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Period 2　Learning About Language
阅读以下短文，认真感悟加黑部分，完成下面的练习。
Since he graduated from college，he had been in low spirits.①What made him upset was that his mother was always complaining about something.His father had been out of work for a long time.It worried him ②that their family would get into debt if he couldn’t find a suitable job.However，③what he was thinking about was what his parents didn’t understand.They often urged him to look for a job as soon as possible.It was really a problem for him ④that he didn’t know how to communicate with his parents.⑤Whether he would find a job in the local factory was bothering him，for he planned to go to a bigger city.
以上黑体部分均为从句在主从复合句中作主语，称为主语从句，一般放在句首，如①③⑤；也可以用形式主语it代替，而将主语从句后置，如②④。⑤中的Whether意为“是否”，引导主语从句，不可换成if。
一、主语从句的引导词
类别 例词 功能
从属连词 that，whether 在从句中不充当成分，只起连接作用；that无实义，whether意为“是否”
连接代词 what，who，whom，which，whose，whatever，whoever，whichever 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，有实际意义
连接副词 when，where，why，how 在从句中作时间、地点、方式、原因状语等成分，有实际意义
That he is kind to that skinny child is clear to us.(that无意义)我们都知道他对那个瘦瘦的孩子是友好的。
Whether this kind of food does us harm remains to be seen.(whether不作成分，意为“是否”)
这种食物对我们是否有害有待观察。
What is bothering that girl isn’t known to us.(what在主语从句中作主语，意为“……的事情”)我们不知道什么正困扰着那个女孩。
Whatever you do is none of my business，so you don’t need to tell me what you will do.(whatever在主语从句中作宾语，意为“任何事”)
你做什么都不关我的事，所以你不必告诉我你要做什么。
Which of all those ways is the best is uncertain.(which在主语从句中作主语，意为“哪一个”)
所有那些方法中哪一个最好还不确定。
Whom we should serve is a question of vital importance.(whom在主语从句中作宾语，意为“谁”) 我们应当为谁服务是一个极为重要的问题。
Whose carelessness destroyed the work must be made clear.(whose在主语从句中作定语，意为“谁的”) 必须查清是谁的粗心破坏了工作。
Who will teach us to enlarge our vocabulary is still open to question.(who在主语从句中作主语，意为“谁”)
谁会教我们扩大词汇量还有待讨论。
When and where the meeting will take place has not been decided yet.(when和where在主语从句中作时间和地点状语)
开会的时间和地点还未决定。
Why he is so obsessive about his appearance is still a puzzle.(why在主语从句中作原因状语)
他为何如此迷恋自己的外表仍然是个谜。
How he earned his living before is not clear to me.(how在主语从句中作方式状语)
我不清楚他以前是如何谋生的。
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空
①As far as I am concerned，whether the work can be finished on time is doubtful.
②What made the parents proud was that their son had been admitted to Peking University.
③Which place the school will be built in has led to different ideas.
④How he got the important information from the company was a mystery.
⑤That he won first prize in the competition made him quite excited.
二、it作形式主语
当句子主语过长时，为保持句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，常把主语从句后置，而用形式主语it代替。it作形式主语时常用于以下句型：
句型 说明
It＋系动词＋形容词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的形容词有important，(un)likely，possible，necessary，natural，wrong等。
It＋系动词＋名词词组＋主语从句 常用于此句型的名词词组有a fact，an idea，an honour，a wonder，no wonder，a pity等。
It＋系动词＋过去分词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的过去分词有known，proved，said，decided，suggested，thought等。
It＋不及物动词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的动词有appear，happen，seem，occur，matter等。
It is very important that a student (should) learn English well.学生学好英语很重要。
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.有人建议会议延期召开。
It depends on the weather whether they are going shopping today.
他们今天是否去购物取决于天气情况。
It is no wonder that your students have made such great progress.难怪你的学生进步这么大。
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①It worried her a bit that her memory was becoming worse and worse.
②It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not.
③It is often the case that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
④他们在哪里开这个会都无所谓。
It makes no difference where they will have the meeting.
⑤要求学生们从星期一到星期五每天早上7点到校。
It is required that the students (should) arrive at school at 7 am every morning from Monday to Friday.
三、主语从句中的注意事项
1．从句的语序：在任何情况下，主语从句都用陈述句语序，即：连接词＋主语＋谓语。
Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.你们中谁第一个到达这里谁就获奖。
Where he got the important information hasn’t been known.
他从哪里得到这条重要信息还不为人知。
2．主谓一致
(1)从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式；但what和who引导主语从句时，有时主句谓语的数应与主句中作表语的名词保持一致。
When we shall have our sports meeting has not been decided.我们什么时候开运动会还没有确定。
What they need are books.他们需要的是书。
(2)由and连接的两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。
When they will start and where they will go have not been decided yet.
他们什么时候动身以及要去哪里还没定下来。
How and why he came to this city is a story of struggle and success.他如何以及为什么来到这个城市是一个充满奋斗和成功的故事。
3．whether与if
if和whether引导主语从句时，whether在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用，意为“是否”。注意：if不可引导位于句首的主语从句，但可以用于it作形式主语的从句中，此时if＝whether，但此时if不能与or not直接连用。
It doesn’t matter whether/if you will come.
＝It doesn’t matter whether you will come or not.
你来不来无关紧要。
4．that与what
that引导主语从句时在从句中不作成分，无词义，只起连接作用；what引导主语从句时，在从句中除了起连接作用外，还可作主语、宾语、表语、定语成分，常常译为“……的事情/东西”“……的地方”“……的人”“……的时间”。
That Mike worked out the difficult math problem was a great surprise to me.
迈克解出了这道数学难题，这使我大吃一惊。
What touched me most was the true friendship between the two boys.(what在主语从句中作主语，意为“……的事情”)
最让我感动的是这两个男孩之间真正的友谊。
What Jane gave me this morning were some sweet apples.(what在主语从句中作宾语，意为“……的东西”)
今天早上简给我的是一些甜苹果。
What the big city used to be was a small fishing village.(what在主语从句中作表语，意为“……的地方”)这个大城市过去是一个小渔村。
What he used to be wasn’t known to us all.(what在主语从句中作表语，意为“……的人”)
我们都不知道他过去是什么样的人。
What seemed like ages had passed and he still didn’t turn up.(what在主语从句中作主语，意为“……的时间”)
好像过了好几个世纪，他仍然没有出现。
5．whatever与whoever
whatever和whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义，不仅起连接作用，还在从句中作成分；whatever相当于anything that，whoever相当于anyone who；whatever引导主语从句时意为“任何事情，一切事情”，引导让步状语从句时意为“不管什么，无论什么”，相当于no matter what；whoever引导主语从句时，意为“……的任何人”，引导让步状语从句时，意为“无论是谁，不管什么人”，相当于no matter who。
Whatever I will do will be beneficial to our company.(主语从句)
我将做的任何事情都将对公司有益。
Whatever they say，you should stick to your own opinion.(让步状语从句)
无论他们说什么，你都应该坚持自己的观点。
Whoever is interested in this activity can sign up for it right now.(主语从句)
对这项活动感兴趣的任何人现在都可以报名参加。
Whoever you are，you must obey the law.(让步状语从句)不管你是谁，你都必须遵守法律。
Ⅰ.完成句子
1．一般读者不了解他在文章中所提及的内容。
What he referred to in his article was unknown to the general readers.
2．将负责这项活动的任何人，都必须负责和细心。
Whoever will take charge of the activity must be responsible and careful.
3．换句话说，一个人怎么死的不太重要，但更重要的是他是如何活着的。
In other words，it matters little how a person dies，but what matters much more is how he lives.
4．新组建的委员会的政策是否会付诸实施还有待观察。
It remains to be seen whether/if the newly formed committee’s policy can be put into practice.
5．你们当中无论哪一个打破窗户都必须赔偿。
Whichever one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.
6．她在事故中幸免于难简直是个奇迹，我们都松了一口气。
That she survived the accident is a miracle and all of us sighed in relief.
7．我们正在讨论这个周末去哪里野餐。
Where we will have a picnic this weekend is being discussed.
Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用本单元语法
我所了解的是你们将在1月20日举办一场以“汉语日”为主题的活动。这里有一些建议来让它变得令人惊奇和有教育意义。在我看来，你们让观众参与娱乐活动是很重要的。中国书法展示了汉字的美，这是一个事实，所以你可以从它开始。更重要的是，我强烈建议举办一场中文演讲比赛，以突出这门语言无与伦比的魅力。不可否认，你做的任何事都应该围绕着相关的话题。是否采纳上述建议由你决定。我真诚地希望你能记录下这场难忘的演出，并与我分享你的成就！
1．What I have learnt/learned is that you will hold an activity with the theme of “Chinese Language Day”，which falls on January 20th.Here are some tips to make it amazing and educational.From my point of view，it is important 2. that you should make the audience take part in entertaining activities.It is a fact 3.that Chinese calligraphy demonstrates the beauty of Chinese characters，so you can start with it.More importantly,4.what I highly recommend is to host a Chinese speech contest to highlight the unmatched charm of this language.There is no denying that 5.whatever you do should center on the relevant topic.It is up to you 6.whether/if you will adopt the above suggestions.I sincerely hope you could record this unforgettable show and share your achievement with me!
作业2　Learning About Language
[分值：86.5分]
Ⅰ.把下列每题中的两个简单句合并为一个含有名词性从句的复合句(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)
1．Why did they suddenly disappear？It still remains a mystery.
→Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.
2．He said something at the meeting.His words were very attractive.
→What he said at the meeting was very attractive.
3．It was a pity.You missed such a good lecture.
→It was a pity that you missed such a good lecture.
4．We should practise spoken English for an hour every day.It is our rule.
→It is our rule that we should practise spoken English for an hour every day.
5．Shall we go picnicking tomorrow？It depends on the weather.
→Whether we will go picnicking tomorrow depends on the weather.
Ⅱ.完成句子(共8小题；每小题3分，满分24分)
1．(读后续写之哭泣描写)她握着我的手，哭着说：“谢谢！你所说的话对我非常重要。”
She held my hand，weeping，“Thanks！What you said has made a great difference to me.”
2．(读后续写之哭泣描写)他们所做的事情深深地感动了我们，我们的泪水止不住地往下流。
What they had done deeply moved us，our tears rolling down without control.
3．(读后续写之兴奋心理描写)约翰突然想到他可以做爆米花来帮助伯纳德，眼睛里闪烁着兴奋的光芒。
It occurred to John that he could make popcorn to help Bernard，with eyes glittering with excitement.
4．(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)不确定他是否能够成功地吓跑狼，他的心吓得狂跳。
It was uncertain whether/if he could successfully frighten the wolf away，his heart beating wildly with extreme fright.
5．(读后续写之环境描写)更糟糕的是，黑暗在没有被注意到的情况下笼罩了森林，这无疑增加了我们找到回家的路的困难。
What was worse was that darkness fell into the forest without being noticed，which undoubtedly added to our difficulty finding our way home.
6．(应用文写作之求助信)如何才能提高我的英语口语对我来说仍然是一个难题，因此我写信向你寻求建议。
How I can improve my spoken English is still a puzzle to me，so I am writing to ask for your advice.
7．英语作为一门国际语言正日益为人们所接受，这是事实。
It is a fact that English，as an international language，is increasingly accepted by people.
8．吃绿色蔬菜有助于增强体力，这一点已经得到证实。
That eating green vegetables contributes to building up strength has been proved.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2025·河北保定高二上期中)
Humans have always been working Earth’s land，and they also have always been studying and hoping to work the land of Mars one day.
Planetary scientist Abhilash Ramachandran at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference reported that Martian dirt may have all the necessary nutrients for growing rice，one of humankind’s most important foods.However，he emphasizes that the plant may need a bit of help to survive in perchlorate(高氯酸盐)，a chemical that can be harmful to plants and has been detected on the surface of Mars.
Ramachandran says they want to send humans to Mars，but they cannot take everything there，especially food.He thinks it’s going to be expensive，but growing rice there would be ideal.
Ramachandran and his colleagues grew rice plants in a Martian soil simulant(模拟物)．They also grew rice in pure potting mix as well as several mixtures of the potting mix and soil simulant.All pots were watered once or twice a day.The team found rice plants did grow in the artificial dirt of Mars.However，the plants developed slighter shoots and thinner roots than the plants that grew from the potting mix and hybrid soils.The researchers also tried growing rice in soil with added perchlorate.They sourced some rice varieties—modified to stand environmental stressors like drought—and grew them in Mars-like dirt with and without perchlorate.No rice plants grew in a concentration of 3g of perchlorate per kilogram of soil.But when the concentration was just 1g per kilogram，one of the rice varieties grew both a shoot and a root，while another managed to grow a root.
The findings are encouraging，suggesting that by changing to improve with one successful modified gene，humans might eventually be able to develop a rice cultivar suitable for Mars.
1．What does Ramachandran stress about growing rice on Mars in paragraph 2
A．The challenge. B．The reason.
C．The benefit. D．The purpose.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段末句可知，Ramachandran 强调了在火星上种植水稻面临的挑战——火星上有一种对植物有害的化学物质，即高氯酸盐。故选A。
2．Why do the scientists want to plant rice on Mars
A．To purify the Martian air.
B．To feed Martian explorers.
C．To test the Martian soil simulant.
D．To improve the Martian soil environment.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，科学家们想在火星上种植水稻是为了给火星探索者提供食物。故选B。
3．What can we learn about rice plants from the experiments
A．Their weight ranged from 1g to 3g.
B．They stopped growing in Mars-like dirt.
C．They never developed roots in soil with perchlorate.
D．Their growth was affected by perchlorate’s concentration.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“No rice plants grew in a concentration of 3g of perchlorate per kilogram of soil.But when the concentration was just 1g per kilogram，one of the rice varieties grew both a shoot and a root，while another managed to grow a root.”可知，实验表明水稻的生长受高氯酸盐浓度的影响。故选D。
4．What is the author’s attitude to the research findings
A．Doubtful. B．Critical.
C．Positive. D．Curious.
答案　C
解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段中“The findings are encouraging”可知，这项研究结果令人鼓舞，即作者对该研究结果持肯定的态度。故选C。
B(此篇精读)
Vertical farming，as the name suggests，is a form of agriculture that is specifically designed to help agricultural production inside vertical structures like buildings.
It is a revolutionary，and arguably more sustainable(可持续的)，method of farming for several reasons.For example，it tends to require much less water than regular farming by some estimates up to 95% less.It also takes up less space and has little or no impact on local natural soils.Generally speaking，vertical farms can be operated without the use of pesticides that are potentially very damaging to the environment.Because of the controlled conditions provided by vertical farms，all-year-round growing of crops is also usually made possible.
Vertical farms tend to consist of one of several models，ranging from wooden shelves to greenhouses that are able to produce enough food for entire communities.Some consist of specially designed towers with plant cups.For larger，purpose-built vertical farms，hydroponic(水培的) systems are often employed to help control the indoor climate all year round.Other aspects of vertical farms can also be regulated，including automated control of temperature and light.A high level of control is usually vital for the success of the farm，as failure to maintain specific conditions can lead to the loss of entire crops.
If you are interested in starting your own vertical farm，you have a few options.For example，for domestic-scale kind of strategies，simple vertical farms can be created using old pallets(托盘)，or other custom-made solutions.For larger-scale vertical farming options，you can either directly invest in existing vertical farms，or raise enough money to set up your own.This will，obviously，require large amounts of money，but the potential for such solutions is predicted to rise dramatically over the coming years.
5．What can we learn about vertical farming
A．It tends to require more water.
B．It helps enrich the local natural soil.
C．It may potentially harm the environment.
D．It may make year-round crop planting a reality.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Because of the controlled conditions provided by vertical farms，all-year-round growing of crops is also usually made possible.”可知，垂直农业可以使全年种植作物成为现实。故选D。
6．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．How vertical farming works.
B．What vertical farms produce.
C．Why vertical farms appear.
D．Where vertical farms exist.
答案　A
解析　段落大意题。根据第三段“Vertical farms tend to consist of one of several models，ranging from wooden shelves to greenhouses...Some consist of specially designed towers with plant cups.For larger，purpose-built vertical farms，hydroponic(水培的) systems are often employed...Other aspects of vertical farms can also be regulated...”可知，本段主要讲的是垂直农业的运作方式。故选A。
7．What can be the key to a successful vertical farm
A．Various models.
B．Financial support.
C．Indoor temperature.
D．High-level control.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段末句“A high level of control is usually vital for the success of the farm，as failure to maintain specific conditions can lead to the loss of entire crops.”可知，垂直农场成功的关键是先进的控制模式。故选D。
8．What’s the writing purpose of the text
A．To set a new standard of farming.
B．To introduce a new way of farming.
C．To present modest reform in farming.
D．To raise money for larger vertical farms.
答案　B
解析　写作意图题。通读全文，尤其是第一段可知，文章主要介绍了垂直农业这种新型耕作方式的特点和优势。由此推知，这篇文章的写作目的是介绍一种新型耕作方式。故选B。
[词汇积累] 1．revolutionary adj.革命的；革命性的，突破性的 2．arguably(派)＝argue＋able＋ly adv.可论证地，按理 3．employ熟义：v.雇用　生义(文义)：v.使用 4．larger-scale(合)＝larger＋scale adj.更大规模的 5．invest v．投资→investor n．投资者→investment n．投资 [句式分析] Vertical farming，as the name suggests，is a form of agriculture that is specifically designed to help agricultural production inside vertical structures like buildings. 分析：此句为复合句。as引导非限制性定语从句；that引导定语从句，修饰a form of agriculture。 翻译：垂直农业，顾名思义，是一种在建筑物等垂直结构内专门用于帮助农业生产的农业形式。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Drip irrigation refers to the process of dripping water onto the soil surfaces through a system of plastic pipes. 1 Nations which have welcomed drip irrigation include China，the USA，and many others.Why Drip irrigation has many advantages.
2 When we’re using drip irrigation systems，the application of water uniformly across the land achieves high levels of water efficiency by applying water only where it’s needed.Thus，there’s less runoff from both the soil and leaves.And research shows drip irrigation is far more effective at letting plants make use of the water applied.
It encourages healthier growth of plants.Drip irrigation guarantees the soil always holds some water.Moreover，the drip systems carry out the application of water only at the plant’s roots，and the remaining part of the plant and soil remains dry.Thus，the emergence of waterborne pests which spread through the movement of water is greatly minimized. 3
It prevents chemicals entering groundwater.Unlike other water spraying techniques，drip irrigation delivers water directly to the ground’s surface instead of spraying water up and out over the entire area.Consequently，it doesn’t result in the great runoff of man-made chemicals into the groundwater. 4 Both animals and humans can benefit from that.
It reduces the risk of erosion(侵蚀)．Soil erosion is known for the removal of top soil by natural forces，like running water.Soil erosion is harmful. 5 Since drip irrigation doesn’t expose much of the soil surface to water，soil erosion is reduced.
A．It saves water.
B．It prevents plants lacking water.
C．It is popular throughout the world.
D．It may cause a sharp decrease in farmland.
E．They provide plants with enough nutrition.
F．Thus，drinking water quality is better guaranteed.
G．Besides，weeds will thus die off due to lack of water.
1．答案　C
解析　根据设空处上下文可知，滴灌在全世界都很流行，C项中的“It”指代上文的“Drip irrigation”，且“popular”和下文的“have welcomed”对应。C项(它在全世界都很受欢迎)符合语境。故选C。
2．答案　A
解析　设空处为段落主旨句。根据本段内容可知，本段主要讲述滴灌能提高用水效率，从而达到节约用水的目的。A项中的“saves water”和下文中“less runoff”对应。A项(它节约用水)符合语境。故选A。
3．答案　G
解析　根据上文“Moreover，the drip systems carry out the application of water only at the plant’s roots，and the remaining part of the plant and soil remains dry.”可知，滴灌会让植物和土壤其他部分保持干燥，这样会使水生害虫的数量减少。G项(此外，杂草也会因为缺水而枯死)符合语境。故选G。
4．答案　F
解析　根据段落主旨句“It prevents chemicals entering groundwater.”和设空处前后各一句可知，滴灌可以防止地下水被污染，从而保障动物和人类饮用水的质量。F项(因此，饮用水的质量得到更好的保证)符合语境。故选F。
5．答案　D
解析　根据上文“Soil erosion is known for the removal of top soil by natural forces，like running water.Soil erosion is harmful.”可知，设空处承接上文，具体说明土壤侵蚀的害处，D项中的“It”指代上文的“Soil erosion”。D项(它可能会导致耕地急剧减少)符合语境。故选D。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
(2025·湖北高二上期中联考)
Norwegian playwright and author Jon Fosse 1. (award) the 2023 Nobel Prize in Literature for his “innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable”．
Fosse is credited 2. “one of the most widely performed playwrights in the world”by the Swedish Academy，although the 64-year-old man originally made his name as a novelist,3. (begin) with The Red and the Black in 1983.He has since written many works of prose and poetry.
Growing up in a small coastal village，Fosse was immersed in the beauty of nature and the vastness of the sea.He draws 4. (inspire) from his rural living environment and personal struggles，which have deeply influenced his distinctive writing style.Fosse’s writing discussed 5. (theme) of loneliness，longing，and the search for meaning in life.6.__________(addition)，his battles with depression have enabled 7. (he) to explore the depths of human emotions and existential despair.
“He touches you so deeply when you read his works，” said Anders Olsson，Chairman of the Noble Prize Committee.“8. is special about him is the closeness in his writing.It touches your deepest feelings—anxieties，insecurities，questions of life and death,9. are things that every human being actually faces from the very beginning.In that sense，I think he reaches very far and there is 10. universal impact of everything that he writes—it has an appeal to this basic humanity.”
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。挪威剧作家兼作家乔恩·福斯被授予2023年诺贝尔文学奖，以表彰他“创新的戏剧和散文，为不可言说的事情发声”。文章主要介绍了他的个人经历以及对他的评价。
1．答案　was awarded
解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。主语与谓语构成被动关系，根据语境可知，“获奖”发生在过去，为一般过去时的被动语态，且主语为Norwegian playwright and author Jon Fosse，be动词用was。故填was awarded。
2．答案　as
解析　考查介词。be credited as...为固定搭配，意为“被认为是，被誉为”，故填as。
3．答案　beginning
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，begin与其逻辑主语the 64-year-old man构成主动关系，用现在分词形式作状语。故填beginning。
4．答案　inspiration
解析　考查名词。固定短语draw inspiration from意为“从……中获得灵感”。故填inspiration。
5．答案　themes
解析　考查名词复数。根据句意可知，福斯的著作论述的主题有多个，因此用名词复数。故填themes。
6．答案　Additionally
解析　考查副词。设空处修饰整个句子，应用副词形式，且句首单词的首字母大写。故填Additionally。
7．答案　him
解析　考查代词。设空处作动词的宾语，应用宾格him。故填him。
8．答案　What
解析　考查主语从句。设空处引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，应用what，且句首单词的首字母大写。故填What。
9．答案　which
解析　考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“anxieties，insecurities，questions of life and death”，在从句中作主语，指物，故填which。
10．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。impact在此处表泛指，且universal是发音以辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。(共80张PPT)
Period 2
Learning About Language
Working the land
Unit 5
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业2
达标检测
情境导读
阅读以下短文，认真感悟加颜色部分，完成下面的练习。
Since he graduated from college，he had been in low spirits.①What made him upset was that his mother was always complaining about something.His father had been out of work for a long time.It worried him ②that their family would get into debt if he couldn’t find a suitable job.However，③what he was thinking about was what his parents didn’t understand.They often urged him to look for a job as soon as possible.It was really a problem for him ④that he didn’t know how to communicate with his parents.⑤Whether he would find a job in the local factory was bothering him，for he planned to go to a bigger city.
以上加颜色部分均为从句在主从复合句中作主语，称为_____从句，一般放在_____，如_______；也可以用形式主语____代替，而将主语从句后置，如______。⑤中的Whether意为“______”，引导主语从句，不可换成if。
主语
句首
①③⑤
it
②④
是否
返 回
语法精讲
一、主语从句的引导词
类别 例词 功能
从属连词 that，whether 在从句中不充当成分，只起连接作用；that无实义，whether意为“是否”
连接代词 what，who，whom，which，whose，whatever，whoever，whichever 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，有实际意义
连接副词 when，where，why，how 在从句中作时间、地点、方式、原因状语等成分，有实际意义
That he is kind to that skinny child is clear to us.(that无意义)我们都知道他对那个瘦瘦的孩子是友好的。
Whether this kind of food does us harm remains to be seen.(whether不作成分，意为“是否”)
这种食物对我们是否有害有待观察。
What is bothering that girl isn’t known to us.(what在主语从句中作主语，意为“……的事情”)我们不知道什么正困扰着那个女孩。
Whatever you do is none of my business，so you don’t need to tell me what you will do.(whatever在主语从句中作宾语，意为“任何事”)
你做什么都不关我的事，所以你不必告诉我你要做什么。
Which of all those ways is the best is uncertain.(which在主语从句中作主语，意为“哪一个”)
所有那些方法中哪一个最好还不确定。
Whom we should serve is a question of vital importance.(whom在主语从句中作宾语，意为“谁”) 我们应当为谁服务是一个极为重要的问题。
Whose carelessness destroyed the work must be made clear.(whose在主语从句中作定语，意为“谁的”) 必须查清是谁的粗心破坏了工作。
Who will teach us to enlarge our vocabulary is still open to question.(who在主语从句中作主语，意为“谁”)
谁会教我们扩大词汇量还有待讨论。
When and where the meeting will take place has not been decided yet.(when和where在主语从句中作时间和地点状语)
开会的时间和地点还未决定。
Why he is so obsessive about his appearance is still a puzzle.(why在主语从句中作原因状语)
他为何如此迷恋自己的外表仍然是个谜。
How he earned his living before is not clear to me.(how在主语从句中作方式状语)
我不清楚他以前是如何谋生的。
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空
①As far as I am concerned，_________ the work can be finished on time is doubtful.
②______ made the parents proud was that their son had been admitted to Peking University.
③_______ place the school will be built in has led to different ideas.
④_____ he got the important information from the company was a mystery.
⑤_____ he won first prize in the competition made him quite excited.
whether
What
Which
How
That
二、it作形式主语
当句子主语过长时，为保持句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，常把主语从句后置，而用形式主语it代替。it作形式主语时常用于以下句型：
句型 说明
It＋系动词＋形容词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的形容词有important，(un)likely，possible，necessary，natural，wrong等。
It＋系动词＋名词词组＋主语从句 常用于此句型的名词词组有a fact，an idea，an honour，a wonder，no wonder，a pity等。
句型 说明
It＋系动词＋过去分词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的过去分词有known，proved，said，decided，suggested，thought等。
It＋不及物动词＋主语从句 常用于此句型的动词有appear，happen，seem，occur，matter等。
It is very important that a student (should) learn English well.学生学好英语很重要。
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.有人建议会议延期召开。
It depends on the weather whether they are going shopping today.
他们今天是否去购物取决于天气情况。
It is no wonder that your students have made such great progress.难怪你的学生进步这么大。
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①It worried her a bit _____ her memory was becoming worse and worse.
②It makes no difference ________ he will attend the meeting or not.
③It is often the case ______ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
④他们在哪里开这个会都无所谓。
____________________ where they will have the meeting.
⑤要求学生们从星期一到星期五每天早上7点到校。
It is required that _______________________________________________
________ from Monday to Friday.
that
whether
that
It makes no difference
the students (should) arrive at school at 7 am every morning
三、主语从句中的注意事项
1.从句的语序：在任何情况下，主语从句都用陈述句语序，即：连接词＋主语＋谓语。
Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.你们中谁第一个到达这里谁就获奖。
Where he got the important information hasn’t been known.
他从哪里得到这条重要信息还不为人知。
2.主谓一致
(1)从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式；但what和who引导主语从句时，有时主句谓语的数应与主句中作表语的名词保持一致。
When we shall have our sports meeting has not been decided.我们什么时候开运动会还没有确定。
What they need are books.他们需要的是书。
(2)由and连接的两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。
When they will start and where they will go have not been decided yet.
他们什么时候动身以及要去哪里还没定下来。
How and why he came to this city is a story of struggle and success.他如何以及为什么来到这个城市是一个充满奋斗和成功的故事。
3.whether与if
if和whether引导主语从句时，whether在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用，意为“是否”。注意：if不可引导位于句首的主语从句，但可以用于it作形式主语的从句中，此时if＝whether，但此时if不能与or not直接连用。
It doesn’t matter whether/if you will come.
＝It doesn’t matter whether you will come or not.
你来不来无关紧要。
4.that与what
that引导主语从句时在从句中不作成分，无词义，只起连接作用；what引导主语从句时，在从句中除了起连接作用外，还可作主语、宾语、表语、定语成分，常常译为“……的事情/东西”“……的地方”“……的人”“……的时间”。
That Mike worked out the difficult math problem was a great surprise to me.
迈克解出了这道数学难题，这使我大吃一惊。
What touched me most was the true friendship between the two boys.(what在主语从句中作主语，意为“……的事情”)
最让我感动的是这两个男孩之间真正的友谊。
What Jane gave me this morning were some sweet apples.(what在主语从句中作宾语，意为“……的东西”)
今天早上简给我的是一些甜苹果。
What the big city used to be was a small fishing village.(what在主语从句中作表语，意为“……的地方”)这个大城市过去是一个小渔村。
What he used to be wasn’t known to us all.(what在主语从句中作表语，意为“……的人”)
我们都不知道他过去是什么样的人。
What seemed like ages had passed and he still didn’t turn up.(what在主语从句中作主语，意为“……的时间”)
好像过了好几个世纪，他仍然没有出现。
5.whatever与whoever
whatever和whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义，不仅起连接作用，还在从句中作成分；whatever相当于anything that，whoever相当于anyone who；whatever引导主语从句时意为“任何事情，一切事情”，引导让步状语从句时意为“不管什么，无论什么”，相当于no matter what；whoever引导主语从句时，意为“……的任何人”，引导让步状语从句时，意为“无论是谁，不管什么人”，相当于no matter who。
Whatever I will do will be beneficial to our company.(主语从句)
我将做的任何事情都将对公司有益。
Whatever they say，you should stick to your own opinion.(让步状语从句)
无论他们说什么，你都应该坚持自己的观点。
Whoever is interested in this activity can sign up for it right now.(主语从句)
对这项活动感兴趣的任何人现在都可以报名参加。
Whoever you are，you must obey the law.(让步状语从句)不管你是谁，你都必须遵守法律。
返 回
达标检测
1.一般读者不了解他在文章中所提及的内容。
______________________________ was unknown to the general readers.
2.将负责这项活动的任何人，都必须负责和细心。
___________________________________ must be responsible and careful.
3.换句话说，一个人怎么死的不太重要，但更重要的是他是如何活着的。
In other words，it matters little _________________，but ____________
___________ is how he lives.
What he referred to in his article
Ⅰ.完成句子
Whoever will take charge of the activity
how a person dies
what matters
much more
4.新组建的委员会的政策是否会付诸实施还有待观察。
_____________________________ the newly formed committee’s policy can be put into practice.
5.你们当中无论哪一个打破窗户都必须赔偿。
____________________ breaks the window will have to pay for it.
6.她在事故中幸免于难简直是个奇迹，我们都松了一口气。
___________________________ is a miracle and all of us sighed in relief.
7.我们正在讨论这个周末去哪里野餐。
_____________________________________ is being discussed.
It remains to be seen whether/if
Whichever one of you
That she survived the accident
Where we will have a picnic this weekend
我所了解的是你们将在1月20日举办一场以“汉语日”为主题的活动。这里有一些建议来让它变得令人惊奇和有教育意义。在我看来，
Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用本单元语法
1.________________________ is that you will hold an activity with the theme of “Chinese Language Day”，which falls on January 20th.Here are some tips to make it amazing and educational.From my point of view，
What I have learnt/learned
你们让观众参与娱乐活动是很重要的。中国书法展示了汉字的美，这是一个事实，所以你可以从它开始。更重要的是，我强烈建议举办一场中文演讲比赛，以突出这门语言无与伦比的魅力。不可否认，你做的任何事都应该围绕着相关的话题。
it is important 2.________________________________________________
____________________.It is a fact 3._______________________________
__________________________________________ ，so you can start with it.More importantly,4.________________________ is to host a Chinese speech contest to highlight the unmatched charm of this language.There is no denying that 5.________________ should center on the relevant topic.
that you should make the audience take part in
entertaining activities
that Chinese calligraphy
demonstrates the beauty of Chinese characters
what I highly recommend
whatever you do
是否采纳上述建议由你决定。我真诚地希望你能记录下这场难忘的演出，并与我分享你的成就！
It is up to you 6._____________________________________________.I sincerely hope you could record this unforgettable show and share your achievement with me!
返 回
whether/if you will adopt the above suggestions
作业2
1.Why did they suddenly disappear？It still remains a mystery.
→____________________________________________________________
2.He said something at the meeting.His words were very attractive.
→____________________________________________________________
3.It was a pity.You missed such a good lecture.
→____________________________________________________________
Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.
Ⅰ.把下列每题中的两个简单句合并为一个含有名词性从句的复合句
What he said at the meeting was very attractive.
It was a pity that you missed such a good lecture.
4.We should practise spoken English for an hour every day.It is our rule.
→_____________________________________________________________
5.Shall we go picnicking tomorrow？It depends on the weather.
→_____________________________________________________________
It is our rule that we should practise spoken English for an hour every day.
Whether we will go picnicking tomorrow depends on the weather.
1.(读后续写之哭泣描写)她握着我的手，哭着说：“谢谢！你所说的话对我非常重要。”
She held my hand，weeping，“Thanks!______________ has made a great difference to me.”
2.(读后续写之哭泣描写)他们所做的事情深深地感动了我们，我们的泪水止不住地往下流。
___________________ deeply moved us，our tears rolling down without control.
Ⅱ.完成句子
What you said
What they had done
3.(读后续写之兴奋心理描写)约翰突然想到他可以做爆米花来帮助伯纳德，眼睛里闪烁着兴奋的光芒。
___________________________________________ to help Bernard，with eyes glittering with excitement.
4.(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)不确定他是否能够成功地吓跑狼，他的心吓得狂跳。
_______________________________________________________________，his heart beating wildly with extreme fright.
It occurred to John that he could make popcorn
It was uncertain whether/if he could successfully frighten the wolf away
5.(读后续写之环境描写)更糟糕的是，黑暗在没有被注意到的情况下笼罩了森林，这无疑增加了我们找到回家的路的困难。
_______________ was that darkness fell into the forest without being noticed，which undoubtedly added to our difficulty finding our way home.
6.(应用文写作之求助信)如何才能提高我的英语口语对我来说仍然是一个难题，因此我写信向你寻求建议。
__________________________________ is still a puzzle to me，so I am writing to ask for your advice.
What was worse
How I can improve my spoken English
7.英语作为一门国际语言正日益为人们所接受，这是事实。
________________________________________________________________________ by people.
8.吃绿色蔬菜有助于增强体力，这一点已经得到证实。
___________________________________________________________ has been proved.
That eating green vegetables contributes to building up strength
It is a fact that English，as an international language，is increasingly accepted
A
(2025·河北保定高二上期中)
Humans have always been working Earth’s land，and they also have always been studying and hoping to work the land of Mars one day.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在火星上种植水稻的意义和可能性。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
Planetary scientist Abhilash Ramachandran at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference reported that Martian dirt may have all the necessary nutrients for growing rice，one of humankind’s most important foods.However，he emphasizes that the plant may need a bit of help to survive in perchlorate(高氯酸盐)，a chemical that can be harmful to plants and has been detected on the surface of Mars.
Ramachandran says they want to send humans to Mars，but they cannot take everything there，especially food.He thinks it’s going to be expensive，but growing rice there would be ideal.
Ramachandran and his colleagues grew rice plants in a Martian soil simulant(模拟物).They also grew rice in pure potting mix as well as several mixtures of the potting mix and soil simulant.All pots were watered once or twice a day.The team found rice plants did grow in the artificial dirt of Mars.However，the plants developed slighter shoots and thinner roots than the plants that grew from the potting mix and hybrid soils.The researchers also tried growing rice in soil with added perchlorate.
They sourced some rice varieties—modified to stand environmental stressors like drought—and grew them in Mars-like dirt with and without perchlorate.No rice plants grew in a concentration of 3g of perchlorate per kilogram of soil.But when the concentration was just 1g per kilogram，one of the rice varieties grew both a shoot and a root，while another managed to grow a root.
The findings are encouraging，suggesting that by changing to improve with one successful modified gene，humans might eventually be able to develop a rice cultivar suitable for Mars.
1.What does Ramachandran stress about growing rice on Mars in paragraph 2
A.The challenge. B.The reason.
C.The benefit. D.The purpose.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段末句可知，Ramachandran 强调了在火星上种植水稻面临的挑战——火星上有一种对植物有害的化学物质，即高氯酸盐。故选A。
解析
2.Why do the scientists want to plant rice on Mars
A.To purify the Martian air.
B.To feed Martian explorers.
C.To test the Martian soil simulant.
D.To improve the Martian soil environment.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，科学家们想在火星上种植水稻是为了给火星探索者提供食物。故选B。
解析
3.What can we learn about rice plants from the experiments
A.Their weight ranged from 1g to 3g.
B.They stopped growing in Mars-like dirt.
C.They never developed roots in soil with perchlorate.
D.Their growth was affected by perchlorate’s concentration.
√
推理判断题。根据第四段中的“No rice plants grew in a concentration of 3g of perchlorate per kilogram of soil.But when the concentration was just 1g per kilogram，one of the rice varieties grew both a shoot and a root，while another managed to grow a root.”可知，实验表明水稻的生长受高氯酸盐浓度的影响。故选D。
解析
4.What is the author’s attitude to the research findings
A.Doubtful. B.Critical.
C.Positive. D.Curious.
观点态度题。根据最后一段中“The findings are encouraging”可知，这项研究结果令人鼓舞，即作者对该研究结果持肯定的态度。故选C。
解析
√
B(此篇精读)
Vertical farming，as the name suggests，is a form of agriculture that is specifically designed to help agricultural production inside vertical structures like buildings.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了垂直农业这种新型耕作方式的特点和优势。
It is a revolutionary，and arguably more sustainable(可持续的)，method of farming for several reasons.For example，it tends to require much less water than regular farming by some estimates up to 95% less.It also takes up less space and has little or no impact on local natural soils.Generally speaking，vertical farms can be operated without the use of pesticides that are potentially very damaging to the environment.Because of the controlled conditions provided by vertical farms，all-year-round growing of crops is also usually made possible.
Vertical farms tend to consist of one of several models，ranging from wooden shelves to greenhouses that are able to produce enough food for entire communities.Some consist of specially designed towers with plant cups.For larger，purpose-built vertical farms，hydroponic(水培的) systems are often employed to help control the indoor climate all year round.Other aspects of vertical farms can also be regulated，including automated control of temperature and light.A high level of control is usually vital for the success of the farm，as failure to maintain specific conditions can lead to the loss of entire crops.
If you are interested in starting your own vertical farm，you have a few options.For example，for domestic-scale kind of strategies，simple vertical farms can be created using old pallets(托盘)，or other custom-made solutions.For larger-scale vertical farming options，you can either directly invest in existing vertical farms，or raise enough money to set up your own.This will，obviously，require large amounts of money，but the potential for such solutions is predicted to rise dramatically over the coming years.
5.What can we learn about vertical farming
A.It tends to require more water.
B.It helps enrich the local natural soil.
C.It may potentially harm the environment.
D.It may make year-round crop planting a reality.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Because of the controlled conditions provided by vertical farms，all-year-round growing of crops is also usually made possible.”可知，垂直农业可以使全年种植作物成为现实。故选D。
解析
6.What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A.How vertical farming works.
B.What vertical farms produce.
C.Why vertical farms appear.
D.Where vertical farms exist.
√
段落大意题。根据第三段“Vertical farms tend to consist of one of several models，ranging from wooden shelves to greenhouses...Some consist of specially designed towers with plant cups.For larger，purpose-built vertical farms，hydroponic(水培的) systems are often employed...Other aspects of vertical farms can also be regulated...”可知，本段主要讲的是垂直农业的运作方式。故选A。
解析
7.What can be the key to a successful vertical farm
A.Various models.
B.Financial support.
C.Indoor temperature.
D.High-level control.
细节理解题。根据第三段末句“A high level of control is usually vital for the success of the farm，as failure to maintain specific conditions can lead to the loss of entire crops.”可知，垂直农场成功的关键是先进的控制模式。故选D。
解析
√
8.What’s the writing purpose of the text
A.To set a new standard of farming.
B.To introduce a new way of farming.
C.To present modest reform in farming.
D.To raise money for larger vertical farms.
√
写作意图题。通读全文，尤其是第一段可知，文章主要介绍了垂直农业这种新型耕作方式的特点和优势。由此推知，这篇文章的写作目的是介绍一种新型耕作方式。故选B。
解析
1.revolutionary adj.革命的；革命性的，突破性的
2.arguably(派)＝argue＋able＋ly adv.可论证地，按理
3.employ熟义：v.雇用　生义(文义)：v.使用
4.larger-scale(合)＝larger＋scale adj.更大规模的
5.invest v.投资→investor n.投资者→investment n.投资
词汇积累
Vertical farming，as the name suggests，is a form of agriculture that is specifically designed to help agricultural production inside vertical structures like buildings.
分析：此句为复合句。as引导非限制性定语从句；that引导定语从句，修饰a form of agriculture。
翻译：垂直农业，顾名思义，是一种在建筑物等垂直结构内专门用于帮助农业生产的农业形式。
句式分析
Drip irrigation refers to the process of dripping water onto the soil surfaces through a system of plastic pipes.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了滴灌的优点。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
1 Nations which have welcomed drip irrigation include China，the USA，and many others.Why Drip irrigation has many advantages.
A.It saves water.
B.It prevents plants lacking water.
C.It is popular throughout the world.
D.It may cause a sharp decrease in farmland.
E.They provide plants with enough nutrition.
F.Thus，drinking water quality is better guaranteed.
G.Besides，weeds will thus die off due to lack of water.
√
根据设空处上下文可知，滴灌在全世界都很流行，C项中的“It”指代上文的“Drip irrigation”，且“popular”和下文的“have welcomed”对应。C项(它在全世界都很受欢迎)符合语境。故选C。
解析
2 When we’re using drip irrigation systems，the application of water uniformly across the land achieves high levels of water efficiency by applying water only where it’s needed.Thus，there’s less runoff from both the soil and leaves.And research shows drip irrigation is far more effective at letting plants make use of the water applied.
A.It saves water.
B.It prevents plants lacking water.
C.It is popular throughout the world.
D.It may cause a sharp decrease in farmland.
E.They provide plants with enough nutrition.
F.Thus，drinking water quality is better guaranteed.
G.Besides，weeds will thus die off due to lack of water.
√
设空处为段落主旨句。根据本段内容可知，本段主要讲述滴灌能提高用水效率，从而达到节约用水的目的。A项中的“saves water”和下文中“less runoff”对应。A项(它节约用水)符合语境。故选A。
解析
It encourages healthier growth of plants.Drip irrigation guarantees the soil always holds some water.Moreover，the drip systems carry out the application of water only at the plant’s roots，and the remaining part of the plant and soil remains dry.Thus，the emergence of waterborne pests which spread through the movement of water is greatly minimized. 3
A.It saves water.
B.It prevents plants lacking water.
C.It is popular throughout the world.
D.It may cause a sharp decrease in farmland.
E.They provide plants with enough nutrition.
F.Thus，drinking water quality is better guaranteed.
G.Besides，weeds will thus die off due to lack of water.
√
根据上文“Moreover，the drip systems carry out the application of water only at the plant’s roots，and the remaining part of the plant and soil remains dry.”可知，滴灌会让植物和土壤其他部分保持干燥，这样会使水生害虫的数量减少。G项(此外，杂草也会因为缺水而枯死)符合语境。故选G。
解析
It prevents chemicals entering groundwater.Unlike other water spraying techniques，drip irrigation delivers water directly to the ground’s surface instead of spraying water up and out over the entire area.
Consequently，it doesn’t result in the great runoff of man-made chemicals into the groundwater. 4 Both animals and humans can benefit from that.
A.It saves water.
B.It prevents plants lacking water.
C.It is popular throughout the world.
D.It may cause a sharp decrease in farmland.
E.They provide plants with enough nutrition.
F.Thus，drinking water quality is better guaranteed.
G.Besides，weeds will thus die off due to lack of water.
√
根据段落主旨句“It prevents chemicals entering groundwater.”和设空处前后各一句可知，滴灌可以防止地下水被污染，从而保障动物和人类饮用水的质量。F项(因此，饮用水的质量得到更好的保证)符合语境。故选F。
解析
It reduces the risk of erosion(侵蚀).Soil erosion is known for the removal of top soil by natural forces，like running water.Soil erosion is harmful. 5 Since drip irrigation doesn’t expose much of the soil surface to water，soil erosion is reduced.
A.It saves water.
B.It prevents plants lacking water.
C.It is popular throughout the world.
D.It may cause a sharp decrease in farmland.
E.They provide plants with enough nutrition.
F.Thus，drinking water quality is better guaranteed.
G.Besides，weeds will thus die off due to lack of water.
√
根据上文“Soil erosion is known for the removal of top soil by natural forces，like running water.Soil erosion is harmful.”可知，设空处承接上文，具体说明土壤侵蚀的害处，D项中的“It”指代上文的“Soil erosion”。D项(它可能会导致耕地急剧减少)符合语境。故选D。
解析
(2025·湖北高二上期中联考)
Norwegian playwright and author Jon Fosse 1. (award) the 2023 Nobel Prize in Literature for his “innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable”.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。挪威剧作家兼作家乔恩·福斯被授予2023年诺贝尔文学奖，以表彰他“创新的戏剧和散文，为不可言说的事情发声”。文章主要介绍了他的个人经历以及对他的评价。
was awarded
Ⅴ.语法填空
考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。主语与谓语构成被动关系，根据语境可知，“获奖”发生在过去，为一般过去时的被动语态，且主语为Norwegian playwright and author Jon Fosse，be动词用was。故填was awarded。
解析
Fosse is credited 2. “one of the most widely performed playwrights in the world”by the Swedish Academy，although the 64-year-old man originally made his name as a novelist,3. (begin) with The Red and the Black in 1983.He has since written many works of prose and poetry.
as
2.考查介词。be credited as...为固定搭配，意为“被认为是，被誉为”，故填as。
3.考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，begin与其逻辑主语the 64-year-old man构成主动关系，用现在分词形式作状语。故填beginning。
解析
beginning
Growing up in a small coastal village，Fosse was immersed in the beauty of nature and the vastness of the sea.He draws 4.______________
(inspire) from his rural living environment and personal struggles，
inspiration
考查名词。固定短语draw inspiration from意为“从……中获得灵感”。故填inspiration。
解析
which have deeply influenced his distinctive writing style.Fosse’s writing discussed 5._______(theme) of loneliness，longing，and the search for meaning in life.6.____________(addition)，his battles with depression have enabled 7.____(he) to explore the depths of human emotions and existential despair.
themes
Additionally
him
5.考查名词复数。根据句意可知，福斯的著作论述的主题有多个，因此用名词复数。故填themes。
6.考查副词。设空处修饰整个句子，应用副词形式，且句首单词的首字母大写。故填Additionally。
7.考查代词。设空处作动词的宾语，应用宾格him。故填him。
解析
“He touches you so deeply when you read his works，” said Anders Olsson，Chairman of the Noble Prize Committee.“8.______ is special about him is the closeness in his writing.It touches your deepest feelings—anxieties，
What
考查主语从句。设空处引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，应用what，且句首单词的首字母大写。故填What。
解析
insecurities，questions of life and death,9. are things that every human being actually faces from the very beginning.In that sense，
which
考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“anxieties，insecurities，questions of life and death”，在从句中作主语，指物，故填which。
解析
I think he reaches very far and there is 10. universal impact of everything that he writes—it has an appeal to this basic humanity.”
考查冠词。impact在此处表泛指，且universal是发音以辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。
解析
a
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