， ‘What is a nurdle？’” he
said.
　　Tunnell explained nurdles are tiny balls of plastic that are typically
used to make almost every plastic item we use， so they’re
everywhere！ He said nurdles are usually spilled （溢出） during
transport from cargo ships or railroad cars.“These things would be out
here for hundreds of years if we’re not picking them up，” Tunnell said
while on a recent Nurdle Patrol clean-up along Galveston Bay.
　　Since 2018， Nurdle Patrol has grown to thousands of volunteers
worldwide.Many people volunteer with Nurdle Patrol and work for the
Galveston Bay Foundation.Nurdle Patrol groups upload their findings to
the nonprofit’s website map.It’s marked in colors to show where the
highest concentration of nurdles is found.
　　“They look natural， and birds think that they’re food，” Tunnell
said. “Birds， fish， sea turtles and other sea animals can eat nurdles
and finally die from hunger because of a false sensation of fullness and
lack of nutrition.”
　　“I ended up finding 123 nurdles in 10 minutes.That’s high
concentration，” Tunnell said about a recent clean-up.“I plan to take
those to an elected official and say， ‘Look， these are what I found on
our beaches here.We need to do something about this.’ So， it kind of
puts in motion change that can happen.”
　　Nurdle Patrol has sent out hundreds of kits （工具包） globally，
many to schools and volunteer organizations， with information about
gathering nurdles and reporting the findings safely.Anyone can request a
kit through their website.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Nurdle I troll组织致
力于清理海洋中的小塑料球，解释了其危害以及组织的发展情况。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Nurdle I troll组织致
力于清理海洋中的小塑料球，解释了其危害以及组织的发展情况。
1. What do we know about the nurdle？
A. It is easily broken down.
B. It is a small piece of plastic.
C. It was invented by Tunnell.
D. It is mainly used to make ships.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第三段中的Tunnell explained nurdles
are tiny balls of plastic可知，nurdle是塑料块。
2. What do Tunnell’s words in Paragraph 5 mainly stress？
A. The unique look of nurdles.
B. The number of nurdles in the sea.
C. Nurdles’ harm to sea animals’ food.
D. Nurdles’ impact on sea animals.
解析：　推理判断题。根据第五段内容可推知，Tunnell在第五段
主要强调了小塑料球对海洋动物的影响。
3. What does Tunnell want to do？
A. Draw a map of nurdles’ concentration.
B. Call the government’s attention to nurdles.
C. Organize more clean-ups along the beaches.
D. Share his findings on Nurdle Patrol’s website.
解析：　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的I plan to take those to
an elected official and say ... We need to do something about this.可
知，Tunnell想唤起政府对小塑料球的注意。
4. What is the best title for the text？
A. Group Surveys the Level of Pollution in the Sea
B. Group Takes Action to Reduce the Use of Plastics
C. Group Tries to Deal with Pollutant Harming Wildlife
D. Group Looks for Volunteers for Its Beach Clean-ups
解析：　标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了Nurdle I troll组织致力于清
理海洋中的小塑料球，解释了其危害以及组织的发展情况。由此可
知，C项（一个组织试图处理危害野生动物的污染物）为文章最佳
标题。
B
　　Humans’ light at night does not spare even the sea from its glare
（强光）.Researchers published the first global map of ocean light
pollution.It shows large parts of the sea are lit up at night.And that risks
confusing or disrupting the behaviors of sea life.
　　Tim Smyth led a team to research the areas of the ocean where light
pollution is strongest.Smyth and his colleagues started with a world map
of man-made night-sky brightness that had been created in 2016.Then they
added data on the ocean and atmosphere.Some data came from shipboard
measurements of man-made light in the water.Others came from satellite
images that judge how clear the water is.Particles （微粒） in the water，
such as tiny floating plants and animals， can affect how far downward
light travels.These factors vary from place to place and may change with
the seasons.The team also used computers to copy how different
wavelengths of light move through water.
　　Next， they wanted to know how that underwater light might affect
animals.Not all species will be easily affected.The team focused on
copepods （桡足亚纲甲壳动物）.These common creatures are a key part
of many ocean food chains.They use light as a signal to move all together
to the dark deep， seeking safety from other surface creatures.Normally
they use the sun or the winter moon as their signal.Too much man-made
light can mess up their usual patterns.
　　Light pollution is strongest in about three feet of the water.Here，
man-made light can be strong enough to confuse the copepods.Nearly 2
million square kilometers of ocean get such strong night light.That’s an
area about the size of Mexico.Farther down， the light gets weaker.But
even 65 feet deep， it’s still bright enough to bother copepods across
840，000 square kilometers of ocean.
　　The team published its findings on 13 December in Elementa：
Science of the Anthropocene.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是海洋中也有光污染
以及光污染对海洋生物的影响。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是海洋中也有光污染
以及光污染对海洋生物的影响。
5. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word
“disrupting” in Paragraph 1？
A. Upsetting. B. Observing.
C. Ensuring. D. Protecting.
解析：　词义猜测题。根据第一段的It shows large parts of the sea
are lit up at night.And that risks confusing ...可知，that指代“大片
海域在夜间被点亮”。根据画线词前的or可知，画线词与confusing
为同等感彩的词，和upsetting意思相近。
6. What do we know about copepods from the passage？
A. They are main eaters of other creatures.
B. They are not affected by underwater light.
C. They can escape attacks with the help of light.
D. They can weaken the effect of man-made light.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第三段中的They use light as a signal to
move all together to the dark deep， seeking safety from other surface
creatures.可知，桡足亚纲甲壳动物可以在光的帮助下躲避攻击。
7. How does the author show the seriousness of light pollution in
Paragraph 4？
A. By stating opinions.
B. By listing numbers.
C. By raising questions.
D. By giving reasons.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第四段第二句和最后一句可知，作者
在第四段通过列出数字来展示光污染的严重性。
8. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？
A. Light Pollution from Sea Life
B. Living Conditions of Copepods
C. Discoveries of Copepods
D. Light Pollution Even in Sea
解析：　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲的是光污染对
海洋生物的影响。由此可知，D项（海洋中的光污染）适合作本文
标题。
C
　　Despite many air-pollution-reduction policies （政策） designed to
improve health， these are always ineffective.Often this is because they
fail to consider local knowledge and cultural practices.Previous research
suggests that people should be put at the centre of developing ways around
the problem.Thus， a study has been done to confirm it.
　　One of the authors of the study， Dr Cressida Bowyer from the
University of Portsmouth， says， “For the first time， a study has
placed arts and humanities （人文学科） methods at the centre of the
exploration of perceptions （感知） of air pollution.Working with local
communities， we were able to discover how people there understood air
pollution.”
　　Researchers from the University of Portsmouth， and researchers and
experts from the UK， Kenya and Sweden worked together with local
people in Mukuru in Nairobi， the capital of Kenya in East Africa， to
explore a range of methods including storytelling， music， art and theatre
to explore understandings of air pollution.Some community members made digital （数字的） stories by taking photos around Mukuru which told their story of air pollution.Trained community researchers helped school children to create drawn and/or written stories of their experiences of air pollution.Theatre pieces were presented in key community spaces around Mukuru.Suggestions were given by the audience about how to solve the problem and local people acted out their suggestions as part of the theatre.The song “Mazingira”， which explained the problems of air pollution， had been played on national radio and television stations with an audience of about three million people.
　　Dr Sarah West， Principal Investigator at the Stockholm Environment
Centre， says， “From this range of methods we have got a more
detailed understanding of how air pollution is perceived and understood in
Mukuru.The project also created new spaces for conversations about the
topic of air pollution in the community.We expect other researchers
wishing to discuss difficult problems to use various creative methods to
have a wide range of people take part in their activities.This can lead to
unexpected understandings that may not otherwise exist.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明许多减少空气污染的
政策无效，并研究帮助减少空气污染的有效方法。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明许多减少空气污染的
政策无效，并研究帮助减少空气污染的有效方法。
9. Why are many air-pollution-reduction policies ineffective according to
the text？
A. Local people don’t care about the issue.
B. Little attention is paid to local people.
C. No one is responsible for offering solutions.
D. Policymakers don’t have enough experience.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第一段中的Often this is because they
fail to consider local knowledge and cultural practices.可知，许多减
少空气污染的政策无效的原因是很少关注当地人。
10. Which of the following was a creative method used to explore the air
pollution issue in Mukuru？
A. Fully accepting local people’s proposals.
B. Inviting actors to give professional performances in theatres.
C. Training local students to reduce air pollution.
D. Using music to make people realize the problem.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，通过音乐使
人意识到问题是用于探索Mukuru空气污染问题的创造性方法。
11. What does Sarah West advise researchers to do about talking about
difficult problems？
A. To have a more detailed understanding.
B. To creatively get many people to join in.
C. To have conversations in communities.
D. To attract support from local experts.
解析：　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的We expect other
researchers wishing to discuss difficult problems to use various
creative methods to have a wide range of people take part in their
activities.可知，Sarah West建议研究人员在谈论困难问题时使用
各种创造性方法让广泛的人参与。
12. What is the best title for the text？
A. How Can Local People Do Further Research？
B. Air Pollution Problems Cannot Be Solved Traditionally
C. How Can Music， Dance and Art Help Cut Air Pollution？
D. Researchers Help People in Nairobi Cut Air Pollution
解析：　标题归纳题。根据全文可知，文章主要说明许多减少
空气污染的政策无效，并研究音乐、舞蹈和艺术如何帮助减少空
气污染。C项为文章最佳标题。
Ⅱ.完形填空
　　Angela never liked seeing plastic waste washed up on the shore near
her home.She had been 　13　 to call on her community to clean it up，
to change the 　14　， so she tried to set up an organization called
Washed Ashore： Art to Save the Sea.Her 　15　 proved quite a success.
Here’s how it 　16　.Volunteers help clean up 300 miles of
shoreline.Then， 　17　 only plastics from the beach clean-up， Angela
and many other volunteers create sculptures of sea 　18　.She explains，
“I mean to create sculptures that make people take a look and 　19　：
‘How can there be this much waste on the beach？’ 　20　 these
sculptures will make people consider what they have 　21　 in their daily
life and realize how so much plastic ends up in the oceans.” So far，
about 10，000 　22　 volunteers have collected 21 tons of waste and
helped create more than 70 works of art.Four traveling 　23　have demonstrated the artworks in 18 places of the country.One of the
sculptures， Turtle Ocean， received a 　24　 honor.It was admitted into
the National Museum.
　　The Washed Ashore team is now working on sculpture of a dolphin，
with 　25　 for more sculptures.“Until we 　26　 plastic on the
beach， the work will continue.These sculptures are a（n） 　27　 for
clean oceans.” Angela says seriously.
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了Angela创立了名
为Washed Ashore： Art to Save the Sea的社区组织，致力于清理海岸
垃圾，并将海岸垃圾创作出海洋生物雕塑以给人警醒：人们需要的
是一个洁净的海洋。
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了Angela创立了名
为Washed Ashore： Art to Save the Sea的社区组织，致力于清理海岸
垃圾，并将海岸垃圾创作出海洋生物雕塑以给人警醒：人们需要的
是一个洁净的海洋。
13. A. offering B. longing
C. admitting D. hesitating
解析：　根据下文so she tried to set up an organization called
Washed Ashore：Art to Save the Sea可知，她努力建立一个名为
“冲上岸：拯救海洋的艺术”的组织，因此她应是渴望通过这个
组织让社区的人们一起来做这件事。long to do sth渴望做某事。
offer主动提供；long渴望；admit宣称，断言；hesitate犹豫。
14. A. landscape B. world
C. surface D. situation
解析：　根据上文Angela never liked seeing plastic waste washed
up on the shore near her home.可知，她是想通过这个组织来改变
目前塑料垃圾堆满海滩的状态。landscape风景，景色；world世
界；surface表面；situation现状。
15. A. attempt B. choice
C. program D. instruction
解析：　根据下文可知，她的努力很成功。attempt尝试，努
力；choice选择；program节目；instruction说明。
16. A. walks B. applies
C. functions D. prepares
解析：　根据语境可知，it指代上文an organization called Washed
Ashore：Art to Save the Sea，结合下文内容可知，此处意为“下
面是它的运作流程”。walk步行；apply应用，申请；function运
作，起作用；prepare准备。
17. A. stopping B. presenting
C. delivering D. employing
解析：　根据下文Angela and many other volunteers create
sculptures of sea 　18　可知，这些雕塑应是使用海滩清理来的垃
圾创作而成。stop阻止；present呈现；deliver传送；employ雇用，
使用。
18. A. waste B. floor
C. waves D. creatures
解析：　根据下文One of the sculptures， Turtle Ocean可知，他
们创作的雕塑是和海洋生物有关。waste浪费，废弃物；floor地
板；wave海浪，风潮；creature生物，动物。
19. A. rethink B. remark
C. confirm D. announce
解析：　结合语境可知，下文How can there be this much waste
on the beach？应是人们看到雕塑后思考的内容，与下文consider相
呼应。rethink重新考虑；remark评论；confirm证明，确认；
announce宣告。
20. A. Generally B. Hopefully
C. Fortunately D. Surprisingly
解析：　根据下文these sculptures will make people consider ...
in the oceans可知，Angela希望这些雕塑能够引起人们的思考。
generally一般地，普遍地；hopefully有希望地；fortunately幸运
地；surprisingly出乎意料地。
21. A. achieved B. observed
C. purchased D. recommended
解析：　结合常识可知，日常生活中购买的东西中有大量的
塑料垃圾。achieve获得；observe观察；purchase购买；
recommend推荐。
22. A. devoted B. surprised
C. grateful D. adventurous
解析：　根据下文have collected 21 tons of waste and helped create
more than 70 works of art可知，能够收集21吨垃圾，帮助创作艺术
品的应该是全心全意保护海洋的人。devoted挚爱的，忠诚的，全
心全意的；surprised惊奇的；grateful感激的；adventurous有冒险
精神的。
23. A. guides B. managers
C. advertisements D. exhibitions
解析：　根据下文have demonstrated the artworks in 18
places of the country可知，在全国18个地方展出这些作品，应
是举行了巡回展。guide导游；manager经理；advertisement广
告；exhibition展览。
24. A. folk B. simple
C. special D. strange
解析：　根据下文It was admitted into the National Museum.可
知，这一雕塑被允许进入国家博物馆，这是一项特殊的荣誉。
folk民间的；simple简单的；special特别的；strange奇怪的。
25. A. plans B. calls
C. elements D. exchanges
解析：　该团队正在制作海豚的雕塑，再结合下文的for
more sculptures可知，应该是要表达他们还会有更多关于雕塑
的计划。plan计划；call电话；element要素，基本成分；
exchange交换，交谈。
26. A. get down to B. keep away from
C. get rid of D. end up with
解析：　该志愿者团队是打捞被冲上岸的垃圾的，当然在他们
完全清除海滩上的塑料前，工作还将继续。get down to开始考
虑，着手处理；keep away from远离；get rid of摆脱；end up with
以……结束。
27. A. answer B. appeal
C. warning D. response
解析：　根据本文所述，我们不难知道制作这些雕塑的目的是
呼吁人们一定要保护海洋。answer答案；appeal呼吁；warning警
告；response回复。
Ⅲ.语法填空
　　Water shortage is knocking at the door.It is one of the 　28　
（great） crises facing us today， with two thirds of the global
population 　29　 （live） in areas where water is short for a month or
more every year.There are two main factors （因素） leading 　30　 this
problem： increasing global demand for water， and unsustainable means
by which these demands are being met.Though global water usage 　31　
（increase） a lot over the last fifty years， it is predicted that there will
be a further 60%－100% increase in water usage by 2050.
　　This is not just 　32　 matter of turning the tap off when you brush
your 　33　 （tooth）， cutting your showers down to 3 minutes， or
sharing the washing-load with your roommates.In fact， daily activities of
human make up less than 4% of our total water usage， with 92% falling
into two groups， 　34　 are the industrial production of household items
and the production of food.Astonishingly， 69% of our total daily water
usage comes from the 　35　 （grow） and production of food alone.
　　 　36　 （unfortunate）， there is no reference book for the exact
number of liters （升） used in the production of any individual food
item.This is a hard thing to do， for we have other factors 　37　
（consider） when weighing up the benefits of every food choice：
taste， cost and convenience.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述水资源短缺是我们今天面
临的最大危机之一及造成水资源短缺的两个因素，并指出并不是日
常生活中节约用水就能解决问题，我们每天总用水量的92%来自家
庭用品的工业生产和食品的生产。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述水资源短缺是我们今天面
临的最大危机之一及造成水资源短缺的两个因素，并指出并不是日
常生活中节约用水就能解决问题，我们每天总用水量的92%来自家
庭用品的工业生产和食品的生产。
28. greatest　考查形容词的最高级。根据空前的one of the可知，此处
应该用形容词的最高级，表示“最……的之一”。故填greatest。
29. living　考查非谓语动词。此处是with复合结构，two thirds of the
global population与live是逻辑上的主谓关系，应该用动词-ing形式作宾
语补足语。故填living。
30. to　考查介词。lead to导致。故填to。
31. has increased　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语over
the last fifty years可知，空处应用现在完成时；主语global water usage
是不可数名词，故填has increased。
32. a　考查冠词。a matter of ...一个……的问题。故填a。
33. teeth　考查名词复数。tooth为可数名词，空处应用其复数形式。
故填teeth。
34. which　考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词
two groups，关系词在从句中作主语。故填which。
35. growth　考查词形转换。此处与名词production是并列成分，应用
名词。故填growth。
36. Unfortunately　考查词形转换。此处修饰整个句子，应用副词作
状语。根据语境可知，此处表示“不幸的是”，首字母应大写。故填
Unfortunately。
37. to consider　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处作后置定
语，用动词不定式。故填to consider。
谢谢观看！

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