资源简介

第12讲 句子成分
目录
01 考情解码·命题预警 2
02 体系构建·思维可视 3
03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 3
考点一 句子成分之主干 3
知识点1 主语 4
知识点2 谓语 5
知识点3 宾语 7
知识点4 表语 8
考向1 考查谓语的变化形式 10
考向2 考查不同形式的宾语 11
考向3 考查不同形式的表语 12
【思维建模】运用以谓语为核心，不局限于谓语，关联主语一致等解题策略答题
考点二 句子成分之修饰成分 12
知识点1 定语 12
知识点2 状语 13
知识点3 补语 14
知识点4 同位语 14
知识点5 插入语 15
考向1 考查不同形式的定语 15
考向2 考查不同形式的状语 16
考向3 考查不同形式作补语、同位语、插入语 17
考点三 破解长难句 18
知识点1 长难句的特点 19
知识点2 长难句的解题步骤 19
考向 长难句拆解 20
【思维建模】 化解长难句的拆解思路
04 真题溯源 考向感知 18
考察形式 考情分析
听力、阅读理解、完形填空、语法填空、写作 分析近年高考英语试卷可知，英语长句明显呈增多趋势。句子结构复杂、信息量大、包含多个从句、非谓语动词、插入语、并列结构等，导致理解困难。而长难句之所以“难”，本质上就是各种句子成分（尤其是修饰成分如定语、状语、同位语、非谓语动词结构）的嵌套运用。理解长难句，准确获取信息，把握逻辑关系，提高阅读速度和效率以及推断深层含义都离不开句子成分的精准掌握，可以说掌握句子成分是理解句子的基石。 通过对句子成分和句型的学习，增强对长难句的分析能力，提高阅读理解的准确性，同时避免在写作中出现基本的语法错误，提升书面表达的规范性和流畅性。
复习目标： 1 熟练掌握句子主干成分。 根据位置和功能识别并运用句子修饰成分。 培养识别主干、明确修饰关系、理解逻辑的能力。
考点一 句子成分之主干
句子成分是构成一个完整的句子的基本要素和功能的部分。句子的八大成分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和插入语。其中，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，表语，宾语，定语，状语，补足语、同位语和插入语是句子的次要成分。
知识点1 主语
主语：是句子所要说明的人或事物。是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。
充当：通常由名词 (短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式 (短语)、动名词 (短语)或从句等充当。
名词（短语）
A tree has fallen across the road. 一棵树倒在了路上。
My first step of redefining success began with course registrations.【2025年北京卷阅读理解】
我重新定义成功的第一步是从课程注册开始的。
代词
That’s exactly what our service program is for.【2025年新高考I卷听力】那正是我们的服务项目的目的。
We'll be working rain or shine.【2024年新高考I卷阅读理解】不管刮风下雨，我们都会工作。
数词
Two-thirds of the workers of this factory are men.这家工厂三分之二的工人是男性。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.这个班三分之一的学生是女生。
动名词
Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities. 【2025北京卷阅读理解】
完成许多课程不再带来成功的感觉，因为每年超过四门AP课程是顶尖大学的标准。
Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. 【2022新课标全国II卷七选五】
对大多数人来说，写一篇文章是一个困难的过程。
不定式
To find your way can be a problem.找到你的路可能是个问题。
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.在河里游泳是一种极大的乐趣。
it形式主语
It is certain that he will win the match. 他肯定能赢得这场比赛。
It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline.【2022年全国乙卷书面表达】
学生自身提高自律性是当务之急
从句
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
他这么短的时间就写完作文，这使我们都很吃惊。
What benefits most to their study is reading English books. 【2022年全国乙卷满分作文】
得分速记
一般情况下句子的主语在句首，谓语动词之前；
在倒装句或疑问句中时，谓语动词部分或全部位于主语之前
解答动词语法填空时，需要注意主谓一致，找到真正的主语。
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）富人应该帮助穷人。
...there is nothing to do with others’ thoughts.（倒装）【2022年新高考I卷读后续写】
Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements
当他们回顾我们的成就时，是否会在脑海中形成“成功”这个金色的词？【2025年新高考I卷阅读】
知识点2 谓语
谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，有人称、数和时态的变化。有简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
构成：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当，一般位于主语之
后。有时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致等的变化。
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】
The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart.
学生们选择了不同的主题，提交了10到20页的故事，其中的人物拓宽了我的视野，触动了我的心。
复合谓语：
由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】
This would have to change. 【2025年新高考I卷阅读理解】
（2）由系动词加表语构成。
例1.In cold weather, the structure stays ____ (close) to protect the plants.【2024年新高考I卷语法填空】
例2.Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】
动词时态的构成：
一般 ask / asks asked will ask would ask
进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking will be asking
完成 have/has asked had asked will have asked
完成进行 have/has been asking
动词被动语态构成：
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下：
现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/ have been done have/has been being done
过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done
将来 shall/will be done shall/will have been done
过去将来 should/would be done
有情态动词 情态动词+ be / have been done
知识点3 宾语
宾语：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语。位于及物动词或介词之后。
种类：直接宾语、间接宾语。
（1）直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果（一般是物sth.）; 间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的（一般是人sb.）
（2）介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构”
I am interested in computer studies.我对计算机研究很感兴趣。
宾语通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当宾语。
我不相信我的笔记本电脑的拼写检查器。
例1.I don’t trust my laptop’s spellchecker.（名词）【2024年新高考I卷阅读理解】
例2. Do contact me when you're in Sydney.（代词）【2024年新高考I卷听力】
当你在悉尼的时候，请联系我。
例3.I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. （代词it作形式宾语）
如果你能考虑我的邀请，我将不胜感激。
例4. ...drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短语）【2022年全国乙卷】
无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高价值的服务，在铁路或道岔出现任何安全问题之前，检测出故障。
例5. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. （宾语从句）【2025年新高考I卷】
幸运的是，分析表明，可再生能源可以胜任这项任务。
例6. How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（数词）你有多少本词典？我有五本。
例7. He pretended not to see me.（非谓语形式。）他假装没看见我。
例8. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
昨天他们帮老人做家务。
知识点4 表语
表语: 位于系动词之后，说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句充当。
状态类 be
感官类 look， sound ，taste， smell， feel
表象性 seem ，appear
变化类 Get， turn, grow, become, go，fall
持续性 stay， remain， keep, stand
结果性 prove , turn out
名词 But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.【2024年新高考I卷】
代词 Seventy-four —You don’t look it.
数词 We are seven.
形容词 They turned out largely ineffective.【2025年新高考I卷】
副词 I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning...【2022年新高考I卷】
不定式 All I could do was to wait.
动名词 His hobby（爱好）is playing football.
过去分词 I’m very pleased with what he has done. He was inspired by another veterinarian. Needless to say, they were deeply moved.
介词短语 She is in good health.
表语从句 That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if...【2024年全国甲卷】 That's what mattered-landing tricks, being a good skater.
得分速记
作主语：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、主语从句。
作谓语：动词作谓语，有时态、语态、人称与数的变化。
作宾语：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句。
作表语：谓语系动词之后，重点考查形容词作表语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句，此外名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语等也可作表语。
思维建模 通过以谓语为核心的解题策略
考向1 考查谓语的变化形式
例1 （24-25高三·山东济宁·期末）On December 4th,2024, a truly thrilling milestone (reach) as China’s Spring Festival was inscribed (收录) on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, marking a notable achievement.
【答案】was reached
【解析】考查时态与语态。句意：2024年12月4日，中国春节被列入联合国教科文组织《人类非物质文化遗产代表名录》，这是一个令人激动的里程碑，标志着一项令人瞩目的成就。主语是“milestone（里程碑）”与动词“reach（达到）”之间是被动关系，需用被动语态，并且时间状语“on December 4th, 2024”明确指出动作发生在过去，因此用过去时态。故填was reached。
例2 （2025·江苏·模拟预测）So far the technique ______ (help) reduce the building’s need for air conditioning by 50%. Cool, huh
【答案】has helped
【解析】考查谓语动词。句意：到目前为止，这项技术已经帮助该建筑减少了50%的空调需求。此处应为谓语动词，主语the technique与help为主动关系，再由So far可知，此处应用现在完成时，且主语为第三人称单数。故填has helped。
【变式训练1·变情景】（2025届浙江省杭州市高三一模英语试题） In 2021, UNESCO added the city of Nice to its World Heritage List. “Our candidacy for UNESCO (support) by China, for which we are so grateful,” says Salles.
【答案】was supported
【解析】考查时态语态。句意：我们竞选联合国教科文组织成员得到了中国的支持，对此我们深表感谢。这里考查谓语动词，主语Our candidacy for UNESCO与动词support为被动关系，再由In 2021可知，这里时态应用一般过去时。故填was supported。
【变式训练2】The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ______ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
【答案】 were
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。设空处在that引导的限制性定语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语复数形式。故填were。
考向2 考查不同形式的宾语
例1 These plants included modern Western __________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road.
【答案】favorites
【解析】考查名词的数。句意：这些植物包括现代西方最受喜爱的迷迭香、薰衣草和茴香。favorite是可数名词，意为“特别受喜爱的东西”，根据空后such as rosemary, lavender and fennel可知，空处应用名词的复数形式。故填favorites。
例2 However, tofu deserves far more (recognize) for its potential as a delicious addition to many meals.
【答案】recognition
【解析】考查名词。句意：然而，豆腐应该得到更多的认可，因为它有潜力成为许多食物的美味补充。作宾语，应用名词recognition，不可数。故填recognition。
【变式训练1·变载体】The mobile nature of the machine made it the perfect production machine to serve customers attending outdoor sporting events, or circuses and (fair).
【答案】fairs
【解析】考查名词复数。句意：机器的移动特性使其成为完美的生产机器，为参加户外体育赛事或马戏团和博览会的客户服务。fair意为“博览会”，为可数名词，根据“outdoor sporting events, or circuses”可知，此处应用复数形式。故填fairs。
【变式训练2·变情景】He called for in-depth (study) on core factors such as water-related damage and the geological environment.
【答案】studies
【解析】考查名词短语。句意：他呼吁对诸如与水有关的破坏和地质环境等核心因素进行深入研究。study“研究”为可数名词，此处表示泛指，因此study应用复数形式。故填studies。
考向3 考查不同形式的表语
例1 （2025·江苏苏州·阶段练习）This line, delivered with raw power, has become an______ (inspire) to millions. Director Yang Yu’s bold reimagining proves that Chinese animations can compare with those of Hollywood.
【答案】inspiration
【解析】考查名词。句意：这句充满力量的话已成为数百万人的灵感。此处需要名词作表语，故将inspire转换为inspiration，由an可知，应用单数。故填inspiration。
例2 （2025·江苏·阶段练习）But what makes this Asian renaissance The answer lies in a unique blend of (vision) leadership, economic growth and a culture of discipline and perseverance.
【答案】visionary
【解析】考查形容词。句意：答案在于有远见的领导、经济增长以及自律和坚持不懈的文化之间的独特结合。空处需用形容词作定语修饰名词leadership，所给词vision为名词，其形容词形式为visionary，意为“有远见的”。故填visionary。
【变式训练1·变载体】The problem is that we don't have enough money
【句子成分】表语从句
【解析】“that we don't have enough money”是表语从句，说明主语“problem”的具体情况。句意：问题是，我们没有足够的钱。
【变式训练2·变情景】His dream is to become a doctor.
【句子成分】不定式作表语
【解析】“to become a doctor”说明主语“dream”的具体内容，作表语。句意：他的梦想是成为一名医生。
考点二 句子成分之修饰成分
知识点1 定语
定语：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语，通常翻译为“......的”。
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
构成：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或定语从句充当。
形容词 Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. 【2025年新高考I卷】
名词 Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.
介词短语 The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. 【2025年新高考I卷】 Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.【2024年新高考I卷】
代词 Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
数词 Do it now, you may not get a second chance.
数词 The room above is my sister’s.
不定式 Her promise to write was forgotten.
分词 Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun.
动名词 Learning methods vary from person to person.
定语从句 The car that is parked outside is mine.
知识点2 状语
状语：通常由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和状语从句等充当。
修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。
位置: 状语位置灵活，修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。
Traffic accidents occur frequently. 【2025年新高考I卷】
I will do anything to help an animal. 【2024年新高考I卷】
One day, we had a family dinner.【2024年全国甲卷】
Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. 【2025年新高考I卷】
As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets, the door swung shut behind me.【2024年浙江卷】
知识点3 补语
补足语: 补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫主语补足语。补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫宾语补足语。可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。
You must keep the room clean and tidy.
John asked me to help him with his Chinese.
I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
We saw the boy playing basketball on the ground
I was left alone ...【2024年全国甲卷】
Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful.【2022年高考全国甲卷】
We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.【2020年浙江卷】
We sat on the porch with Toby resting beside us.【2025年新高考I卷读后续写】
知识点4 同位语
同位语：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
名词 We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. 【2024年新高考I卷】我们中国人民，决心把中国建设成一个富强的国家。 法伯毕业于科罗拉多州立大学，最初是一名更传统的兽医。
代词 He himself doesn’t know why. They all wanted to see him.
数词 Are you two ready
同位语从句 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
知识点5 插入语
插入语：对一句话的附加解释、说明或总结用逗号、破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法关系。
To be frank, I don’t agree with you.
Strictly speaking, you are wrong.
This, in my opinion, is only a simple question.
Honestly, I don’t need it at the moment.
You are not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so.
This eye-catching column, I’m firmly convinced, won’t fail to grant the whole class a harmonious atmosphere.【2025年新高考I卷应用文写作】
考向1 考查不同形式的定语
例1 I’m sure they will give you a very (impress) concert, through which you will learn more about Chinese folk music.
【答案】impressive
【解析】考查形容词。句意：我相信他们会给你带来一场非常令人印象深刻的音乐会，通过这场音乐会你会更多地了解中国民间音乐。此处修饰名词“concert”，需用形容词作定语，所给词impress为动词，意为“给……留下深刻印象”，其形容词形式是impressive，意为“令人印象深刻的”，符合语境。故填impressive。
例2 2．Not only can we appreciate (number) appealing weaving works ranging from chairs to decorations, but also we’ll watch the documentary concerning the history of the weaving art.
【答案】numerous
【解析】考查形容词。句意：我们不仅能欣赏到从座椅到装饰品等众多极具吸引力的编织作品，还能观看一部关于编织艺术历史的纪录片。空处修饰名词词组“appealing weaving works”，结合句意可知，形容词numerous“大量的”符合题意。作定语。故填numerous。
【变式训练1·变载体】The (meet) room, designed in a practical way, is on the second floor and can hold up to 50 people for various discussions.
【答案】meeting
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这间会议室设计实用，位于二楼，最多可容纳50人进行各种讨论。设空处修饰名词room作定语表示用途，应用动名词形式meeting，故填meeting。
【变式训练2·变情景】An exhibition (feature)Chinese civilisation was held at the Palace Museum, with more than 130 pieces or sets of precious cultural relics displayed.
【答案】featuring
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：在故宫博物院举办的一场中华文明展中，展出了 130 余件/套珍贵文物。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰An exhibition，An exhibition和feature为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式。故填featuring。
考向2 考查不同形式的状语
例1 The boy received a desirable Christmas gift, (whisper) his excitement to his best friend.
【答案】whispering
【解析】考查非谓语作状语。句意：这个男孩收到了一份心仪的圣诞礼物，正低声向他最好的朋友诉说自己的兴奋之情。句中已有谓语received，空处作非谓语，主语The boy与whisper为主动关系，应用现在分词作状语。故填whispering。
例2 Head down, eyes on my smartphone, I stepped into the road and a car shot past, nearly (knock) me off my feet.
【答案】knocking
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我低着头，眼睛盯着我的智能手机，走到马路上，一辆汽车从我身边飞驰而过，差点把我撞倒。knock和逻辑主语car之间是主动关系，使用现在分词作状语，故填knocking。
【变式训练1·变情景】I’m surprised (know) that we can keep flowers blooming by removing the water with a process like air drying or pressing.
【答案】to know
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我很惊讶地发现，我们可以通过像风干或压榨这样的方法去除水分来保持鲜花盛开。“be surprised to do sth.”为固定搭配，表示“对做某事感到惊讶”，其中动词不定式“to do sth.”作原因状语，用来说明惊讶的原因。故填to know。
【变式训练2·变情景】Trees on the hills have been cut down and waste water is being poured (continue) into rivers.
【答案】continuously
【解析】考查副词。句意：山上的树木被砍伐，废水持续不断地排入河流。根据空前动词poured可知，空处需用副词作状语修饰动词；continue的副词为continuously“持续不断地”。故填continuously。
【变式训练3·变载体】You may not succeed in business and social encounters you employ inappropriate body language.
【答案】if/when
【解析】考查状语从句。句意：如果你使用不恰当的肢体语言，在商务往来和社交场合中可能会难以取得成功。空处引导状语从句，表示“如果你使用了不恰当的肢体语言”或“当你使用了不恰当的肢体语言时”，应用连词if或when引导条件状语从句或时间状语从句。故填if/when。
考向3 考查不同形式作补语、同位语、插入语
例1 The news that we won the game made us excited.
【句子成分】同位语从句作同位语
【解析】“that we won the game”解释“news”的具体内容，从句与“news”语法地位相同，不充当句子成分仅作补充说明。
例2 （24-25高三上·福建福州·期末）Qianshanchake, a Chinese web (novel) whose work Stacie was included in the library’s collection, expressed excitement and surprise at the recognition.
【答案】novelist
【解析】考查名词。句意：中国网络小说家千山茶客（千山茶客的作品《Stacie》被列入该图书馆藏书）对这一认可表示兴奋和惊讶。作同位语，表示“小说家”用名词novelist，不定冠词提示用单数。故填novelist。
【变式训练1·变载体】The resume should be tailored to match the careers in your plan, which will leave you well (prepare) to make the most of all opportunities that become available to you.
【答案】prepared
【解析】考查形容词。句意：简历应该根据你的职业规划量身定制，这样你就能充分利用所有可能的机会。well是副词，修饰形容词，prepare的形容词是prepared，意为“准备好的”，作宾语补足语。故填prepared。
【变式训练2·变载体】Confidence is not a fixed feature, so we can have our confidence (develop) by practicing in social settings.
【答案】developed
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：自信不是一个固定的特征，所以我们可以通过在社交场合练习来培养自信。动词develop与其逻辑主语our confidence之间为动宾关系，且have sth. done“让某事被做”为固定用法，过去分词作宾补。故填developed。
得分速记
强调“先找谓语，再定主宾，后析修饰”的分析步骤拆解句子成分和句子类型。
注意系动词与实义动词的区别（系动词后接表语，实义动词后接宾语）。
非谓语动词作成分时的功能差异（如不定式表目的，分词表伴随）。
考点三 破解长难句
知识点1 长难句的特点
长难句常常存在以下特点:
句子结构复杂。常包含多种从句，如定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句等。
修饰成分多。形容词、副词、介词短语等作定语或状语修饰名词或动词。
多种语法现象并用。一个句子中可能同时出现倒装、省略、强调等特殊语法现象。
生词难词多，句子含义不局限于表象而有深层次的引申。
知识点2 长难句解题步骤
1.定位主干：剔除修饰成分（介词短语/非谓语/从句），锁定S+V+O
例：[Despite challenges]{.mark}, [researchers]{.mark} [from Peking University]{.mark} have developed [a new method]{.mark} [to recycle plastics]{.mark} [that could transform industries]{.mark}.（主干：Researchers have developed a method）
2.划分修饰：
括号法标注定语（( )）、状语[ ]、补语{ }
例：The book [recommended by my teacher]{.mark}（定语）, [which explores AI ethics]{.mark}*（非限制定语）, challenges [us]{.mark} [to rethink technology]{.mark}*（宾补）.
还原省略：
补全状语从句省略的主谓：When (you are) in doubt, consult dictionaries.
3. 重组语序：
将后置定语/状语移回名词/动词前翻译
例：He met a scientist [working on lunar exploration]{.mark}
→ 他遇到了一位[从事月球探索的]科学家
考向 长难句拆解
例1 The museum, ______ (locate) in the heart of Beijing and ______ receives millions of visitors yearly, ______ (be) a symbol of cultural heritage.
【答案】located; which; is
【解析】剔除插入语"in the heart...yearly"，主干为"The museum is a symbol"。句意：博物馆，______（位于）北京中心，______每年接待数百万游客，______（成为）文化遗产的象征。
例2Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives.
【句意】鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份认同的人生故事模型，他提出，当我们经历人生时，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，通过这个故事我们理解自己的生活。
【解析】in which he proposes为定语从句；that引导宾语从句，充当proposes的宾语；宾语从句中包含as引导的状语从句；these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story为宾语从句中的主句。through which引导的定语从句修饰先行词story。
【变式训练1·变载体】If these life cycles are delayed, interrupted, or denied, you feel incapable of
状语从句
accessing your states of self, controlling unpleasant feelings, and manipulating the energy that puts together the
动名词作宾语
fabric of your inner world.
定语从句
【句意】如果这些生命周期被延迟、中断或拒绝，您就会觉得自己无法做到 状语从句 进入你的自我状态，控制不愉快的感觉，并操纵构成身体的能量 动名词作宾语 你内心世界的织物。
【变式训练2·变考法】We should protect the environment.（用长句升级写作）
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Urged by environmental urgency，we must take actions to protect ecosystems that sustain human survival.
【解析】增加过去分词短语作状语，to do不定式短语作目的状语。that sustain human survival引导定语从句修饰先行词ecosystems。
思维建模 化解长难句的拆解思路
划主干：找谓语动词，确定主语和宾语（或表语）；
辨修饰：标记从句、非谓语动词、介词短语等，明确修饰对象；
理逻辑：分析从句与主句、修饰成分与核心成分的逻辑关系（如限定、因果）；
明句意：整合各部分含义，结合语境还原完整句意。
1.（2025年新高考I卷）“Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the strategic placement of the pieces, and the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings, sculptures, digitally generated pictures and silk - screen prints for the exhibition.”
【句子结构】
主句：“Tu says that...” ，“that”引导宾语从句，作“says”的宾语 。
宾语从句：“the balance... , the beauty... , and the energy flow... inspired artists to create...” ，是主谓宾 + 宾补结构。
【成分拆解】
主语：由三个并列的名词短语构成，即 “the balance between the black and white pieces（黑白棋子间的平衡 ）”“the beauty in the strategic placement of the pieces（棋子战略性布局的美感 ）”“the energy flow following each move（每一步棋后产生的能量流动 ）” ，共同作宾语从句的主语，体现启发艺术家的多方面因素 。
谓语：“inspired（启发；激励 ）” ，说明主语对艺术家产生的动作 。
宾语：“artists（艺术家 ）” ，是 “inspired” 的作用对象 。
宾补：“to create oil paintings, sculptures, digitally generated pictures and silk - screen prints for the exhibition（为此次展览创作油画、雕塑、数字生成图像和丝网印刷作品 ）” ，用不定式结构补充说明 “artists” 被启发后要做的具体内容 。
修饰成分：“following each move” 是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the energy flow” ，说明能量流动与每一步棋的关联；“digitally” 是副词，修饰 “generated” ，说明图像生成的方式 。
【中文翻译】图说：黑白棋子间的平衡、棋子布局的美感以及每一步棋后的能量流动，这些元素激发了艺术家们为本次展览创作油画、雕塑、数码生成图像和丝网印刷品。
2.（2025年新高考I卷）In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life.
【句子结构】
主句：I met a cowboy, a strict father, and a modern-day Juliet.（主谓宾结构，宾语为三个并列的人物形象）
【成分拆解】
介词短语作状语：In my ninth-grade writing class last year（时间和地点）。
定语从句（who 引导）：分别修饰三个宾语，如 who saved his town 修饰 cowboy，who demanded his son earn straight A’s 修饰 father，who died of heartbreak... 修饰 Juliet。
时间状语从句：after her parents rejected the love of her young life（位于最后一个定语从句中，说明 Juliet 心碎的原因）。
【中文翻译】去年在我九年级的写作课上，我“遇见”了拯救小镇的牛仔、要求儿子门门功课得 A 的严厉父亲，以及父母拒绝其初恋后心碎而逝的现代版朱丽叶。
3.（2025年新高考I卷）When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance — the ability to connect people, to put us in another’s skin, to teach us what it means to be human.
【句子结构】
主句：I walked away with a yearbook.（主谓宾结构，with 短语作伴随状语）。
【成分拆解】
时间状语从句：When the final bell rang in June（说明主句动作发生的时间）。
形容词短语作定语：full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance（修饰 yearbook）。
破折号解释说明：the ability...to be human 是对 significance 的具体解释，包含三个并列的不定式短语（to connect.../to put.../to teach...）。
宾语从句：what it means to be human（作 teach 的宾语，说明“教会”的内容）。
【中文翻译】当六月的下课铃响起时，我带走了一本纪念册，里面满是关于写作最强大意义的留言——即连接人与人的能力、让我们换位思考的能力，以及教会我们“生而为人”意义的能力。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)第12讲 句子成分
目录
01 考情解码·命题预警 2
02 体系构建·思维可视 3
03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 3
考点一 句子成分之主干 3
知识点1 主语 4
知识点2 谓语 5
知识点3 宾语 7
知识点4 表语 8
考向1 考查谓语的变化形式 9
考向2 考查不同形式的宾语 10
考向3 考查不同形式的表语 10
【思维建模】运用以谓语为核心，不局限于谓语，关联主语一致等解题策略答题
考点二 句子成分之修饰成分 11
知识点1 定语 11
知识点2 状语 12
知识点3 补语 12
知识点4 同位语 13
知识点5 插入语 13
考向1 考查不同形式的定语 14
考向2 考查不同形式的状语 14
考向3 考查不同形式作补语、同位语、插入语 15
考点三 破解长难句 16
知识点1 长难句的特点 16
知识点2 长难句的解题步骤 16
考向 长难句拆解 17
【思维建模】 化解长难句的拆解思路
04 真题溯源 考向感知 18
考察形式 考情分析
听力、阅读理解、完形填空、语法填空、写作 分析近年高考英语试卷可知，英语长句明显呈增多趋势。句子结构复杂、信息量大、包含多个从句、非谓语动词、插入语、并列结构等，导致理解困难。而长难句之所以“难”，本质上就是各种句子成分（尤其是修饰成分如定语、状语、同位语、非谓语动词结构）的嵌套运用。理解长难句，准确获取信息，把握逻辑关系，提高阅读速度和效率以及推断深层含义都离不开句子成分的精准掌握，可以说掌握句子成分是理解句子的基石。 通过对句子成分和句型的学习，增强对长难句的分析能力，提高阅读理解的准确性，同时避免在写作中出现基本的语法错误，提升书面表达的规范性和流畅性。
复习目标： 1 熟练掌握句子主干成分。 根据位置和功能识别并运用句子修饰成分。 培养识别主干、明确修饰关系、理解逻辑的能力。
考点一 句子成分之主干
句子成分是构成一个完整的句子的基本要素和功能的部分。句子的八大成分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和插入语。其中，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，表语，宾语，定语，状语，补足语、同位语和插入语是句子的次要成分。
知识点1 主语
主语：是句子所要说明的人或事物。是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。
充当：通常由名词 (短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式 (短语)、动名词 (短语)或从句等充当。
名词（短语）
A tree has fallen across the road. 一棵树倒在了路上。
My first step of redefining success began with course registrations.【2025年北京卷阅读理解】
我重新定义成功的第一步是从课程注册开始的。
代词
That’s exactly what our service program is for.【2025年新高考I卷听力】那正是我们的服务项目的目的。
We'll be working rain or shine.【2024年新高考I卷阅读理解】不管刮风下雨，我们都会工作。
数词
Two-thirds of the workers of this factory are men.这家工厂三分之二的工人是男性。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.这个班三分之一的学生是女生。
动名词
Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per year is a norm set by top universities. 【2025北京卷阅读理解】
完成许多课程不再带来成功的感觉，因为每年超过四门AP课程是顶尖大学的标准。
Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. 【2022新课标全国II卷七选五】
对大多数人来说，写一篇文章是一个困难的过程。
不定式
To find your way can be a problem.找到你的路可能是个问题。
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.在河里游泳是一种极大的乐趣。
it形式主语
It is certain that he will win the match. 他肯定能赢得这场比赛。
It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline.【2022年全国乙卷书面表达】
学生自身提高自律性是当务之急
从句
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
他这么短的时间就写完作文，这使我们都很吃惊。
What benefits most to their study is reading English books. 【2022年全国乙卷满分作文】
得分速记
一般情况下句子的主语在句首，谓语动词之前；
在倒装句或疑问句中时，谓语动词部分或全部位于主语之前
解答动词语法填空时，需要注意主谓一致，找到真正的主语。
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）富人应该帮助穷人。
...there is nothing to do with others’ thoughts.（倒装）【2022年新高考I卷读后续写】
Will the golden word “success” form in their minds when they review our achievements
当他们回顾我们的成就时，是否会在脑海中形成“成功”这个金色的词？【2025年新高考I卷阅读】
知识点2 谓语
谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，有人称、数和时态的变化。有简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
构成：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当，一般位于主语之
后。有时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致等的变化。
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】
The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart.
学生们选择了不同的主题，提交了10到20页的故事，其中的人物拓宽了我的视野，触动了我的心。
复合谓语：
由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full.【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】
This would have to change. 【2025年新高考I卷阅读理解】
（2）由系动词加表语构成。
例1.In cold weather, the structure stays ____ (close) to protect the plants.【2024年新高考I卷语法填空】
例2.Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)【2024年全国甲卷阅读理解】
动词时态的构成：
一般 ask / asks asked will ask would ask
进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking will be asking
完成 have/has asked had asked will have asked
完成进行 have/has been asking
动词被动语态构成：
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化列表如下：
现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/ have been done have/has been being done
过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done
将来 shall/will be done shall/will have been done
过去将来 should/would be done
有情态动词 情态动词+ be / have been done
知识点3 宾语
宾语：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语。位于及物动词或介词之后。
种类：直接宾语、间接宾语。
（1）直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果（一般是物sth.）; 间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的（一般是人sb.）
（2）介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构”
I am interested in computer studies.我对计算机研究很感兴趣。
宾语通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当宾语。
我不相信我的笔记本电脑的拼写检查器。
例1.I don’t trust my laptop’s spellchecker.（名词）【2024年新高考I卷阅读理解】
例2. Do contact me when you're in Sydney.（代词）【2024年新高考I卷听力】
当你在悉尼的时候，请联系我。
例3.I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. （代词it作形式宾语）
如果你能考虑我的邀请，我将不胜感激。
例4. ...drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短语）【2022年全国乙卷】
无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高价值的服务，在铁路或道岔出现任何安全问题之前，检测出故障。
例5. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. （宾语从句）【2025年新高考I卷】
幸运的是，分析表明，可再生能源可以胜任这项任务。
例6. How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（数词）你有多少本词典？我有五本。
例7. He pretended not to see me.（非谓语形式。）他假装没看见我。
例8. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
昨天他们帮老人做家务。
知识点4 表语
表语: 位于系动词之后，说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句充当。
状态类 be
感官类 look， sound ，taste， smell， feel
表象性 seem ，appear
变化类 Get， turn, grow, become, go，fall
持续性 stay， remain， keep, stand
结果性 prove , turn out
名词 But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.【2024年新高考I卷】
代词 Seventy-four —You don’t look it.
数词 We are seven.
形容词 They turned out largely ineffective.【2025年新高考I卷】
副词 I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning...【2022年新高考I卷】
不定式 All I could do was to wait.
动名词 His hobby（爱好）is playing football.
过去分词 I’m very pleased with what he has done. He was inspired by another veterinarian. Needless to say, they were deeply moved.
介词短语 She is in good health.
表语从句 That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if...【2024年全国甲卷】 That's what mattered-landing tricks, being a good skater.
得分速记
作主语：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、主语从句。
作谓语：动词作谓语，有时态、语态、人称与数的变化。
作宾语：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句。
作表语：谓语系动词之后，重点考查形容词作表语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句，此外名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语等也可作表语。
思维建模 通过以谓语为核心的解题策略
考向1 考查谓语的变化形式
例1 （24-25高三·山东济宁·期末）On December 4th,2024, a truly thrilling milestone (reach) as China’s Spring Festival was inscribed (收录) on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, marking a notable achievement.
例2 （2025·江苏·模拟预测）So far the technique ______ (help) reduce the building’s need for air conditioning by 50%. Cool, huh
【变式训练1·变情景】（2025届浙江省杭州市高三一模英语试题） In 2021, UNESCO added the city of Nice to its World Heritage List. “Our candidacy for UNESCO (support) by China, for which we are so grateful,” says Salles.
【变式训练2】The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ______ (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
考向2 考查不同形式的宾语
例1 These plants included modern Western __________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road.
例2 However, tofu deserves far more (recognize) for its potential as a delicious addition to many meals.
【变式训练1·变载体】The mobile nature of the machine made it the perfect production machine to serve customers attending outdoor sporting events, or circuses and (fair).
【变式训练2·变情景】He called for in-depth (study) on core factors such as water-related damage and the geological environment.
考向3 考查不同形式的表语
例1 （2025·江苏苏州·阶段练习）This line, delivered with raw power, has become an______ (inspire) to millions. Director Yang Yu’s bold reimagining proves that Chinese animations can compare with those of Hollywood.
例2 （2025·江苏·阶段练习）But what makes this Asian renaissance The answer lies in a unique blend of (vision) leadership, economic growth and a culture of discipline and perseverance.
【变式训练1·变载体】The problem is that we don't have enough money
【变式训练2·变情景】His dream is to become a doctor.
考点二 句子成分之修饰成分
知识点1 定语
定语：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语，通常翻译为“......的”。
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
构成：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或定语从句充当。
形容词 Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. 【2025年新高考I卷】
名词 Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.
介词短语 The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. 【2025年新高考I卷】 Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.【2024年新高考I卷】
代词 Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
数词 Do it now, you may not get a second chance.
数词 The room above is my sister’s.
不定式 Her promise to write was forgotten.
分词 Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun.
动名词 Learning methods vary from person to person.
定语从句 The car that is parked outside is mine.
知识点2 状语
状语：通常由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和状语从句等充当。
修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。
位置: 状语位置灵活，修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。
Traffic accidents occur frequently. 【2025年新高考I卷】
I will do anything to help an animal. 【2024年新高考I卷】
One day, we had a family dinner.【2024年全国甲卷】
Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. 【2025年新高考I卷】
As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets, the door swung shut behind me.【2024年浙江卷】
知识点3 补语
补足语: 补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫主语补足语。补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫宾语补足语。可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等。
You must keep the room clean and tidy.
John asked me to help him with his Chinese.
I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
We saw the boy playing basketball on the ground
I was left alone ...【2024年全国甲卷】
Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful.【2022年高考全国甲卷】
We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.【2020年浙江卷】
We sat on the porch with Toby resting beside us.【2025年新高考I卷读后续写】
知识点4 同位语
同位语：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
名词 We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. 【2024年新高考I卷】我们中国人民，决心把中国建设成一个富强的国家。 法伯毕业于科罗拉多州立大学，最初是一名更传统的兽医。
代词 He himself doesn’t know why. They all wanted to see him.
数词 Are you two ready
同位语从句 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
知识点5 插入语
插入语：对一句话的附加解释、说明或总结用逗号、破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法关系。
To be frank, I don’t agree with you.
Strictly speaking, you are wrong.
This, in my opinion, is only a simple question.
Honestly, I don’t need it at the moment.
You are not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so.
This eye-catching column, I’m firmly convinced, won’t fail to grant the whole class a harmonious atmosphere.【2025年新高考I卷应用文写作】
考向1 考查不同形式的定语
例1 I’m sure they will give you a very (impress) concert, through which you will learn more about Chinese folk music.
例2 2．Not only can we appreciate (number) appealing weaving works ranging from chairs to decorations, but also we’ll watch the documentary concerning the history of the weaving art.
【变式训练1·变载体】The (meet) room, designed in a practical way, is on the second floor and can hold up to 50 people for various discussions.
【变式训练2·变情景】An exhibition (feature)Chinese civilisation was held at the Palace Museum, with more than 130 pieces or sets of precious cultural relics displayed.
考向2 考查不同形式的状语
例1 The boy received a desirable Christmas gift, (whisper) his excitement to his best friend.
例2 Head down, eyes on my smartphone, I stepped into the road and a car shot past, nearly (knock) me off my feet.
【变式训练1·变情景】I’m surprised (know) that we can keep flowers blooming by removing the water with a process like air drying or pressing.
【变式训练2·变情景】Trees on the hills have been cut down and waste water is being poured (continue) into rivers.
【变式训练3·变载体】You may not succeed in business and social encounters you employ inappropriate body language.
考向3 考查不同形式作补语、同位语、插入语
例1 The news that we won the game made us excited.
例2 （24-25高三上·福建福州·期末）Qianshanchake, a Chinese web (novel) whose work Stacie was included in the library’s collection, expressed excitement and surprise at the recognition.
【变式训练1·变载体】The resume should be tailored to match the careers in your plan, which will leave you well (prepare) to make the most of all opportunities that become available to you.
【变式训练2·变载体】Confidence is not a fixed feature, so we can have our confidence (develop) by practicing in social settings.
得分速记
强调“先找谓语，再定主宾，后析修饰”的分析步骤拆解句子成分和句子类型。
注意系动词与实义动词的区别（系动词后接表语，实义动词后接宾语）。
非谓语动词作成分时的功能差异（如不定式表目的，分词表伴随）。
考点三 破解长难句
知识点1 长难句的特点
长难句常常存在以下特点:
句子结构复杂。常包含多种从句，如定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句等。
修饰成分多。形容词、副词、介词短语等作定语或状语修饰名词或动词。
多种语法现象并用。一个句子中可能同时出现倒装、省略、强调等特殊语法现象。
生词难词多，句子含义不局限于表象而有深层次的引申。
知识点2 长难句解题步骤
1.定位主干：剔除修饰成分（介词短语/非谓语/从句），锁定S+V+O
例：[Despite challenges]{.mark}, [researchers]{.mark} [from Peking University]{.mark} have developed [a new method]{.mark} [to recycle plastics]{.mark} [that could transform industries]{.mark}.（主干：Researchers have developed a method）
2.划分修饰：
括号法标注定语（( )）、状语[ ]、补语{ }
例：The book [recommended by my teacher]{.mark}（定语）, [which explores AI ethics]{.mark}*（非限制定语）, challenges [us]{.mark} [to rethink technology]{.mark}*（宾补）.
还原省略：
补全状语从句省略的主谓：When (you are) in doubt, consult dictionaries.
3. 重组语序：
将后置定语/状语移回名词/动词前翻译
例：He met a scientist [working on lunar exploration]{.mark}
→ 他遇到了一位[从事月球探索的]科学家
考向 长难句拆解
例1 The museum, ______ (locate) in the heart of Beijing and ______ receives millions of visitors yearly, ______ (be) a symbol of cultural heritage.
例2Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives.
【变式训练1·变载体】If these life cycles are delayed, interrupted, or denied, you feel incapable of
状语从句
accessing your states of self, controlling unpleasant feelings, and manipulating the energy that puts together the
动名词作宾语
fabric of your inner world.
定语从句
【变式训练2·变考法】We should protect the environment.（用长句升级写作）
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
思维建模 化解长难句的拆解思路
划主干：找谓语动词，确定主语和宾语（或表语）；
辨修饰：标记从句、非谓语动词、介词短语等，明确修饰对象；
理逻辑：分析从句与主句、修饰成分与核心成分的逻辑关系（如限定、因果）；
明句意：整合各部分含义，结合语境还原完整句意。
1.（2025年新高考I卷）“Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the strategic placement of the pieces, and the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings, sculptures, digitally generated pictures and silk - screen prints for the exhibition.”
2.（2025年新高考I卷）In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A’s, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life.
3.（2025年新高考I卷）When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing’s most powerful significance — the ability to connect people, to put us in another’s skin, to teach us what it means to be human.
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