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Period 4　Using Language
Task 1：Fast reading for the structure of the text.
Skim the passage to find out the general idea of the text by filling in the chart below.
答案　1.physics　2.learning　3.achievements
4．Europe and the USA　5.character　6.loss
Task 2：Careful reading for the details of the text.
1．What did Einstein do in 1905
A．He worked in the Swiss patent office.
B．He published four great physics papers.
C．He worked at a college.
D．He did part-time research.
答案　B
2．What made Einstein win the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics
A．His general theory of relativity.
B．His formula E＝mc2.
C．His four physics papers.
D．His description of the photoelectric effect.
答案　D
3．Why did Einstein leave Germany
A．To avoid being caught.
B．To work in an American university.
C．To attend an important meeting in America.
D．To meet one of the most famous scientists.
答案　A
4．Why did the writer give the example of a little girl
A．To show Einstein was a great scientist.
B．To show Einstein was a strict person.
C．To show Einstein was a friendly person.
D．To show Einstein didn’t care about fame.
答案　C
5．How does the writer develop the text
A．By time order.
B．By space order.
C．By using specific figures.
D．By analyzing cause and result.
答案　A
Task 3：Translate the following phrases into English.
1．现代物理学 modern physics
2．为……做出许多贡献 make numerous contributions to
3．一个勇敢而善良的人 a courageous and kind figure
4．上大学 enter university
5．由于 due to
6．入学考试 the entrance exam
7．获得优异的成绩 obtain exceptional scores
8．设法做成某事 manage to do sth
9．通过考试 pass the exam
10．寻找 look for
11．出于对知识的强烈热情 out of a strong passion for knowledge
12．获得……的博士学位 earn a doctorate in
13．奇迹年 a miracle year
14．遍及全世界 throughout the world
15．辞去工作 quit one’s job
16．(开始)掌权；上台 come to power
17．学术机构 academic institution
18．因此 as a consequence
19．担任，任职 take up a position
20．在……方面取得重大成就 make great achievements in
21．被视为 be seen as
22．浓密的小胡子 a thick moustache
23．(头发)竖立，竖起 stand on end
24．好像，似乎 as if/though
25．电击 an electric shock
26．敲某人的门 knock on one’s door
27．请求帮助 ask for help
28．被误认为是 be mistaken for
29．据报道 it was/is reported that
30．去世 pass away
Task 4：Analyse some long and difficult sentences.
1．Albert Einstein，who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics，is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived.(P8 Para.1)
[结构分析] 此句是复合句，who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics是who引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Albert Einstein；who ever lived是who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the smartest men。
[汉语翻译] 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦——这位也许是现代物理学领域最伟大的科学家——被公认是有史以来智商最高的人之一。
2．When he was 16，he tried to enter university in Switzerland，but failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam，despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics.(P8 Para.2)
[结构分析] 此句是复合句，When he was 16是时间状语从句，but连接两个谓语动词tried和failed，表转折，obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics是动词-ing形式作介词despite的宾语。
[汉语翻译] 16岁时，他报考瑞士的大学，尽管他在数学和物理方面取得优异的成绩，但由于入学考试的通识部分分数较低，他未能如愿。
3．After studying for another year，he managed to pass the exam，entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900.(P8 Para.2)
[结构分析] 此句是简单句，studying for another year作介词after的宾语，entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900是动词-ing形式作状语。
[汉语翻译] 经过又一年的学习，他终于通过了考试，于1896年进入大学，1900年毕业。
4．That same year，which was later recorded as a miracle year in science，he published four extraordinary physics papers.(P8 Para.3)
[结构分析] 此句是复合句，which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词That same year。
[汉语翻译] 同年，他发表了四篇非同寻常的物理学论文，这一年后来被称为科学史上的奇迹之年。
5．Following this，he gradually became famous throughout the world as the new Isaac Newton.(P8 Para.3)
[结构分析] 此句是简单句，Following this是动词-ing形式作状语。
[汉语翻译] 此后，他渐渐闻名于世，被誉为第二个艾萨克·牛顿。
6．Circumstances changed in 1933，when Hitler came to power in Germany.(P8 Para.4)
[结构分析] 此句是复合句，when引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词1933。
[汉语翻译] 1933年，希特勒在德国上台，形势发生了变化。
7．He had a thick moustache and long white hair，which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock.(P8 Para.5)
[结构分析] 此句是复合句，which引导非限制性定语从句，as though he had just received an electric shock是方式状语从句。
[汉语翻译] 他胡须浓密，头发又长又白，有时会像刚遭了电击似的竖起来。
8．There is even a story about how he helped a little girl who knocked on his door and asked for help with her homework.(P8 Para.5)
[结构分析] 此句是复合句，how引导宾语从句；who引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a little girl。
[汉语翻译] 甚至还有一件轶事，说的是他如何为一名上门求助的小女孩讲解家庭作业。
9．In fact，Einstein often encountered people on the street who would stop him and ask him to help explain things.(P8 Para.5)
[结构分析] 此句是复合句，who引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词people。
[汉语翻译] 事实上，爱因斯坦经常遇到有人当街拦住他，请他解释各种事物。
10．On 18 April 1955，it was reported that Einstein had passed away，and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.(P9 Para.6)
[结构分析] 此句是and连接的并列复合句，第一个分句中的it是形式主语，that Einstein had passed away是真正的主语。
[汉语翻译] 1955年4月18日，噩耗传来，爱因斯坦与世长辞，全世界都哀悼一代科学巨星的陨落。
conclusion n．结论；推论(conclude vt.断定；推断出)
[教材原句P4]A：Did you come to any conclusions
B：Yes，we concluded that by drawing out the extract at a low temperature，we could find the substance that we needed to complete the experiment.
A：你们得出什么结论了吗？
B：是的，我们得出结论：通过在低温下提取出提取物，我们可以找到完成实验所需的物质。
[译林版选择性必修第二册 Unit 1]When we come across such factual differences，we should not rush to the conclusion that one of the news reports gives false information.
当我们发现这样的事实性差异时，不应该急于下结论，认为其中一篇新闻报道提供了错误的信息。
in conclusion最后；总之 come to/reach/arrive at/draw a conclusion得出结论 conclude...with sth/by doing sth 以……结束 conclude from...从……中得出结论
(1)I insist that the conclusion(conclude) he has drawn doesn’t make sense at all.
(2)The committed student in this famous academy concluded his speech with a famous saying，“Where there is a will，there is a way.”
[写作佳句]
(3)(读后续写之个人成长主题句)总之，我从自己的经历中得出了一个结论：无论发生什么事，一个人都应该坚持自己的梦想。
In conclusion，I drew a conclusion from/concluded from my own experience：One should stick to his/her dream no matter what happens.
circumstance n．[usually pl.]条件；环境；状况
[教材原句P5]Her circumstances are beyond our control.我们无法控制她的情况。
in/under...circumstances 在……情况下 in/under no circumstances 决不；无论如何都不(置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装)
(1)As far as I am concerned，we ought to acknowledge others’ assistance in/under any circumstances.
[写作佳句]
(2)(读后续写之表决心)我一脸坚定地大声说：“我决不放弃，直到我达到我的目标。”(倒装句)
Wearing a determined look，I exclaimed，“In/Under no circumstances will I give up until I achieve my goal.”
come to power (开始)掌权；上台(表示动作，不能和一段时间连用)(power n．能力；力量；权力；职权；政权；电力供应 powerful adj.强有力的；有影响力的)
[教材原句P8]Circumstances changed in 1933，when Hitler came to power in Germany.1933年，希特勒在德国上台，形势发生了变化。
be in power掌权，执政(表示状态，可以和一段时间连用) have the power to do sth具有做某事的能力/权力 beyond/out of one’s power超出某人的能力
(1)The politician full of passion came(come) to power three years ago.In other words，he has been(be) in power for three years.
(2)With the remarkable development of science and technology，China has become more powerful(power) than ever before.
[写作佳句]
(3)(应用文写作之申请信)我非常确信我有能力担任您的助教，所以请考虑我的申请。
I am greatly convinced that I have the power to take up a position as your teaching assistant，so please take my application into consideration.
(4)(读后续写之情感描写)意识到这个问题超出了我的能力范围，我非常焦虑，眼泪顺着脸颊流下来。
Sensing that the problem was beyond/out of my power，I was so anxious that tears flowed down my cheeks.
take up a position 担任；任职
[教材原句P8]After spending time in Europe，he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton，USA.
在欧洲度过一段时间后，他终于在美国普林斯顿高等研究院谋得研究员一职。
take up拿起；占据；开始从事；接受 take off脱下；起飞；事业腾飞；休假 take in吸收；理解；收留；欺骗 take over接管；接任 take on呈现；雇用；承担 take down写下，记下；拆除 take apart拆开；拆卸
(1)Since he took over the company，heavy work has almost taken up all of his time.Full of passion and hard-working，he always takes in some scientific and novel ideas to manage the company.Due to his great efforts，his career has taken off and his company has taken on a completely new look.
(2)The clever professor had no difficulty taking apart the gold watch and mended it successfully.
(3)Ever since I took up a position in the academy，I have been committed to my job.
[写作佳句]
(4)(应用文写作之建议信)我强烈建议你应该记下重点，而不是老师在课堂上说的每一个字。
I strongly suggest that you (should) take down the key points rather than every word the teacher says in class.
独立主格结构
[教材原句P8]He made numerous contributions to the world，the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E＝mc2.
他为世界做出了无数的贡献，最为出名的当数广义相对论和著名的方程式E＝mc2。
[结构分析] 此句是一个简单句，是主谓宾结构，the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E＝mc2是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。
独立主格结构，其逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，它独立存在。常见的独立主格结构有： 名词/代词＋现在分词/过去分词/不定式 名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语 名词/代词＋名词
(1)看到满意的结果，女孩笑得很甜，眼里闪着兴奋的光芒。
Seeing the satisfying result，the girl was smiling sweetly，her eyes sparkling with excitement.
(2)(应用文写作之口头通知)请注意！我们七点半在校门口集合，水果采摘活动将于8点整开始。
Attention，please！We shall get together at 7：30 at the school gate，the fruit-picking activity to start at 8 sharp.
(3)每天下午，一个背着一大担柴火的老妇人都会从那间老房子前蹒跚地走过。
Every afternoon，a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back.
(4)她绝望地坐在地板上，紧紧地闭上眼睛，双手抱着头。
She sat on the floor in despair and closed her eyes tightly，her head buried in her hands.
(5)(读后续写之动作链描写)下课了，兴奋的学生们站起来，抓起书包，像箭一样冲出教室。
Class over，the excited students rose to their feet，grabbed their schoolbags and rushed out of the classroom like an arrow.
状语从句的省略
[教材原句P8]While working there，out of a strong passion for knowledge，he continued to study，earning a doctorate in physics in 1905.
工作期间，出于强烈的求知欲，他仍继续学习，于1905年获得物理学博士学位。
[结构分析] 此句是复合句，While working there是状语从句的省略结构，完整句为While he was working there；earning a doctorate in physics in 1905是动词-ing形式作状语。
状语从句的省略条件： 当when，while，before，if，unless，as if等词引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致或状语从句中的主语为it且谓语中含be动词时，可同时省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。 省略句中非谓语的选用要根据动词和主语的关系：主动关系用现在分词；被动关系用过去分词；尚未发生用不定式。
(1)(读后续写之恐惧片段描写)当想到狼的血盆大口时，马克因害怕几乎昏厥。尽管吓得要死，马克挣扎着爬起来，拼尽全力把自行车扔向狼。
When thinking of the wolf’s bloody mouth，Mac nearly fainted with fright.Though frightened/scared to death，Mac struggled to crawl up and threw his bicycle at the wolf with all his strength.
(2)当有必要时，你可以向慷慨的教授寻求指导。
When necessary，you can turn to the generous professor for guidance.
(3)他张开嘴好像要说些什么，但是他摇了摇头，什么也没说就离开了。
He opened his mouth as if to say something，but he shook his head and left without a word.
(4)(应用文写作之求助信)如果可能的话，你能讨论一下解决当前社会问题的文学作品吗？
If possible，could you discuss literary pieces that address current social problems
“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构
[教材原句P8]Einstein，who was Jewish，found the doors of academic institutions closed to him.身为犹太人，爱因斯坦发现学术机构纷纷对他关上大门。
[结构分析] 此句是复合句，主句中含有“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构，意为“发现……处于……状态”，who was Jewish是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Einstein。
“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构的具体用法如下： find＋宾语(名词/代词)＋宾补 find＋it＋adj.＋不定式
(1)(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)环顾四周，简发现她自己在陌生的树林里迷路了。她发现她的腿止不住地颤抖，她吓得直冒冷汗。同时她发现很难走出树林，最终，她控制不住自己，大声哭了起来。
Looking around，Jane found herself lost in the unfamiliar forest.She found her legs trembling uncontrollably and she was breaking out in a cold sweat.Meanwhile，she found it difficult/hard to walk out of the forest and finally，she couldn’t contain herself and burst out crying.
(2)(2021·新课标Ⅰ，读后续写)爸爸发现厨房混乱不堪，发现双胞胎既失望又沮丧。知道他们想做什么之后，他主动提出帮助他们做美味的早餐。
The father found the kitchen in a mess/messy and the twins disappointed and upset.After learning what they wanted to do，he offered to help them cook a delicious breakfast.
(3)(2023·北京，书面表达)我的确希望你会觉得以上建议在构建“绿色北京”方面有用。
I do hope that you can find the above suggestions useful/of use in building a “Green Beijing”．
(4)我们上气不接下气地加快脚步向她家走去，但发现她不在家。
We quickened our steps to her house，out of breath，but we found her out.
Ⅰ.品句猜词
1．There is no doubt that the country encourages the flow of goods and services to faraway areas.n.供应
2．Using the flow chart①，he carefully charted② what had changed over a period of three months.①n.图表　②vt.记录
3．I discovered a novel way to deal with the challenging problem.adj.新颖的
Ⅱ.单词拼写
1．Founded in 1990，the academy has expanded into an international one through great efforts.
2．The young man with a moustache is a genius at organizing people and thus，he is perfectly equal to the position.
3．Under no circumstances can you give up and sooner or later，you will make extraordinary achievements.
4．It can be inferred(推断) from his words that he has fully understood the flow chart.
5．I encountered(偶然碰到) my former English teacher on the street and I was too excited to speak a word.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．By combining theory with practice，I hold the strong belief that our company will become powerful(power) in the near future.
2．Learning that I was taken in by his clever words，I boiled with extreme anger.
3．He took up a position in the institute of technology last month and being a passionate(passion) young man，he can perform his duties wonderfully.
4．I am writing to congratulate the professor who has made remarkable(remark) achievements in his career.
5．Basing our analyses on enough scientific experiments，we can safely come to a final conclusion(conclude)．
6．The warm-hearted politician gently(gentle) patted me on the shoulder，encouraging me not to drop out of the club halfway.
7．I gradually understood his political(politics) beliefs and I supported him heart and soul.
8．Global warming and the consequent(consequence) climate change affect us all.
9．Now that you have a passion for physiology，you can choose to be a doctor in the future.
10．The novelist missed his daughter very much，who was studying abroad，and tears flowed(flow) down his cheeks.
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
Albert Einstein，perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics，was born in Germany on 14 March 1879.At the age of 17，he 1.was admitted(admit) to the university in 1896 and graduated four years later.After he graduated，Einstein first worked as a clerk in the Swiss patent office.While working there，he went on studying，2.earning(earn) a doctorate in physics in 1905.That same year，he published four extraordinary physics 3.papers(paper) and gradually became world-famous.In 1922，he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his 4.explanation(explain) of the photoelectric effect.When Hitler came to power in Germany，Einstein,5.who was Jewish，found the doors of academic institutions closed to him.6.Consequently(consequence)，he had to flee Germany and then came to the USA and took up a position as 7.a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.8.While/Though/Although he was a genius，he sometimes forgot things，like his friends’ birthdays.But despite 9.his(he) strange behavior，he was loved by his friends and neighbors.Einstein passed away on 18 April 1955，and it was reported that the whole world 10.mourned(mourn) the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
作业4　Using Language
[分值：82.5分]
Ⅰ.短语填空(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
1．He is devoted to studying with the objective of entering university(上大学)．
2．The professor，who is seen as(被视为) our friend，has a gentle personality.
3．All the soldiers anxiously searched the hill，looking for(寻找) the lost girl.
4．After quitting his job(辞去工作)，the man took up a position in another international firm in Shanghai.
5．Although he encountered many hardships，he finally managed to(设法做成) achieve his original goal.
6．Over the past two weeks，he has been putting his heart into analyzing every math problem，hoping to pass the exam(通过考试)．
7．The world-famous doctor passed away(去世) last Sunday and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant doctor.
8．To sum up，it is because he has made numerous contributions to(为……做出许多贡献) the society in the past few years that he is admired by Chinese people.
Ⅱ.主题微写作——杰出人物(满分15分)
1．李时珍，1518年7月3日出生于湖北省，是中国最杰出的医学家之一。(who引导的非限制性定语从句)
Li Shizhen，who was born in Hubei Province on July 3,1518，was one of the most outstanding medical scientists in China.
2．受家庭的影响，他发现自己迷上了医学。 (find＋宾语＋宾补)
Influenced by his family，he found himself crazy about medicine.
3．时间允许的话，他致力于阅读无数关于医学的书籍。(独立主格结构)
Time permitting，he was committed to reading countless books about medicine.
4．在试验新药时，他会勇敢地在自己身上做实验。(状语从句的省略)
When/While testing new medicine，he would bravely do experiments on himself.
5．他仔细记下各种草药的每一个细节，最终创造了伟大的作品《本草纲目》，这是一部中草药的集合。(非限制性定语从句)
He carefully took down every detail of various herbs and finally created the great work Compendium of Materia Medica，which is a collection of Chinese herbs.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2024·浙江慈溪高二上期末)
Most of you are probably familiar with various stories of searching alien life，but have you heard about the scientist who proposed detecting the first traces of intelligent life lurking throughout our galaxy This is Frank Drake’s story.
At the age of 8，his father one day told Drake there are other worlds in space，which astounded him.He had no idea that such a thing was a possibility—he thought Earth was it.So he wondered，what are they like Are the people the same as us Do they look the same way we do What’s their planet like And of course，at that time，there was no way that those questions could be answered in the slightest.
Later on，when he was in college，he chose the elementary astronomy course.In the course，he went to the campus observatory，and one of the things he observed was the planet Jupiter.Even through a small telescope，it was just very clear that it was another world but not a picture in a book or something，which made Drake deeply absorbed.Frank Drake is mostly known for developing the Drake equation(德雷克方程式)，which is a mathematical equation developed to estimate the number of detectable alien civilizations in the Milky Way.
People always say that the search for alien life has failed.“You’ve been searching for 60 years and you haven’t found anything.So doesn’t that say that intelligent life is very rare？” “That’s wrong，because the amount of searching we’ve done has hardly touched the number of possibilities that are out there.We’ve only covered a tiny，tiny fraction of all the possibilities，” Drake said.“When you spend your entire life on the things you love，you live a better life than most people，” he added.
语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了提议探测隐藏在银河系中的智能生命踪迹的科学家Frank Drake。
1．What does the underlined word “astounded” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Touched. B．Motivated.
C．Puzzled. D．Amazed.
答案　D
解析　词义猜测题。由画线词后的“He had no idea that such a thing was a possibility—he thought Earth was it.”可推测，Drake在8岁的时候不知道除地球以外还有其他星球，所以当爸爸告诉他的时候，他大吃一惊，所以猜测画线词表示“使吃惊”。故选D。
2．What made Drake really fascinated with astronomy
A．His observation of the Jupiter through a telescope.
B．His success in developing the famous Drake equation.
C．His knowing of the fact that there are other worlds in space.
D．His choice of the elementary astronomy course in college.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。由文章第三段中“...one of the things he observed was the planet Jupiter.Even through a small telescope...which made Drake deeply absorbed.”可知，Drake通过望远镜对木星的观测使他对天文学非常着迷。故选A。
3．What does Drake think of the alien searching work
A．It is totally a failure.
B．The alien life is rare.
C．It has a long way to go.
D．There are limited possibilities.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。由文章第四段中“...the amount of searching we’ve done has hardly touched the number of possibilities that are out there.We’ve only covered a tiny，tiny fraction of all the possibilities”可推知，Drake认为搜寻外星人的工作还有很长的路要走。故选C。
4．Which words can best describe Drake
A．Curious and brave.
B．Creative and intelligent.
C．Talented and diligent.
D．Passionate and persistent.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。由文章第四段中“When you spend your entire life on the things you love，you live a better life than most people”可知，Drake对自己的工作热情而执着。故选D。
B (此篇精读)
John D．Rockefeller was America’s first billionaire who founded Standard Oil Company in 1870，which eventually became a giant in the oil industry.Rockefeller’s leadership in Standard Oil brought him great wealth as well as unfavorable opinions，as many opposed Rockefeller’s business practices.Though many were critical of Rockefeller，few could devalue his philanthropic(慈善的) efforts，which led him to donate $540 million (more than $5 billion today) during his lifetime to charity causes.
Though a billionaire，Rockefeller lived a relatively simple life，rarely attending the theater or other events typically attended by his peers.Since childhood，he had been told to give to charity and Rockefeller had routinely done so.However，Rockefeller’s enormous wealth and success made him a target of journalists，reform politicians and others who viewed him as a symbol of greed and criticized the methods with which he’d built his kingdom.With a damaged public image to improve，Rockefeller began to give away millions of dollars.
In 1896,57-year-old Rockefeller turned over the day-to-day leadership of Standard Oil though he held the title of president until 1911，and began to focus on philanthropy.He had already contributed to the establishment of the University of Chicago in 1890，giving $35 million over the course of 20 years.
While doing so，Rockefeller also founded the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research (now Rockefeller University) in New York in 1901.Within their laboratories，causes，cures，and various manners of prevention of diseases were discovered，including the cure for meningitis(脑膜炎) and the identification of DNA as the central genetic matter.
A year later，Rockefeller established the General Education Board.In its 63 years of operation，it distributed $325 million to American schools and colleges.In 1913，Rockefeller created the Rockefeller Foundation，with his son John Jr.as president to foster the well-being of men and women around the world.Through John D．Rockefeller’s philanthropic acts，the oil titan educated and saved an untold number of lives and aided medical and scientific advancement.
5．What do we know about Rockefeller from the first paragraph
A．He established one of the first oil companies in America.
B．He only received positive opinions for his charity causes.
C．He gained the leadership against all the opposition.
D．He contributed a considerable amount of money to charity.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Though many were critical of Rockefeller，few could devalue his philanthropic(慈善的) efforts，which led him donate $540 million (more than $5 billion today) during his lifetime to charity causes.”可知，洛克菲勒为慈善事业捐了一大笔钱。故选D。
6．Why did Rockefeller make large donations
A．To earn himself a good reputation.
B．To practice his charity routine.
C．To prove his innocence.
D．To learn from his peers.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“With a damaged public image to improve，Rockefeller began to give away millions of dollars.”可知，他进行大数目捐赠的原因是要改善受损的公众形象，建立良好的口碑。故选A。
7．What does the author think of Rockefeller’s charity efforts
A．Enjoyable. B．Worthy.
C．Clever. D．Creative.
答案　B
解析　观点态度题。根据倒数第二段中的“Within their laboratories...the central genetic matter.”和最后一段中的“Through John D．Rockefeller’s philanthropic acts，the oil titan educated and saved an untold number of lives and aided medical and scientific advancement.”可推知，作者认为洛克菲勒的慈善事业是有价值的。故选B。
8．Which is the best title for the text
A．Rockefeller：A Blessing to the World
B．Rockefeller：A Billionaire of Generosity
C．Rockefeller：A Complicated Businessman
D．Rockefeller：The First American Billionaire
答案　B
解析　标题归纳题。综合全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了洛克菲勒的慈善事业及其对后世的影响。由此可知，B选项“洛克菲勒：一位慷慨的亿万富翁”是本文的最佳标题。故选B。
[词汇积累] 1．unfavorable(派)＝un＋favor＋able adj.不利的 2．cause熟义：v.引起；导致 生义(文义)：n.事业 3．distributed...to...把……分发到…… 4．foster v．促进；培养 [句式分析] Though many were critical of Rockefeller，few could devalue his philanthropic(慈善的) efforts，which led him to donate $540 million (more than $5 billion today) during his lifetime to charity causes. 分析：此句为复合句。though引导让步状语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句。 翻译：虽然很多人对洛克菲勒持批评态度，但很少有人能贬低他对慈善事业所做的努力，这使他一生中向慈善事业捐赠了5.4亿美元(相当于今天的50多亿美元)。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Scientists test their hypothesis(假设) either through experiment or field work and the process is filled with changes.
Carry out experiments.
　　 1 You make a simpler-scale or smaller-scale version of the part of the real world you want to study.In an experiment，a scientist tries to look at how just one thing affects the subject they are working on.The difficult part is creating an environment in which only that one thing changes.That is why scientists use test tubes，and other small，enclosed settings for their experiment. 2
Conduct field work.
In field work，a scientist goes into an uncontrolled environment，a specific place in the world，and records exactly what is observed there at the time. 3 So field work is almost always new and original.The difficult part with field work is that while you are recording your observations，you must make sure that you yourself are not interfering(干涉) with your subject simply by being there.For instance，you cannot count birds in a tree if you scare any away.
　4　
Scientists are like detectives—they try to solve mysteries.Experiments are part of scientists’ detective kit.When you want to prove a theory true or false，create an experiment that will test one thing you can observe.You have an idea that if you set up a controlled situation and purposely change only one thing，this change will cause something else to happen. 5 If your change causes something else to happen，this “something else” is called the responding variable，because it is responding to the change.
A．Create variables.
B．Watch the process.
C．You are studying a unique situation every time.
D．It is much easier to control things in such environments.
E．And the thing you purposely change is called the changing variable.
F．You focus your attention on just a few things，instead of on everything.
G．Experimental observations are made in a controlled environment that you create.
1．答案　G
解析　根据下文“You make a simpler-scale or smaller-scale version of the part of the real world you want to study.In an experiment，a scientist tries to look at how just one thing affects the subject they are working on...and other small，enclosed settings for their experiment.”可知，科学家们会根据自己研究的课题，通过在实验室里创建一个自己能够控制的，比要研究的现实世界更简单或更小的环境来开展实验；G选项“Experimental observations are made in a controlled environment that you create.”符合语境。故选G。
2．答案　D
解析　上文“The difficult part is creating an environment in which only that one thing changes.That is why scientists use test tubes，and other small，enclosed settings for their experiment.”说明做实验中最困难部分是创造一个只改变一件事的环境，因此科学家们在他们的实验中使用试管和其他小的、封闭的环境；D选项“It is much easier to control things in such environments.”承接上文，指出科学家们在实验中使用试管和其他小的、封闭的环境能够让事情更容易控制，符合语境；代词“It”指代上文中的“use test tubes，and other small，enclosed settings for their experiment”。故选D。
3．答案　C
解析　上文“In field work，a scientist goes into an uncontrolled environment，a specific place in the world，and records exactly what is observed there at the time.”可知，在实地工作中，科学家进入一个不受控制的环境，记录在一个特定的地方当时观察到的东西，因此，每次研究的情况都是不同的，独特的；C选项“You are studying a unique situation every time.”符合语境，且与下文“So field work is almost always new and original.”构成因果关系。故选C。
4．答案　A
解析　设空处为段落小标题；根据下文“When you want to prove a theory true or false，create an experiment that will test one thing you can observe.You have an idea that if you set up a controlled situation and purposely change only one thing，this change will cause something else to happen.”以及“If your change causes something else to happen，this ‘something else’ is called the responding variable，because it is responding to the change.”可知，本段主要阐述科学家通过创建变量来证明一个理论是对还是错；A选项“Create variables.”能够概括本段主旨，适合作为小标题。故选A。
5．答案　E
解析　上文“You have an idea that if you set up a controlled situation and purposely change only one thing，this change will cause something else to happen.”说明科学家想证明一个理论是对还是错时，会在一个设置好的环境中故意只改变一件事，而这个改变会导致其他事情的发生；E选项承接上文，告诉读者科学家故意改变的东西就是“变化变量”；下文“If your change causes something else to happen，this ‘something else’ is called the responding variable，because it is responding to the change.”介绍了由于改变而导致发生的其他事情则是“响应变量”。由此可知，E选项符合语境。故选E。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
Zu Chongzhi was a famous and remarkable mathematician and scientist in ancient China.He lived in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.When he was young，he had 1. broad range of interests，such as 2. (nature) science and philosophy.And he was interested in mathematics，astronomy and machinery.The achievement Zu Chongzhi made in the calculation(计算) of the value of pi has been 3. (international) acknowledged.
Liu Hui，a mathematician in the Wei and Jin Dynasties，proposed a way 4. (work) out the value of pi—the cyclotomic method(割圆术)．Based on the earlier research，Zu Chongzhi came to the conclusion that the value of pi falls between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927 after more than 1,000 5. (time) of calculation.He also 6. (come) up with the viewpoint that the approximate value of pi is 355/113，which is called “milü”．It boosted the calculation of pi to a new phase.It was more than 1,000 years before the Western mathematicians calculated the same value.Thus the value of pi is also called “zulü” 7. memory of him.
Besides the achievement in mathematics，he wrote the book Zhui Shu,8. gathered his accomplishments in mathematics and 9. (take) as a teaching material during the Tang Dynasty.And he also made a great 10. (contribute) to astronomy and machinery.
1．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。a range of表示“各种各样的……”，符合句意，故填a。
2．答案　natural
解析　考查形容词。根据science可知，此处要用形容词作定语。故填natural。
3．答案　internationally
解析　考查副词。设空处修饰has been acknowledged，应用副词作状语，故填internationally。
4．答案　to work
解析　考查动词不定式。way意为“方法”时后用动词不定式作后置定语，故填to work。
5．答案　times
解析　考查名词复数。此处的time意为“次”，是可数名词，由“more than 1,000”可知应用复数形式。故填times。
6．答案　came
解析　考查动词时态。这里描述的是过去发生的动作，所以要用一般过去时。故填came。
7．答案　in
解析　考查介词。in memory of意为“为纪念……”。故填in。
8．答案　which
解析　考查定语从句。逗号前主谓宾结构完整，空后是动词gathered，且由语境可知动词gathered的主语即空前的名词Zhui Shu，所以设空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词在定语从句中作主语，指物，故填which。
9．答案　was taken
解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，在which引导的定语从句中，and连接两个并列的谓语(即设空处与前面的gathered)，关系词which指代先行词Zhui Shu在从句中作主语，和动词take之间是被动关系，结合during the Tang Dynasty可知句子描述的是过去发生的事情，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态，主语表示单数意义，be动词用was。故填was taken。
10．答案　contribution
解析　考查名词。make a great contribution to意为“对……做出巨大贡献”，故填contribution。(共104张PPT)
Period 4
Using Language
People of achievement
Unit 1
内容索引
Step 1　课文深度理解
Step 2　语言知识梳理
Step 3　基础达标检测
作业4
课文深度理解
He is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern 1.________ and made great contributions to the world.
Task 1：Fast reading for the structure of the text.
Skim the passage to find out the general idea of the text by filling in the chart below.
THE MAN WHO CHANGED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE
Para.l：The evaluation of Einstein
physics
Para.2:His birth and 2._________ experience
Paras.2-6：The whole life of Einstein
learning
Para.3:His work experience and main
3._____________
achievements
Para.4:His life in 4.____________________
Europe and the USA
Para.5:His appearance and personal 5._________
character
Para.6:His death is the great 6._____
loss
Task 2：Careful reading for the details of the text.
1.What did Einstein do in 1905
A.He worked in the Swiss patent office.
B.He published four great physics papers.
C.He worked at a college.
D.He did part-time research.
√
2.What made Einstein win the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics
A.His general theory of relativity.
B.His formula E＝mc2.
C.His four physics papers.
D.His description of the photoelectric effect.
√
3.Why did Einstein leave Germany
A.To avoid being caught.
B.To work in an American university.
C.To attend an important meeting in America.
D.To meet one of the most famous scientists.
√
4.Why did the writer give the example of a little girl
A.To show Einstein was a great scientist.
B.To show Einstein was a strict person.
C.To show Einstein was a friendly person.
D.To show Einstein didn’t care about fame.
√
5.How does the writer develop the text
A.By time order.
B.By space order.
C.By using specific figures.
D.By analyzing cause and result.
√
Task 3：Translate the following phrases into English.
1.现代物理学
2.为……做出许多贡献
3.一个勇敢而善良的人
4.上大学
5.由于
6.入学考试
7.获得优异的成绩
8.设法做成某事
_______________
_____________________________
__________________________
_______________
_______
_________________
_______________________
________________
modern physics
make numerous contributions to
a courageous and kind figure
enter university
due to
the entrance exam
obtain exceptional scores
manage to do sth
9.通过考试
10.寻找
11.出于对知识的强烈热情
12.获得……的博士学位
13.奇迹年
14.遍及全世界
15.辞去工作
16.(开始)掌权；上台
17.学术机构
_____________
________
_________________________________
_________________
_____________
___________________
_____________
______________
__________________
pass the exam
look for
out of a strong passion for knowledge
earn a doctorate in
a miracle year
throughout the world
quit one’s job
come to power
academic institution
18.因此
19.担任，任职
20.在……方面取得重大成就
21.被视为
22.浓密的小胡子
23.(头发)竖立，竖起
24.好像，似乎
25.电击
26.敲某人的门
________________
________________
_________________________
_________
_________________
____________
___________
________________
__________________
as a consequence
take up a position
make great achievements in
be seen as
a thick moustache
stand on end
as if/though
an electric shock
knock on one’s door
27.请求帮助
28.被误认为是
29.据报道
30.去世
_____________
______________
____________________
__________
ask for help
be mistaken for
it was/is reported that
pass away
Task 4：Analyse some long and difficult sentences.
1.Albert Einstein，who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics，is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived.(P8 Para.1)
[结构分析] 此句是_____句，who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics是who引导的_____________从句，修饰先行词Albert Einstein；who ever lived是who引导的___________从句，修饰先行词the smartest men。
[汉语翻译] _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
复合
非限制性定语
限制性定语
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦——这位也许是现代物理学领域最伟大的科学家——被公认是有史以来智商最高的人之一。
2.When he was 16，he tried to enter university in Switzerland，but failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam，despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics.(P8 Para.2)
[结构分析] 此句是_____句，When he was 16是_________从句，but连接两个谓语动词_____和_____，表转折，obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics是动词-ing形式作介词despite的_____。
[汉语翻译] _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
复合
时间状语
tried
failed
宾语
16岁时，他报考瑞士的大学，尽管他在数学和物理方面取得优异的成绩，但由于入学考试的通识部分分数较低，他未能如愿。
3.After studying for another year，he managed to pass the exam，entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900.(P8 Para.2)
[结构分析] 此句是_____句，studying for another year作介词after的____，entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900是动词-ing形式作____。
[汉语翻译] _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
简单
宾语
状语
经过又一年的学习，他终于通过了考试，于1896年进入大学，1900年毕业。
4.That same year，which was later recorded as a miracle year in science，he published four extraordinary physics papers.(P8 Para.3)
[结构分析] 此句是_____句，which引导____________从句，修饰先行词That same year。
[汉语翻译] _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
复合
非限制性定语
同年，他发表了四篇非同寻常的物理学论文，这一年后来被称为科学史上的奇迹之年。
5.Following this，he gradually became famous throughout the world as the new Isaac Newton.(P8 Para.3)
[结构分析] 此句是_____句，Following this是动词-ing形式作_____。
[汉语翻译] _____________________________________________________
6.Circumstances changed in 1933，when Hitler came to power in Germany.(P8 Para.4)
[结构分析] 此句是_____句，when引导_______________从句，修饰先行词1933。
[汉语翻译] _____________________________________________________
简单
状语
此后，他渐渐闻名于世，被誉为第二个艾萨克·牛顿。
复合
非限制性定语
1933年，希特勒在德国上台，形势发生了变化。
7.He had a thick moustache and long white hair，which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock.(P8 Para.5)
[结构分析] 此句是_____句，which引导_____________从句，as though he had just received an electric shock是__________从句。
[汉语翻译] _____________________________________________________
复合
非限制性定语
方式状语
他胡须浓密，头发又长又白，有时会像刚遭了电击似的竖起来。
8.There is even a story about how he helped a little girl who knocked on his door and asked for help with her homework.(P8 Para.5)
[结构分析] 此句是_____句，how引导_____从句；who引导___________从句，修饰先行词a little girl。
[汉语翻译] _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
复合
宾语
甚至还有一件轶事，说的是他如何为一名上门求助的小女孩讲解家庭作业。
限制性定语
9.In fact，Einstein often encountered people on the street who would stop him and ask him to help explain things.(P8 Para.5)
[结构分析] 此句是_______句，who引导_____________从句，修饰先行词people。
[汉语翻译] _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
复合
限制性定语
事实上，爱因斯坦经常遇到有人当街拦住他，请他解释各种事物。
10.On 18 April 1955，it was reported that Einstein had passed away，and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.(P9 Para.6)
[结构分析] 此句是and连接的_________句，第一个分句中的it是_______
___，that Einstein had passed away是真正的主语。
[汉语翻译] _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
返 回
并列复合
形式主
1955年4月18日，噩耗传来，爱因斯坦与世长辞，全世界都哀悼一代科学巨星的陨落。
语
语言知识梳理
n.结论；推论(conclude vt.断定；推断出)
[教材原句P4] A：Did you come to any conclusions
B：Yes，we concluded that by drawing out the extract at a low temperature，we could find the substance that we needed to complete the experiment.
A：你们得出什么结论了吗？
B：是的，我们得出结论：通过在低温下提取出提取物，我们可以找到完成实验所需的物质。
1
conclusion
[译林版选择性必修第二册 Unit 1] When we come across such factual differences，we should not rush to the conclusion that one of the news reports gives false information.
当我们发现这样的事实性差异时，不应该急于下结论，认为其中一篇新闻报道提供了错误的信息。
·in conclusion最后；总之
come to/reach/arrive at/draw a conclusion得出结论
·conclude...with sth/by doing sth以……结束
conclude from...从……中得出结论
(1)I insist that the __________(conclude) he has drawn doesn’t make sense at all.
(2)The committed student in this famous academy concluded his speech _____ a famous saying，“Where there is a will，there is a way.”
conclusion
with
(3)(读后续写之个人成长主题句)总之，我从自己的经历中得出了一个结论：无论发生什么事，一个人都应该坚持自己的梦想。
______________ ，I_____________________________________
___________________：One should stick to his/her dream no matter what happens.
In conclusion
写作佳句
drew a conclusion from/ concluded from
my own experience
n.[usually pl.]条件；环境；状况
2
circumstance
[教材原句P5] Her circumstances are beyond our control.我们无法控制她的情况。
in/under...circumstances 在……情况下
in/under no circumstances 决不；无论如何都不(置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装)
(1)As far as I am concerned，we ought to acknowledge others’ assistance _________ any circumstances.
in/under
(2)(读后续写之表决心)我一脸坚定地大声说：“我决不放弃，直到我达到我的目标。”(倒装句)
Wearing a determined look，I exclaimed，“________________
_________________________ until I achieve my goal.”
写作佳句
In/Under no
circumstances will I give up
(开始)掌权；上台(表示动作，不能和一段时间连用)(power n.能力；力量；权力；职权；政权；电力供应 powerful adj.强有力的；有影响力的)
come to power
3
[教材原句P8] Circumstances changed in 1933，when Hitler came to power in Germany.1933年，希特勒在德国上台，形势发生了变化。
be in power掌权，执政(表示状态，可以和一段时间连用)
have the power to do sth具有做某事的能力/权力
beyond/out of one’s power超出某人的能力
(1)The politician full of passion ______(come) to power three years ago.In other words，he ________(be) in power for three years.
(2)With the remarkable development of science and technology，China has become _______________(power) than ever before.
came
has been
more powerful
(3)(应用文写作之申请信)我非常确信我有能力担任您的助教，所以请考虑我的申请。
I am greatly convinced that ___________________ take up a position as your teaching assistant，so please take my application into consideration.
I have the power to
写作佳句
(4)(读后续写之情感描写)意识到这个问题超出了我的能力范围，我非常焦虑，眼泪顺着脸颊流下来。
Sensing that _____________________________________，I was so anxious that tears flowed down my cheeks.
the problem was beyond/out of my power
担任；任职
take up a position
4
[教材原句P8] After spending time in Europe，he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton，USA.
在欧洲度过一段时间后，他终于在美国普林斯顿高等研究院谋得研究员一职。
take up拿起；占据；开始从事；接受
take off脱下；起飞；事业腾飞；休假
take in吸收；理解；收留；欺骗
take over接管；接任
take on呈现；雇用；承担
take down写下，记下；拆除
take apart拆开；拆卸
(1)Since he took _____ the company，heavy work has almost taken ____ all of his time.Full of passion and hard-working，he always takes ___ some scientific and novel ideas to manage the company.Due to his great efforts，his career has taken _____ and his company has taken ___ a completely new look.
(2)The clever professor had no difficulty taking ______ the gold watch and mended it successfully.
(3)Ever since I took ____ a position in the academy，I have been committed to my job.
over
up
in
off
on
apart
up
(4)(应用文写作之建议信)我强烈建议你应该记下重点，而不是老师在课堂上说的每一个字。
I strongly suggest that ___________________________________ rather than every word the teacher says in class.
you (should) take down the key points
写作佳句
[教材原句P8] He made numerous contributions to the world，the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E＝mc2.
他为世界做出了无数的贡献，最为出名的当数广义相对论和著名的方程式E＝mc2。
[结构分析] 此句是一个简单句，是主谓宾结构，the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E＝mc2是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。
5
独立主格结构
独立主格结构，其逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，它独立存在。常见的独立主格结构有：
·名词/代词＋现在分词/过去分词/不定式
·名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语
·名词/代词＋名词
(1)看到满意的结果，女孩笑得很甜，眼里闪着兴奋的光芒。
Seeing the satisfying result，the girl was smiling sweetly，_____________
________________________.
her eyes
sparkling with excitement
(2)(应用文写作之口头通知)请注意！我们七点半在校门口集合，水果采摘活动将于8点整开始。
Attention，please！We shall get together at 7：30 at the school gate，______________________________________.
(3)每天下午，一个背着一大担柴火的老妇人都会从那间老房子前蹒跚地走过。
Every afternoon，a very old woman hobbled past the old house，______
__________________________.
the fruit-picking activity to start at 8 sharp
a vast
load of firewood on her back
(4)她绝望地坐在地板上，紧紧地闭上眼睛，双手抱着头。
She sat on the floor in despair and closed her eyes tightly，____________
__________________.
(5)(读后续写之动作链描写)下课了，兴奋的学生们站起来，抓起书包，像箭一样冲出教室。
__________，the excited students rose to their feet，grabbed their schoolbags and rushed out of the classroom like an arrow.
her head
buried in her hands
Class over
[教材原句P8] While working there，out of a strong passion for knowledge，he continued to study，earning a doctorate in physics in 1905.
工作期间，出于强烈的求知欲，他仍继续学习，于1905年获得物理学博士学位。
[结构分析] 此句是复合句，While working there是状语从句的省略结构，完整句为While he was working there；earning a doctorate in physics in 1905是动词-ing形式作状语。
6
状语从句的省略
状语从句的省略条件：
·当when，while，before，if，unless，as if等词引导的状语从句中的主
语与主句主语一致或状语从句中的主语为it且谓语中含be动词时，可
同时省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。
·省略句中非谓语的选用要根据动词和主语的关系：主动关系用现在分
词；被动关系用过去分词；尚未发生用不定式。
(1)(读后续写之恐惧片段描写)当想到狼的血盆大口时，马克因害怕几乎昏厥。尽管吓得要死，马克挣扎着爬起来，拼尽全力把自行车扔向狼。
When _________________________________，Mac nearly fainted with fright.Though _________________________，Mac struggled to crawl up and threw his bicycle at the wolf with all his strength.
(2)当有必要时，你可以向慷慨的教授寻求指导。
_______________，you can turn to the generous professor for guidance.
(3)他张开嘴好像要说些什么，但是他摇了摇头，什么也没说就离开了。
He opened his mouth as if ________________，but he shook his head and left without a word.
thinking of the wolf’s bloody mouth
frightened/scared to death
When necessary
to say something
(4)(应用文写作之求助信)如果可能的话，你能讨论一下解决当前社会问题的文学作品吗？
__________，could you discuss literary pieces that address current social problems
If possible
[教材原句P8] Einstein，who was Jewish，found the doors of academic institutions closed to him.身为犹太人，爱因斯坦发现学术机构纷纷对他关上大门。
[结构分析] 此句是复合句，主句中含有“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构，意为“发现……处于……状态”，who was Jewish是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Einstein。
7
“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构
“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构的具体用法如下：
·find＋宾语(名词/代词)＋宾补
·find＋it＋adj.＋不定式
过去分词(表示被动或动作已经完成)
现在分词(表示主动或动作正在进行)
形容词/副词
介词短语
不定式
(1)(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)环顾四周，简发现她自己在陌生的树林里迷路了。她发现她的腿止不住地颤抖，她吓得直冒冷汗。同时她发现很难走出树林，最终，她控制不住自己，大声哭了起来。
Looking around，Jane found herself ___________________________.She found her legs ________________________ and she was breaking out in a cold sweat.Meanwhile，she found _____________________________________ and finally，she couldn’t contain herself and burst out crying.
lost in the unfamiliar forest
trembling uncontrollably
it difficult/hard to walk out of the forest
(2)(2021·新课标Ⅰ，读后续写)爸爸发现厨房混乱不堪，发现双胞胎既失望又沮丧。知道他们想做什么之后，他主动提出帮助他们做美味的早餐。
The father found the kitchen ______________ and the twins ___________
__________.After learning what they wanted to do，he offered to help them cook a delicious breakfast.
(3)(2023·北京，书面表达)我的确希望你会觉得以上建议在构建“绿色北京”方面有用。
I do hope that you can find __________________________________ in building a “Green Beijing”.
in a mess/messy
disappointed
and upset
the above suggestions useful/of use
(4)我们上气不接下气地加快脚步向她家走去，但发现她不在家。
We quickened our steps to her house，out of breath，but we ______________.
found her out
返 回
基础达标检测
1.There is no doubt that the country encourages the flow of goods and services to faraway areas. 　　 _______
2.Using the flow chart①，he carefully charted② what had changed over a period of three months. ①________　②________
3.I discovered a novel way to deal with the challenging problem.
__________
n.供应
Ⅰ.品句猜词
n.图表
vt.记录
adj.新颖的
1.__________ in 1990，the academy has expanded into an international one through great efforts.
2.The young man with a moustache is a _______ at organizing people and thus，he is perfectly equal to the position.
3.Under no _______________ can you give up and sooner or later，you will make extraordinary achievements.
4.It can be _________(推断) from his words that he has fully understood
the flow chart.
Founded
Ⅱ.单词拼写
genius
circumstances
inferred
5.I ___________(偶然碰到) my former English teacher on the street and I was too excited to speak a word.
encountered
1.By combining theory with practice，I hold the strong belief that our company will become __________(power) in the near future.
2.Learning that I was taken ____ by his clever words，I boiled with extreme anger.
3.He took up a position in the institute of technology last month and being a _________(passion) young man，he can perform his duties wonderfully.
4.I am writing to congratulate the professor who has made ____________
(remark) achievements in his career.
powerful
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
in
passionate
remarkable
5.Basing our analyses on enough scientific experiments，we can safely come to a final ___________(conclude).
6.The warm-hearted politician _______(gentle) patted me on the shoulder，encouraging me not to drop out of the club halfway.
7.I gradually understood his _________(politics) beliefs and I supported him heart and soul.
8.Global warming and the ____________(consequence) climate change affect us all.
conclusion
gently
political
consequent
9.Now that you have a passion _____ physiology，you can choose to be a doctor in the future.
10.The novelist missed his daughter very much，who was studying abroad，and tears _______(flow) down his cheeks.
for
flowed
Albert Einstein，perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics，was born in Germany on 14 March 1879.At the age of 17，he 1.________
_________(admit) to the university in 1896 and graduated four years later.After he graduated，Einstein first worked as a clerk in the Swiss patent office.While working there，he went on studying，2._______(earn) a doctorate in physics in 1905.That same year，he published four extraordinary physics 3._________(paper) and gradually became world-famous.In 1922，
was
Ⅳ.课文语法填空
admitted
earning
papers
he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his 4._____________(explain) of the photoelectric effect.When Hitler came to power in Germany，Einstein,5.______ was Jewish，found the doors of academic institutions closed to him.6._____________(consequence)，he had to flee Germany and then came to the USA and took up a position as 7.__ researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.8.________________________ he was a genius，he sometimes forgot things，like his friends’ birthdays.But despite 9._____(he) strange behavior，he was loved by his friends and neighbors.Einstein passed away on 18 April 1955，and it was reported that the whole world 10.__________(mourn) the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
explanation
who
返 回
Consequently
a
While/Though/Although
his
mourned
作业4
1.He is devoted to studying with the objective of _____________________
(上大学).
2.The professor，who __________(被视为) our friend，has a gentle personality.
3.All the soldiers anxiously searched the hill，___________(寻找) the lost girl.
4.After ___________________(辞去工作)，the man took up a position in another international firm in Shanghai.
5.Although he encountered many hardships，he finally ____________(设法做成) achieve his original goal.
entering university
is seen as
Ⅰ.短语填空
looking for
quitting his job
managed to
6.Over the past two weeks，he has been putting his heart into analyzing every math problem，hoping to _____________(通过考试).
7.The world-famous doctor ____________(去世) last Sunday and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant doctor.
8.To sum up，it is because he _____________________________________
(为……做出许多贡献) the society in the past few years that he is admired by Chinese people.
pass the exam
passed away
has made numerous contributions to
1.李时珍，1518年7月3日出生于湖北省，是中国最杰出的医学家之一。(who引导的非限制性定语从句)
Li Shizhen，___________________________________________，was one of the most outstanding medical scientists in China.
2.受家庭的影响，他发现自己迷上了医学。 (find＋宾语＋宾补)
Influenced by his family，he _______________________________.
who was born in Hubei Province on July 3,1518
Ⅱ.主题微写作——杰出人物
found himself crazy about medicine
3.时间允许的话，他致力于阅读无数关于医学的书籍。(独立主格结构)
_______________，he was committed to reading countless books about medicine.
4.在试验新药时，他会勇敢地在自己身上做实验。(状语从句的省略)
_______________________________，he would bravely do experiments on himself.
Time permitting
When/While testing new medicine
5.他仔细记下各种草药的每一个细节，最终创造了伟大的作品《本草纲目》，这是一部中草药的集合。(非限制性定语从句)
He carefully took down every detail of various herbs and finally created the great work Compendium of Materia Medica，_____________________
_____________.
组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。
which is a collection of
Chinese herbs
A
(2024·浙江慈溪高二上期末)
Most of you are probably familiar with various stories of searching alien life，but have you heard about the scientist who proposed detecting the first traces of intelligent life lurking throughout our galaxy This is Frank Drake’s story.
语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了提议探测隐藏在银河系中的智能生命踪迹的科学家Frank Drake。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
At the age of 8，his father one day told Drake there are other worlds in space，which astounded him.He had no idea that such a thing was a possibility—he thought Earth was it.So he wondered，what are they like Are the people the same as us Do they look the same way we do What’s their planet like And of course，at that time，there was no way that those questions could be answered in the slightest.
Later on，when he was in college，he chose the elementary astronomy course.In the course，he went to the campus observatory，and one of the things he observed was the planet Jupiter.Even through a small telescope，it was just very clear that it was another world but not a picture in a book or something，which made Drake deeply absorbed.Frank Drake is mostly known for developing the Drake equation(德雷克方程式)，which is a mathematical equation developed to estimate the number of detectable alien civilizations in the Milky Way.
People always say that the search for alien life has failed.“You’ve been searching for 60 years and you haven’t found anything.So doesn’t that say that intelligent life is very rare？” “That’s wrong，because the amount of searching we’ve done has hardly touched the number of possibilities that are out there.We’ve only covered a tiny，tiny fraction of all the possibilities，” Drake said.“When you spend your entire life on the things you love，you live a better life than most people，” he added.
1.What does the underlined word “astounded” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Touched. B.Motivated.
C.Puzzled. D.Amazed.
词义猜测题。由画线词后的“He had no idea that such a thing was a possibility—he thought Earth was it.”可推测，Drake在8岁的时候不知道除地球以外还有其他星球，所以当爸爸告诉他的时候，他大吃一惊，所以猜测画线词表示“使吃惊”。故选D。
解析
√
2.What made Drake really fascinated with astronomy
A.His observation of the Jupiter through a telescope.
B.His success in developing the famous Drake equation.
C.His knowing of the fact that there are other worlds in space.
D.His choice of the elementary astronomy course in college.
细节理解题。由文章第三段中“...one of the things he observed was the planet Jupiter.Even through a small telescope...which made Drake deeply absorbed.”可知，Drake通过望远镜对木星的观测使他对天文学非常着迷。故选A。
解析
√
3.What does Drake think of the alien searching work
A.It is totally a failure.
B.The alien life is rare.
C.It has a long way to go.
D.There are limited possibilities.
推理判断题。由文章第四段中“...the amount of searching we’ve done has hardly touched the number of possibilities that are out there.We’ve only covered a tiny，tiny fraction of all the possibilities”可推知，Drake认为搜寻外星人的工作还有很长的路要走。故选C。
解析
√
4.Which words can best describe Drake
A.Curious and brave.
B.Creative and intelligent.
C.Talented and diligent.
D.Passionate and persistent.
推理判断题。由文章第四段中“When you spend your entire life on the things you love，you live a better life than most people”可知，Drake对自己的工作热情而执着。故选D。
解析
√
B (此篇精读)
John D.Rockefeller was America’s first billionaire who founded Standard Oil Company in 1870，which eventually became a giant in the oil industry.Rockefeller’s leadership in Standard Oil brought him great wealth as well as unfavorable opinions，as many opposed Rockefeller’s business practices.Though many were critical of Rockefeller，few could devalue his philanthropic(慈善的) efforts，which led him to donate $540 million (more than $5 billion today) during his lifetime to charity causes.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了洛克菲勒的慈善事业及其对后世的影响。
Though a billionaire，Rockefeller lived a relatively simple life，rarely attending the theater or other events typically attended by his peers.Since childhood，he had been told to give to charity and Rockefeller had routinely done so.However，Rockefeller’s enormous wealth and success made him a target of journalists，reform politicians and others who viewed him as a symbol of greed and criticized the methods with which he’d built his kingdom.With a damaged public image to improve，Rockefeller began to give away millions of dollars.
In 1896,57-year-old Rockefeller turned over the day-to-day leadership of Standard Oil though he held the title of president until 1911，and began to focus on philanthropy.He had already contributed to the establishment of the University of Chicago in 1890，giving $35 million over the course of 20 years.
While doing so，Rockefeller also founded the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research (now Rockefeller University) in New York in 1901.Within their laboratories，causes，cures，and various manners of prevention of diseases were discovered，including the cure for meningitis(脑膜炎) and the identification of DNA as the central genetic matter.
A year later，Rockefeller established the General Education Board.In its 63 years of operation，it distributed $325 million to American schools and colleges.In 1913，Rockefeller created the Rockefeller Foundation，with his son John Jr.as president to foster the well-being of men and women around the world.Through John D.Rockefeller’s philanthropic acts，the oil titan educated and saved an untold number of lives and aided medical and scientific advancement.
5.What do we know about Rockefeller from the first paragraph
A.He established one of the first oil companies in America.
B.He only received positive opinions for his charity causes.
C.He gained the leadership against all the opposition.
D.He contributed a considerable amount of money to charity.
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Though many were critical of Rockefeller，few could devalue his philanthropic(慈善的) efforts，which led him donate $540 million (more than $5 billion today) during his lifetime to charity causes.”可知，洛克菲勒为慈善事业捐了一大笔钱。故选D。
解析
√
6.Why did Rockefeller make large donations
A.To earn himself a good reputation.
B.To practice his charity routine.
C.To prove his innocence.
D.To learn from his peers.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“With a damaged public image to improve，Rockefeller began to give away millions of dollars.”可知，他进行大数目捐赠的原因是要改善受损的公众形象，建立良好的口碑。故选A。
解析
7.What does the author think of Rockefeller’s charity efforts
A.Enjoyable. B.Worthy.
C.Clever. D.Creative.
观点态度题。根据倒数第二段中的“Within their laboratories...the central genetic matter.”和最后一段中的“Through John D.Rockefeller’s philanthropic acts，the oil titan educated and saved an untold number of lives and aided medical and scientific advancement.”可推知，作者认为洛克菲勒的慈善事业是有价值的。故选B。
解析
√
8.Which is the best title for the text
A.Rockefeller：A Blessing to the World
B.Rockefeller：A Billionaire of Generosity
C.Rockefeller：A Complicated Businessman
D.Rockefeller：The First American Billionaire
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标题归纳题。综合全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了洛克菲勒的慈善事业及其对后世的影响。由此可知，B选项“洛克菲勒：一位慷慨的亿万富翁”是本文的最佳标题。故选B。
解析
1.unfavorable(派)＝un＋favor＋able adj.不利的
2.cause熟义：v.引起；导致 生义(文义)：n.事业
3.distributed...to...把……分发到……
4.foster v.促进；培养
词汇积累
Though many were critical of Rockefeller，few could devalue his philanthropic(慈善的) efforts，which led him to donate $540 million (more than $5 billion today) during his lifetime to charity causes.
分析：此句为复合句。though引导让步状语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句。
翻译：虽然很多人对洛克菲勒持批评态度，但很少有人能贬低他对慈善事业所做的努力，这使他一生中向慈善事业捐赠了5.4亿美元(相当于今天的50多亿美元)。
句式分析
Scientists test their hypothesis(假设) either through experiment or field work and the process is filled with changes.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家们验证他们的假设的一些方法。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
A.Create variables.
B.Watch the process.
C.You are studying a unique situation every time.
D.It is much easier to control things in such environments.
E.And the thing you purposely change is called the changing variable.
F.You focus your attention on just a few things，instead of on everything.
G.Experimental observations are made in a controlled environment that you create.
Carry out experiments.
1 You make a simpler-scale or smaller-scale version of the part of the real world you want to study. In an experiment，a scientist tries to look at how just one thing affects the subject they are working on.
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根据下文“You make a simpler-scale or smaller-scale version of the part of the real world you want to study.In an experiment，a scientist tries to look at how just one thing affects the subject they are working on...and other small，enclosed settings for their experiment.”可知，科学家们会根据自己研究的课题，通过在实验室里创建一个自己能够控制的，比要研究的现实世界更简单或更小的环境来开展实验；G选项“Experimental observations are made in a controlled environment that you create.”符合语境。故选G。
解析
A.Create variables.
B.Watch the process.
C.You are studying a unique situation every time.
D.It is much easier to control things in such environments.
E.And the thing you purposely change is called the changing variable.
F.You focus your attention on just a few things，instead of on everything.
G.Experimental observations are made in a controlled environment that you create.
The difficult part is creating an environment in which only that one thing changes.That is why scientists use test tubes，and other small，enclosed settings for their experiment. 2
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上文“The difficult part is creating an environment in which only that one thing changes.That is why scientists use test tubes，and other small，enclosed settings for their experiment.”说明做实验中最困难部分是创造一个只改变一件事的环境，因此科学家们在他们的实验中使用试管和其他小的、封闭的环境；D选项“It is much easier to control things in such environments.”承接上文，指出科学家们在实验中使用试管和其他小的、封闭的环境能够让事情更容易控制，符合语境；代词“It”指代上文中的“use test tubes，and other small，enclosed settings for their experiment”。故选D。
解析
Conduct field work.
In field work，a scientist goes into an uncontrolled environment，a specific place in the world，and records exactly what is observed there at the time.
A.Create variables.
B.Watch the process.
C.You are studying a unique situation every time.
D.It is much easier to control things in such environments.
E.And the thing you purposely change is called the changing variable.
F.You focus your attention on just a few things，instead of on everything.
G.Experimental observations are made in a controlled environment that you create.
3 So field work is almost always new and original.The difficult part with field work is that while you are recording your observations，you must make sure that you yourself are not interfering(干涉) with your subject simply by being there.For instance，you cannot count birds in a tree if you scare any away.
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上文“In field work，a scientist goes into an uncontrolled environment，a specific place in the world，and records exactly what is observed there at the time.”可知，在实地工作中，科学家进入一个不受控制的环境，记录在一个特定的地方当时观察到的东西，因此，每次研究的情况都是不同的，独特的；C选项“You are studying a unique situation every time.”符合语境，且与下文“So field work is almost always new and original.”构成因果关系。故选C。
解析
A.Create variables.
B.Watch the process.
C.You are studying a unique situation every time.
D.It is much easier to control things in such environments.
E.And the thing you purposely change is called the changing variable.
F.You focus your attention on just a few things，instead of on everything.
G.Experimental observations are made in a controlled environment that you create.
　4　
Scientists are like detectives—they try to solve mysteries.Experiments are part of scientists’ detective kit.When you want to prove a theory true or false，create an experiment that will test one thing you can observe.You have an idea that if you set up a controlled situation and purposely change only one thing，
√
设空处为段落小标题；根据下文“When you want to prove a theory true or false，create an experiment that will test one thing you can observe.You have an idea that if you set up a controlled situation and purposely change only one thing，this change will cause something else to happen.”以及“If your change causes something else to happen，this ‘something else’ is called the responding variable，because it is responding to the change.”可知，本段主要阐述科学家通过创建变量来证明一个理论是对还是错；A选项“Create variables.”能够概括本段主旨，适合作为小标题。故选A。
解析
A.Create variables.
B.Watch the process.
C.You are studying a unique situation every time.
D.It is much easier to control things in such environments.
E.And the thing you purposely change is called the changing variable.
F.You focus your attention on just a few things，instead of on everything.
G.Experimental observations are made in a controlled environment that you create.
this change will cause something else to happen. 5 If your change causes something else to happen，this “something else” is called the responding variable，because it is responding to the change.
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上文“You have an idea that if you set up a controlled situation and purposely change only one thing，this change will cause something else to happen.”说明科学家想证明一个理论是对还是错时，会在一个设置好的环境中故意只改变一件事，而这个改变会导致其他事情的发生；E选项承接上文，告诉读者科学家故意改变的东西就是“变化变量”；下文“If your change causes something else to happen，this ‘something else’ is called the responding variable，because it is responding to the change.”介绍了由于改变而导致发生的其他事情则是“响应变量”。由此可知，E选项符合语境。故选E。
解析
Zu Chongzhi was a famous and remarkable mathematician and scientist in ancient China.He lived in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. When he was young，he had 1. broad range of interests，
语篇解读　这是一篇人物介绍。文章主要介绍了祖冲之在数学领域的贡献。
Ⅴ.语法填空
a
考查冠词。a range of表示“各种各样的……”，符合句意，故填a。
解析
such as 2. (nature) science and philosophy.And he was interested in mathematics，astronomy and machinery.The achievement Zu Chongzhi made in the calculation(计算) of the value of pi has been 3._______________(international) acknowledged.
natural
internationally
2.考查形容词。根据science可知，此处要用形容词作定语。故填natural。
3.考查副词。设空处修饰has been acknowledged，应用副词作状语，故填internationally。
解析
Liu Hui，a mathematician in the Wei and Jin Dynasties，proposed a way 4. (work) out the value of pi—the cyclotomic method(割圆术).Based on the earlier research，Zu Chongzhi came to the conclusion that the value of pi falls between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927 after more than 1,000 5. (time) of calculation.
to work
times
4.考查动词不定式。way意为“方法”时后用动词不定式作后置定语，故填to work。
5.考查名词复数。此处的time意为“次”，是可数名词，由“more than 1,000”可知应用复数形式。故填times。
解析
He also 6. (come) up with the viewpoint that the approximate value of pi is 355/113，which is called “milü”.It boosted the calculation of pi to a new phase.It was more than 1,000 years before the Western mathematicians calculated the same value.Thus the value of pi is also called “zulü” 7. memory of him.
came
in
6.考查动词时态。这里描述的是过去发生的动作，所以要用一般过去时。故填came。
7.考查介词。in memory of意为“为纪念……”。故填in。
解析
Besides the achievement in mathematics，he wrote the book Zhui Shu,8.______ gathered his accomplishments in mathematics and 9.______
______(take) as a teaching material during the Tang Dynasty.
which
was
taken
8.考查定语从句。逗号前主谓宾结构完整，空后是动词gathered，且由语境可知动词gathered的主语即空前的名词Zhui Shu，所以设空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词在定语从句中作主语，指物，故填which。
9.考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，在which引导的定语从句中，and连接两个并列的谓语(即设空处与前面的gathered)，关系词which指代先行词Zhui Shu在从句中作主语，和动词take之间是被动关系，结合during the Tang Dynasty可知句子描述的是过去发生的事情，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态，主语表示单数意义，be动词用was。故填was taken。
解析
And he also made a great 10. (contribute) to astronomy and machinery.
contribution
考查名词。make a great contribution to意为“对……做出巨大贡献”，故填contribution。
解析
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