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(共31张PPT)
Unit 2 Natural disasters
Grammar and usage
To-infinitives
不定式
Grammar and usage
1.To talk to a friend openly and sincerely is very important when something unpleasant happens.
2.He refused to offer this school money and books.
3.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
4. He invited me to give a speech on Chinese history.
Read the sentences below and figure out the functions of to-infinitives.
subject主语
object宾语
predicative表语
object complement
宾补
conclusion:
不定式可以构成句子的基本成分，充当
主语，宾语，表语，宾语补足语
5.Vinny is the first disabled person to sail around the world.
6.To get there on time, I took a taxi instead of a bus.
7.He opened the door, only to find two strangers outside.
attributive 定语
adverbial of purpose 目的状语
adverbial of result 结果状语
Review
一．不定式做主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用_____
（1）把不定式置于_________。
如： a) To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
b) Never to make mistakes is impossible.
(2)用it作形式主语
①It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
②It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do
(difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary)
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
单数
句首
思考：
it作形式主语的句型有哪些？
③It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
(careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right silly, stupid ,wise)
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.
④It takes sb + some time + to do
How long did it take you to finish the work
⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
二. 不定式作宾语
①只能跟不定式作宾语的动词有哪些？
希望想要做决定，
假装同意和答应，
碰巧没能安排好，
决心准备再提供，
设法学会拒绝。
I decided to ask for my money back.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot.
hope,wish/expect/want/intend,decide
pretend,agree, promise
happen,fail, arrange/plan
determine, prepare, offer
refuse, learn, manage
②it做形式宾语 S＋V＋it＋n/adj +(for sb)＋to do
常见动词______________________________
a) We ___________________________
(认为学习一门外语很重要)a foreign language well.
b) He feels __________(这是他的责任)to help the poor.
③介词but, except, besides + to do/do
(有do无to，无do有to)
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.
find, think, believe, consider，feel等
think it very significant to learn
it his duty
三、不定式做表语
请找出表语部分
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. ②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
四、不定式作宾语补足语
(1)常见要求不定式作宾补的动词有：
allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive（强迫），encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like (love, hate), order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, ask for, care for, call on, count on, depend on, wait for, long for（渴望）,prepare for, wish for等。
①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary
②不允许你在此吸烟。______________________________________
You are not allowed to smoke here.
五.作目的状语
常用短语：
①To protect yourself from a typhoon, follow the proper safety procedures.
②During a typhoon, you should do your best to keep your head.
③Pay attention to news updates so as to confirm whether the danger is gone.
“为了”
in order to / so as to do
To-infinitives
as attributives and adverbials of result
Find the sentences with to-infinitives as attributives and adverbials of result in part A on p20.
Exploring the rules
To-infinitives as attributives
I was staying in Atlanta, and that was one of the cities to be hit.
The roads were blocked, so there was nothing for me to do but stay inside.
I had enough food and water to last a whole week!
Rule 1
When the to-infinitive is used as an attributive, it is often put (before/after) the noun or pronoun it modifies.
动词不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。
并且与名词或代词之间常有一定的逻辑关系。
after
To-infinitives as attributives
What is the logical relationship
1.Wendy was the first one to arrive at school.
名词或代词为不定式的逻辑主语
2. I have a meeting to attend.
名词或代词为不定式的逻辑宾语
This is a good topic to _____________(谈论).
不及物动词，需加介词
3.She expressed a wish to make a change.
名词与不定式是同位关系
subject–verb
verb–object
talk about
apposition
3.Clint was the second person to survive in the earthquake.
subject–verb
1. A person needs just three things to be truly happy in the world—someone to love, something to do and something to hope for.
2.Wise men speak because they have something to say; fools because they have to say something.
verb–object
4.The need to love and to be loved is universal.
5. In order to grow, people need to have a willingness to take risks and to accept the possibility that they may fail at first.
apposition
Practice.
verb–object
Anna is interviewing her teacher, Mr Li, about his experiences during a hurricane. Find the sentences with to-infinitives as attributives.
Exploring the rules
To-infinitives as adverbials of result
When the wind and rain stopped, I looked out of the window, only to see huge trees lying across the street and water everywhere!
That morning, I turned on the TV for some local news, only to hear that a hurricane was on its way.
Rule 2
When the to-infinitive is used as an adverbial of result, it can refer to an __________ (expected/unexpected) result. In this case, we often use only before the to-infinitive.
To-infinitives as adverbials of result
unexpected
only to do, 动词不定式常表示没有预料到的结果
To-infinitives as adverbial of result
1. It’s never too late to learn.
too ... to ...
2. I was fortunate enough to get the ticket.
... enough to ...
3. Jane sang so well as to come out first in the singing competition.
so ... as to ...
4. He left home, never to return.
never to ...
Practice 1
1. 我匆忙赶到家，结果发现所有的家具都被洪水冲走了。
I hurried home, _________________________________________
________________.
2. 她很漂亮，吸引了我们所有人。
She is so beautiful __________________.
3. 这箱子太沉了，我挪都挪不动。
The box is too heavy ___________________.
4. 不要逃避问题，要想成功，你得学会应对难题。
Don’t avoid the problem. __________, you have to tackle your difficulties.
only to find all the furniture had been washed
as to attract all of us
for me to even move
To succeed
away by the flood
Complete the following sentences.
Task 1: Match the first half of the sentences below with the correct
to-infinitives. Then try to understand the functions of the to-infinitives.
1. I went to the annual earthquake workshop
2. The authorities told the local people
3. They arrived at the airport
4. Before we returned home, the flood
damage needed
5. This was the last city
a to be cleared of people
before the volcano erupted.
b to be repaired.
c to stay inside when the
typhoon arrived.
d only to find the flight had
been cancelled due to the
snowstorm.
e to learn some safety tips.
adverbial of purpose
object complement
adverbial of result
object
attributive
Applying the rules
Task 2: Below is Anna’s to-do list from yesterday afternoon. Complete the diary entry below using to-infinitives.
Applying the rules
to find books about hurricanes
to find he was not in his office
to attend
to make PPT slides for my project
Task 3: Jim is talking to his friend Julie about his experience after the earthquake. In pairs, complete the conversation below using to-infinitives.
Applying the rules
was actually the first to leave
to keep us warm
wanted to return home as soon as possible
to find it completely destroyed
advised us to take an active part in the rebuilding
Task 4: Rewrite the passage, using to-infinitives.
Applying the rules
Though the causes of floods are unavoidable, preparations before, during and after a flood can make a difference.
Before a flood occurs, we must do something that can reduce the risk to people and their valuables. Firstly, you should prepare disaster supplies like a light source, sleeping bags, and at least three days of food and drinking water. Secondly, you should bring the most important objects to the upper levels of your house. In this way, they will not be washed away by the flood.
During a flood, it’s important that you should leave where you are immediately and move to higher ground. Don’t walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water can knock an adult down and 60 centimetres can wash most cars away.
After a flood, listen for official news report and find out when it’s safe to return to your home. As you return home, watch out for possible dangers. Keep away from the floodwater. It may be polluted, so don’t touch it.
1.Before a flood occurs, we must do something that can reduce the risk to people and their valuables.
Before a flood occurs, we must do something to reduce the risk to people and their valuables.
2. Firstly, you should prepare disaster supplies like a light source, sleeping bags, and at least three days of food and drinking water.
Firstly, you should prepare disaster supplies like a light source, sleeping bags, and food and drinking water to last at least three days.
rewrite the sentences with to-infinitives.
3.Secondly, you should bring the most important objects to the upper levels of your house. In this way, they will not be washed away by the flood.
Secondly, you should bring the most important objects to the upper levels of your house to avoid being washed away by the flood.
4.During a flood, it’s important that you should leave where you are immediately and move to higher ground.
During a flood, it’s important to leave where you are immediately and move to higher ground.
5.Don’t walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water can knock an adult down and 60 centimetres can wash most cars away.
Don’t walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water is enough to knock an adult down and 60 centimetres can wash most cars away.
7.As you return home, watch out for possible dangers. Keep away from the floodwater. It may be polluted and unsafe, so don’t touch it.
As you return home, watch out for possible dangers. Keep away from the floodwater because it may be polluted and unsafe to touch.
6.After a flood, listen for official news report and find out when it’s safe to return to your home.
After a flood, listen for official news report to find out when it’s safe to return to your home.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Finish the exercise C on page 64 of the textbook.
homework

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