资源简介

Period 3　Grammar and usage—To-infinitives as subjects and predicatives
阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并分析其所作成分
①It is my great honour to deliver a speech about my dream.②My dream is to become a teacher.③When I was a little kid，my mother told me it is not easy to be a good teacher.④When I heard my mother’s words，my puzzle was what to do to become a teacher.⑤Mother told me it would take a lot of energy and time to make my dream come true.⑥Since then I have kept in mind that if I want to pursue my dream，to study hard is the first thing that I should do.
1．句①③⑤中to deliver a speech，to be a good teacher，to make my dream come true均为动词不定式短语作真正的主语，it作形式主语。句⑥中to study hard为动词不定式短语作主语。
2．句②中to become a teacher为动词不定式短语作表语，此句的主语为My dream。句④中what to do为“特殊疑问词＋动词不定式”作表语。
　　　
一、动词不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语通常表示个别的、具体的、一次性的或者具有将来含义的动作，并且句子的谓语动词采用第三人称单数形式。常见的动词不定式作主语的情况主要有四类：
1．动词不定式直接作主语。
To finish the work before Friday is not so easy.
在周五之前完成这项工作没有那么容易。
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
骑自行车到那里将花费我们半个小时的时间。
注意：动名词也可以作主语，但表示动作经常反复发生，而不是只针对某一次。
Talking loudly in public places is not good.
在公共场所大声说话不好。
2．形式主语it放在句首，真正的主语——动词不定式放在后面。
It would be better for you to cycle around the lake.你最好绕着湖骑自行车。
It’s not easy to work out the problem.
计算出这道题不容易。
It is interesting to play with snow in winter.
冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。
注意：it作形式主语时，有三种情况：
①用形容词作它的表语。真正的主语(动词不定式)通常有逻辑主语，一般用for短语来引出，即for sb to do sth。但当作表语的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，要用of引出其逻辑主语。此时的表语形容词往往有clever，foolish，kind，nice，polite，silly，stupid，wise等。如：
It’s easy for him to work out this math problem.对他来说解出这道数学题很容易。
It was careless of him to drink the vinegar in that bottle by mistake.
＝He was careless to drink the vinegar in that bottle by mistake.
他真粗心，误把那瓶醋喝了。
②用名词作表语。如：
It is a great honor for me to deliver a speech on how to learn English well.
我很荣幸能做一个关于如何学好英语的演讲。
③用于“It takes/took/will take sb some time/money to do sth.”句型。如：
It took me more than an hour to do my homework yesterday evening.
昨天晚上我用了一个多小时的时间做作业。
3．“特殊疑问词＋不定式”作主语。
常见的特殊疑问词有what，who，which，when，where，how等。采用“特殊疑问词＋不定式”作主语，句子的谓语同样采用第三人称单数形式。
How to relieve the pain is a question.
如何缓解疼痛是一个问题。
Where to hold the meeting hasn’t been decided.
还没有定下来在哪里举行会议。
4．动词不定式的被动形式作主语。
To be admitted by a key university is difficult for him.对他来说，被一所重点大学录取是困难的。
二、动词不定式作表语
1．动词不定式直接作表语说明主语的具体内容，表示“即将进行的一次性动作或将来的状态”。作主语的词往往是aim，ambition，goal，wish，duty，hope，idea，job，plan，problem，function，purpose，task，intention，decision，way等。
To live is to do something worthwhile.
活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。
His wish is to become an astronaut.
他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。
My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
我的主要目的是指出这件事的困难。
注意：如果主语部分含有实义动词do的某种形式时，表语中的to可以省略。
What we can do now is (to) wait here patiently.
我们现在能做的就是在这里耐心等待。
2．动词不定式的被动形式作表语。
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university.
他希望能被那所大学录取。
注意：①有些作表语的动词不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。
She is to blame for the accident last night.
她应该为昨天晚上发生的事故负责。
②若不定式的动作发生在谓语之前，则用不定式的完成式：主动用to have done，被动用to have been done。
His eyes were shut and he seemed to have fallen asleep.
他的双眼闭着，看上去像是已经睡着了。
Do let your mother know all the truth.She appears to have been told everything.
一定要让你母亲知道所有的真相。她似乎什么都被告知了。
3．“特殊疑问词＋不定式”作表语。
常见的特殊疑问词有what，who，which，when，where，how等。“特殊疑问词＋不定式”通常与be动词构成系表结构，作be动词的表语。
The greatest problem we are facing now is how to finish the work on time.
我们现在面临的最大问题是如何按时完成工作。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Then we will know how important it is to make our life meaningful.
2．It is not a simple matter to determine(determine) the nature of talent.
3．The aim of the talent show is to enrich(enrich) students’ extra-curricular activities.
4．Whether studying abroad will do harm to teenagers or good remains to be seen(see)．
5．Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyse(analyse) your short and long objectives.
6．My explanation seemed to have made(make) things worse，which drove me more anxious than before.
7．How to relieve(relieve) pain，from illness or stress，is a question needing careful consideration.
8．Most people believe that the best way to build a great team is to gather(gather) a group of the most talented individuals.
Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用动词不定式
听说你因为习惯吃高脂肪和少纤维的快餐而健康状况不佳，我写信给你提供一些建议。首先，你应该知道你的目标是保持健康，在你的日常生活中要吃的是高维生素和低脂肪的健康食品。更重要的是，保持均衡健康的饮食对你来说是非常必要的。因此，最好的方法是自己在家做饭，而不是去餐馆吃。我坚信如果你听从我的建议，你一定会更健康。
Hearing that you suffered from poor health because of your habit of having fast food with high fat and little fibre，I’m writing 1.to offer some advice to you.To begin with，you should know that your aim is 2.to stay healthy，and 3.what to eat in your daily life is healthy food with high vitamins and low fat.What’s more，it is very essential for you 4.to keep a balanced and healthy diet.Therefore，the best way is 5.to cook at home by yourself rather than going to the restaurant.I do believe you are to be healthier if you follow my advice.
作业3　Grammar and usage
[分值：74.5分]
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(共8小题；每小题1.5分，满分12分)
1．It is not easy for a foreigner to learn(learn) to speak Chinese.
2．When and where to hold(hold) the conference is still under discussion.
3．When she learned he felt down，all that she could do was (to) comfort(comfort) him.
4．The purpose of education is to develop(develop) a fine personality in children.
5．The first thing we should consider is how to deal(deal) with the tough problem.
6．Our students’ job is to study(study) hard to realize our great ambition in the future.
7．It took him a long time to acquire(acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.
8．It has been a pleasure to work(work) closely with Gordon and he leaves the club with all our best wishes.
Ⅱ.单句写作(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)
1．她真蠢，一次又一次地犯同样的错误。
It is stupid of her to make the same mistake again and again.
2．对她来说树立起这个小男孩的自信是非常重要的。
It is quite important for her to build up the little boy’s confidence.
3．晚上他唯一能做的就是安静地读书。
In the evening，the only thing he could do was (to) read a book quietly.
4．在去博物馆的路上，雨下得特别大，我们忍不住想知道要花多久能到达那里。
On our way to the museum，it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get there.
5．(应用文写作之演讲稿)能有机会在这里发表演讲，我感到非常荣幸。
It is a great honour for me to have the opportunity to deliver a speech here.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2024·江苏常州高二上期中联考)
Climate breakdown is already changing the taste and quality of beer，scientists have warned.The quantity and quality of hops(啤酒花)，a key ingredient in most beers，is being affected by global heating，according to a study.As a result，beer may become more expensive and producers will have to adapt their methods.
Researchers forecast that hop yields in European growing regions will fall by 4－18% by 2050 if farmers do not adapt to hotter and drier weather，while the content of alpha acids in the hops，which gives beers their unique taste and smell，will fall by 20－31%.
“Beer drinkers will definitely see the climate change，either in the price tag or the quality，” said Miroslav Trnka，a scientist at the Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences and co-author of the study，published in the journal Nature Communications.“That seems to be inevitable from our data.”
Beer，the third-most popular drink in the world after water and tea，is made by fermenting(发酵) malted grains like barley with yeast.It is usually flavored with sweet-smelling hops grown mostly in the middle latitudes(纬度) that are sensitive to changes in light，heat and water.
In recent years，demand for high-quality hops has been pushed up by a boom in craft beers with stronger flavors.But releases of planet-heating gases are putting the plant at risk，the study found.
The researchers compared the average annual yield of aroma hops during the periods 1971－1994 and 1995－2018 and found “a significant production decrease” of 0.13－0.27 tons per hectare.Celje，in Slovenia，had the greatest fall in average annual hop yield at 19.4%.In Germany，the second biggest hop producer in the world，average hop yields have fallen 19.1% in Spalt,13.7% in Hallertau，and 9.5% in Tettnang，the study found.
Andreas Auernhammer，a hop farmer in Spalt in southern Germany，said the total rainfall in his fields had changed little but that now “the rain does not come at the right time”．
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现全球变暖正在影响啤酒花的产量与质量。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及影响啤酒花调味的因素。
1．How may beer lovers find about beer due to climate change
A．More affordable. B．Less tasty.
C．More adaptable. D．Less sensitive.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，由于气候变化，啤酒花产量下降，而啤酒花中阿尔法酸的含量也将会下降，这些都会影响啤酒的口味，由此可知，啤酒爱好者可能会觉得啤酒不那么美味了。故选B。
2．What does the underlined word “inevitable” in paragraph 3 most probably mean
A．Unimaginable. B．Unbearable.
C．Unavoidable. D．Unusual.
答案　C
解析　词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“Beer drinkers will definitely see the climate change，either in the price tag or the quality”可知，啤酒饮用者肯定会察觉到气候变化的影响，无论是从啤酒的价格标签上还是质量上，说明对啤酒的影响是不可避免的。故画线词意思是“不可避免的”，故选C。
3．What can we infer from Andreas’s words
A．Rainfall has little to do with beer making.
B．There is little production decrease in his area.
C．More rain is needed to improve the situation.
D．Rainfall pattern affects hop production.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中Andreas说的话可知，他的田地里的总降雨量几乎没有变化，但现在“雨来的不是时候”，即降雨模式发生了变化，再结合倒数第二段中“average hop yields have fallen 19.1% in Spalt”讲Andreas所在地区的啤酒花产量下降可推知，降雨模式影响啤酒花产量，故选D。
4．How did the researchers mainly carry out the research
A．Analyzing data.
B．Conducting a survey.
C．Doing experiments.
D．Using logic thinking.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The researchers compared the average annual yield of aroma hops during the periods 1971－1994 and 1995－2018 and found...0.13－0.27 tons...at 19.4%...fallen 19.1%...13.7% in...9.5% in...”可知，研究人员主要通过分析数据进行研究，故选A。
B(此篇精读)
(2024·重庆高二上期中)
For more than half a century，scientists have sought to understand X-rays from space and what they reveal about our galaxy and the universe beyond it.As it turns out，lobsters can help astronomers do just that.
Lobsters(龙虾) have developed specialized eyes to see in their dark habitats located up to around 2,300 feet below the ocean surface.Unlike humans，whose eyes consist of rounded lenses that bend light，lobsters’ eyes depend on reflection.Each of their two eyes is packed with up to 10,000 square-shaped tubes.Each tube is lined with a flat，reflective surface that acts like a mirror to direct incoming light down to the retina(视网膜)．This setup affords lobsters a full 180-degree view，compared with humans’ 120-degree vision.
The breakthrough idea connecting lobster eyes to astronomy came in 1978 when Roger Angel，an astronomer at the University of Arizona，drew inspiration from an article on animal vision.Angel envisioned creating instruments imitating lobster eyes to enhance the capture of cosmic X-rays during missions beyond Earth’s orbit.In 1992，researchers from Columbia University ran the first successful X-ray measurements using lobster-eye instruments.It took another 15 years before the tech was adapted for spacecraft missions.“This is a technology that’s been around a long time in astrophysics，” says Scott Porter，an astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Today，Porter’s team has developed specialized instruments to better understand how solar wind interact with Earth’s magnetic(磁的) field.Researchers pack thousands of tiny glass tubes and then heat and curve them to create a ball shape that can concentrate the X-rays into a singular point.Plus，many of these tools are much lighter and smaller than traditional X-ray instruments，and therefore easier to incorporate into multi-instrument missions.
Porter says that the number of applications for lobster-based instruments have increased in recent years.As projects receive funding，lobster eye instruments may become a key tool in our quest to better understand the vast，mysterious universe.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍科学家们发现龙虾的眼睛具有独特的结构，这可以帮助他们观测太空中的X射线，指导探索更远的宇宙。近年来，模拟龙虾眼睛的结构而制造出的仪器得到了越来越广泛的应用。未来，它可能成为帮助科学家更好地了解神秘宇宙的关键工具。
5．How does the structure of lobster eyes contribute to their vision capabilities
A．The square-shaped lenses help the eyes focus better.
B．Tubes in the eyes can refract light in multiple directions.
C．The shape of the eyes can provide a clearer field of vision.
D．Reflective surfaces of tubes in the eyes direct light to the retina.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Unlike humans...lobsters’ eyes depend on reflection...reflective surface that acts like a mirror to direct incoming light down to the retina(视网膜)．”可知，龙虾眼睛的结构对它们的视觉能力的影响在于眼睛里的反射管将光线直射到视网膜。故选D。
6．What can we know from paragraph 3 about lobster-eye instruments
A．They were first invented by Roger Angel.
B．They are developed for deep-sea exploration.
C．They were first introduced in space missions in 2007.
D．They helped researchers capture cosmic X-rays in 1992.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“In 1992，researchers from Columbia University ran the first successful X-ray measurements using lobster-eye instruments.It took another 15 years before the tech was adapted for spacecraft missions.”可知，1992年研究人员使用龙虾眼仪器进行了第一次成功的X射线测量，15年后即2017年，这项技术才被应用于航天任务。故选C。
7．What is Porter’s attitude towards lobster-based instruments
A．Skeptical B．Positive.
C．Indifferent. D．Confused.
答案　B
解析　观点态度题。根据倒数第三段中“‘This is a technology that’s been around a long time in astrophysics，’ says Scott Porter...”以及最后一段内容可知，波特认为这项技术在天体物理学领域已经存在很长时间了，并且在近年来基于龙虾的仪器的应用数量有所增加，而且在未来这种仪器可能成为我们了解和探索宇宙的关键，因此波特对龙虾眼仪器的态度是积极的。故选B。
8．What is the passage mainly about
A．The application of lobster-eye instruments in various fields.
B．The unique setup of lobster eyes adapted for deep-sea vision.
C．The development of lobster-eye instruments for space X-rays.
D．The difference between lobster-eye instruments and traditional ones.
答案　C
解析　主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文介绍的是科学家们发现龙虾的眼睛具有独特的结构，这可以帮助他们观测太空中的X射线，指导探索更远的宇宙。近年来，模拟龙虾眼睛的结构而制造出的仪器得到了越来越广泛的应用。未来，它可能成为帮助科学家更好地了解神秘宇宙的关键工具。C选项“用于探究太空X射线的龙虾眼仪器的发展过程”符合文章主旨。故选C。
[词汇积累] 1．reveal v．揭示；展示 2．consist of由……组成/构成 3．reflection n．反射；映像，倒影；反映，显示；深思；描述；感想→reflect v．照出(影像)；反映，显示；反射；沉思；表达(意见)→reflective adj.反射的，反光的；代表性的；深思的 4．be packed with装满，充满 5．direct熟义：adj.笔直的，径直的；直接的　生义(文义)：v.指引，引导 6．breakthrough n．重大进展；突破 7．heat(转)n.→v.加热 [句式分析] 1．Plus，many of these tools are much lighter and smaller than traditional X-ray instruments，and therefore easier to incorporate into multi-instrument missions. 分析：此句为简单句，其中包含“be＋adj.＋to do”结构。 翻译：此外，这些工具中的许多都比传统的X射线仪器更轻、更小，因此更容易合并到多仪器任务中。 2．It took another 15 years before the tech was adapted for spacecraft missions. 分析：此句为复合句。before引导时间状语从句，意为“……之后才……” 翻译：又过了15年，这项技术才被用于航天器任务。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
(2024·湖南高二上期中)
Think back to the last time you shopped for fruit and vegetables.You may have noticed some items labelled with the word “organic”． 1
“Organic” refers to the way food is grown.To be labelled as “organic”，food production must meet strict guidelines.These can be different depending on where you live.In the United States，organic foods must be grown or raised without using pesticides or chemical fertilizers.
2 That changed after the Industrial Revolution.During the 20th century，many ideas that were used by factories and big businesses were put into action on farms.This helped some farms grow larger and produce more.
However，the organic movement was started to get back to the old traditional ways of farming.Why Many believe the chemicals and pesticides used in modern farming can be harmful to your health. 3 And those who support the organic movement also point to its benefits for the environment.
Have you ever compared organic and non-organic foods at the grocery store If so，you know that organic food tends to cost more.This happens for many reasons.Organic farming produces fewer crops. 4 Additionally，organic farms spend more money taking care of the animals they raise.These and other factors drive the cost of organic food up.
Is organic food worth the extra cost Some people believe it is.They may think it tastes better or just prefer to eat food that has not been grown using chemicals. 5 They are still trying to find a major difference between organic and non-organic food in terms of safety，nutrition，or taste.Still，others argue that the environmental benefits of organic food make it worth the price.
A．Have you ever wondered what that means
B．For most of history，almost all food was organic.
C．Are you wondering if organic food is right for you
D．Some also think organic foods are naturally more nutritious.
E．It is always best to choose organically grown foods if possible.
F．So it costs people much more money to purchase organic food.
G．Scientists have studied organic and non-organic foods for many years.
1．答案　A
解析　根据上文“You may have noticed some items labelled with the word ‘organic’．”以及第二段首句“‘Organic’ refers to the way food is grown.”可知，空处承上启下，需要提出“有机”是什么意思。A选项“你有没有想过它是什么意思？”符合语境。故选A。
2．答案　B
解析　根据下文“That changed after the Industrial Revolution.”可知，空处说明工业革命前的情况。B选项“在历史的大部分时间里，几乎所有的食物都是有机的”符合语境。故选B。
3．答案　D
解析　根据上文“Many believe the chemicals and pesticides used in modern farming can be harmful to your health.”可知，空处承接上文，说明另一些人的看法。D选项“一些人还认为有机食品自然而然地更有营养”符合语境。故选D。
4．答案　F
解析　根据上文“If so，you know that organic food tends to cost more.This happens for many reasons.Organic farming produces fewer crops.”可知，空处与上文构成因果关系，指出因为有机作物产量少，所以价格更高。F选项“所以人们买有机食品要花更多的钱”符合语境。故选F。
5．答案　G
解析　根据下文“They are still trying to find a major difference between organic and non-organic food in terms of safety，nutrition，or taste.”可知，空处应提到They指代的对象，且该对象对有机食品和非有机食品进行了研究。G选项“科学家对有机食品和非有机食品研究了很多年了”符合语境。故选G。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
(2024·山东烟台高二上期末)
An exhibition featuring “Jiaodong flower bobo” was held at Yantai Culture Center to greet the 1. (approach) Spring Festival.
Made of wheat，bobo can assume various forms of animals and figures,2._________ (decorate) with red jujubes(枣) and colorful flowers.Eatable and entertaining，this kind of bobo looks like a delicate handicraft，showing the food culture and artistic pursuit of the local people.
It’s hard to know when Jiaodong flower bobo first appeared.In ancient times it 3.________ (use) as offerings.It still enjoys great 4. (popular) in the rural areas of Weihai，Yantai and Qingdao，where people steam bobo to celebrate special occasions like the Spring Festival，weddings and birthdays，as the word for “steam” 5. (pronounce) “zheng” in Chinese，indicating life’s fortune will rise.
The exhibition was designed to showcase the city’s protection of the craftsmanship of Jiaodong flower bobo,6. was included in the Shandong provincial government’s intangible cultural heritage list in 2009.
The exhibition gathered 100 works by 20 inheritors(传承人) of the Jiaodong flower bobo modeling craft from Qixia，Laizhou，Zhaoyuan and Longkou.The purpose of inviting the inheritors was 7. (introduce) the art of making Jiaodong flower bobo.One of them，Jia Yuping from Qixia，said it was 8. honor to preserve and promote the heritage and that she was 9. (hope) about its future.
“We wish to introduce to our citizens the folk customs of celebrating Chinese Lunar New Year 10. the exhibition，” said an organizer.
语篇解读　这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了在烟台市文化中心举办的一场关于胶东花饽饽的展览。
1．答案　approaching
解析　考查非谓语动词。空格处用非谓语形式作定语，修饰后面的名词短语Spring Festival，此名词短语与approach之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词approaching。故填approaching。
2．答案　decorated
解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，decorate与其逻辑主语bobo构成被动关系，故用过去分词形式。故填decorated。
3．答案　was used
解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语In ancient times可知，句子描述过去发生的事情，所以时态用一般过去时；主语it与use之间为被动关系，所以应用被动语态；主语it为单数，be动词用was。故填was used。
4．答案　popularity
解析　考查名词。作动词enjoy的宾语，应用名词popularity，不可数。故填popularity。
5．答案　is pronounced
解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为word，单数，与pronounce之间为被动关系。故填is pronounced。
6．答案　which
解析　考查定语从句。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Jiaodong flower bobo，指物，关系词在从句中作主语。故填which。
7．答案　to introduce
解析　考查非谓语动词。空处用不定式作表语，解释说明主语purpose的具体内容。故填to introduce。
8．答案　an
解析　考查冠词。此处表达“一种荣誉”，为泛指，应用不定冠词；honor的发音以元音音素开头，应用不定冠词an修饰。故填an。
9．答案　hopeful
解析　考查形容词。空处作表语，应用形容词hopeful。故填hopeful。
10．答案　through
解析　考查介词。此处指通过这次展览把这个庆祝中国春节的民间习俗介绍给市民，应用介词through，表示“通过，凭借”。故填through。(共75张PPT)
Period 3
Grammar and usage—To-infinitives as subjects and predicatives
Food matters
Unit 1
内容索引
情境导读
语法总览
语法精讲
作业3
达标检测
情境导读
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并分析其所作成分
①It is my great honour to deliver a speech about my dream.②My dream is to become a teacher.③When I was a little kid，my mother told me it is not easy to be a good teacher.④When I heard my mother’s words，my puzzle was what to do to become a teacher.⑤Mother told me it would take a lot of energy and time to make my dream come true.⑥Since then I have kept in mind that if I want to pursue my dream，to study hard is the first thing that I should do.
1.句①③⑤中to deliver a speech，to be a good teacher，to make my dream come true均为动词不定式短语作 ，it作 。句⑥中to study hard为动词不定式短语作 语。
2.句②中to become a teacher为动词不定式短语作 语，此句的主语为
。句④中what to do为“特殊疑问词＋动词不定式”作 语。
真正的主语
形式主语
主
My dream
返 回
表
表
语法总览
返 回
语法精讲
一、动词不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语通常表示个别的、具体的、一次性的或者具有将来含义的动作，并且句子的谓语动词采用第三人称单数形式。常见的动词不定式作主语的情况主要有四类：
1.动词不定式直接作主语。
To finish the work before Friday is not so easy.
在周五之前完成这项工作没有那么容易。
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
骑自行车到那里将花费我们半个小时的时间。
注意：动名词也可以作主语，但表示动作经常反复发生，而不是只针对某一次。
Talking loudly in public places is not good.
在公共场所大声说话不好。
2.形式主语it放在句首，真正的主语——动词不定式放在后面。
It would be better for you to cycle around the lake.你最好绕着湖骑自行车。
It’s not easy to work out the problem.
计算出这道题不容易。
It is interesting to play with snow in winter.
冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。
注意：it作形式主语时，有三种情况：
①用形容词作它的表语。真正的主语(动词不定式)通常有逻辑主语，一般用for短语来引出，即for sb to do sth。但当作表语的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，要用of引出其逻辑主语。此时的表语形容词往往有clever，foolish，kind，nice，polite，silly，stupid，wise等。如：
It’s easy for him to work out this math problem.对他来说解出这道数学题很容易。
It was careless of him to drink the vinegar in that bottle by mistake.
＝He was careless to drink the vinegar in that bottle by mistake.
他真粗心，误把那瓶醋喝了。
②用名词作表语。如：
It is a great honor for me to deliver a speech on how to learn English well.
我很荣幸能做一个关于如何学好英语的演讲。
③用于“It takes/took/will take sb some time/money to do sth.”句型。如：
It took me more than an hour to do my homework yesterday evening.
昨天晚上我用了一个多小时的时间做作业。
3.“特殊疑问词＋不定式”作主语。
常见的特殊疑问词有what，who，which，when，where，how等。采用“特殊疑问词＋不定式”作主语，句子的谓语同样采用第三人称单数形式。
How to relieve the pain is a question.
如何缓解疼痛是一个问题。
Where to hold the meeting hasn’t been decided.
还没有定下来在哪里举行会议。
4.动词不定式的被动形式作主语。
To be admitted by a key university is difficult for him.对他来说，被一所重点大学录取是困难的。
二、动词不定式作表语
1.动词不定式直接作表语说明主语的具体内容，表示“即将进行的一次性动作或将来的状态”。作主语的词往往是aim，ambition，goal，wish，duty，hope，idea，job，plan，problem，function，purpose，task，intention，decision，way等。
To live is to do something worthwhile.
活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。
His wish is to become an astronaut.
他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。
My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
我的主要目的是指出这件事的困难。
注意：如果主语部分含有实义动词do的某种形式时，表语中的to可以省略。
What we can do now is (to) wait here patiently.
我们现在能做的就是在这里耐心等待。
2.动词不定式的被动形式作表语。
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university.
他希望能被那所大学录取。
注意：①有些作表语的动词不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。
She is to blame for the accident last night.
她应该为昨天晚上发生的事故负责。
②若不定式的动作发生在谓语之前，则用不定式的完成式：主动用to have done，被动用to have been done。
His eyes were shut and he seemed to have fallen asleep.
他的双眼闭着，看上去像是已经睡着了。
Do let your mother know all the truth.She appears to have been told everything.
一定要让你母亲知道所有的真相。她似乎什么都被告知了。
3.“特殊疑问词＋不定式”作表语。
常见的特殊疑问词有what，who，which，when，where，how等。“特殊疑问词＋不定式”通常与be动词构成系表结构，作be动词的表语。
The greatest problem we are facing now is how to finish the work on time.
我们现在面临的最大问题是如何按时完成工作。
返 回
达标检测
1.Then we will know how important is to make our life meaningful.
2.It is not a simple matter (determine) the nature of talent.
3.The aim of the talent show is (enrich) students’ extra-curricular activities.
4.Whether studying abroad will do harm to teenagers or good remains
(see).
5.Another way of setting realistic goals is (analyse) your short and long objectives.
it
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
to determine
to enrich
to be seen
to analyse
6.My explanation seemed (make) things worse，which drove me more anxious than before.
7.How (relieve) pain，from illness or stress，is a question needing careful consideration.
8.Most people believe that the best way to build a great team is _________
(gather) a group of the most talented individuals.
to have made
to relieve
to gather
听说你因为习惯吃高脂肪和少纤维的快餐而健康状况不佳，我写信给你提供一些建议。首先，你应该知道你的目标是保持健康，在你的日常生活中要吃的是高维生素和低脂肪的健康食品。
Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能多地使用动词不定式
Hearing that you suffered from poor health because of your habit of having fast food with high fat and little fibre，I’m writing 1.___________
.To begin with，you should know that your aim is 2._____
，and 3. is healthy food with high vitamins and low fat.
to offer some
advice to you
to
stay healthy
what to eat in your daily life
更重要的是，保持均衡健康的饮食对你来说是非常必要的。因此，最好的方法是自己在家做饭，而不是去餐馆吃。我坚信如果你听从我的建议，你一定会更健康。
What’s more，it is very essential for you 4.__________________________
.Therefore，the best way is 5. rather than going to the restaurant.I do believe you are to be healthier if you follow my advice.
to keep a balanced and healthy
diet
to cook at home by yourself
返 回
作业3
1.It is not easy for a foreigner (learn) to speak Chinese.
2.When and where (hold) the conference is still under discussion.
3.When she learned he felt down，all that she could do was ____________
(comfort) him.
4.The purpose of education is (develop) a fine personality in children.
5.The first thing we should consider is how (deal) with the tough problem.
to learn
to hold
(to) comfort
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
to develop
to deal
6.Our students’ job is (study) hard to realize our great ambition in the future.
7.It took him a long time (acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.
8.It has been a pleasure (work) closely with Gordon and he leaves the club with all our best wishes.
to study
to acquire
to work
1.她真蠢，一次又一次地犯同样的错误。
the same mistake again and again.
2.对她来说树立起这个小男孩的自信是非常重要的。
It is quite important .
3.晚上他唯一能做的就是安静地读书。
In the evening，the only thing he could do .
Ⅱ.单句写作
It is stupid of her to make
for her to build up the little boy’s confidence
was (to) read a book quietly
4.在去博物馆的路上，雨下得特别大，我们忍不住想知道要花多久能到达那里。
On our way to the museum，it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering .
5.(应用文写作之演讲稿)能有机会在这里发表演讲，我感到非常荣幸。
the opportunity to deliver a speech here.
how long it would take to get there
It is a great honour for me to have
A
(2024·江苏常州高二上期中联考)
Climate breakdown is already changing the taste and quality of beer，scientists have warned.The quantity and quality of hops(啤酒花)，a key ingredient in most beers，is being affected by global heating，according to a study.As a result，beer may become more expensive and producers will have to adapt their methods.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现全球变暖正在影响啤酒花的产量与质量。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及影响啤酒花调味的因素。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
Researchers forecast that hop yields in European growing regions will fall by 4－18% by 2050 if farmers do not adapt to hotter and drier weather，while the content of alpha acids in the hops，which gives beers their unique taste and smell，will fall by 20－31%.
“Beer drinkers will definitely see the climate change，either in the price tag or the quality，” said Miroslav Trnka，a scientist at the Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences and co-author of the study，published in the journal Nature Communications.“That seems to be inevitable from our data.”
Beer，the third-most popular drink in the world after water and tea，is made by fermenting(发酵) malted grains like barley with yeast.It is usually flavored with sweet-smelling hops grown mostly in the middle latitudes(纬度) that are sensitive to changes in light，heat and water.
In recent years，demand for high-quality hops has been pushed up by a boom in craft beers with stronger flavors.But releases of planet-heating gases are putting the plant at risk，the study found.
The researchers compared the average annual yield of aroma hops during the periods 1971－1994 and 1995－2018 and found “a significant production decrease” of 0.13－0.27 tons per hectare.Celje，in Slovenia，had the greatest fall in average annual hop yield at 19.4%.In Germany，the second biggest hop producer in the world，average hop yields have fallen 19.1% in Spalt,13.7% in Hallertau，and 9.5% in Tettnang，the study found.
Andreas Auernhammer，a hop farmer in Spalt in southern Germany，said the total rainfall in his fields had changed little but that now “the rain does not come at the right time”.
1.How may beer lovers find about beer due to climate change
A.More affordable. B.Less tasty.
C.More adaptable. D.Less sensitive.
细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，由于气候变化，啤酒花产量下降，而啤酒花中阿尔法酸的含量也将会下降，这些都会影响啤酒的口味，由此可知，啤酒爱好者可能会觉得啤酒不那么美味了。故选B。
解析
√
2.What does the underlined word “inevitable” in paragraph 3 most probably mean
A.Unimaginable. B.Unbearable.
C.Unavoidable. D.Unusual.
词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“Beer drinkers will definitely see the climate change，either in the price tag or the quality”可知，啤酒饮用者肯定会察觉到气候变化的影响，无论是从啤酒的价格标签上还是质量上，说明对啤酒的影响是不可避免的。故画线词意思是“不可避免的”，故选C。
解析
√
3.What can we infer from Andreas’s words
A.Rainfall has little to do with beer making.
B.There is little production decrease in his area.
C.More rain is needed to improve the situation.
D.Rainfall pattern affects hop production.
推理判断题。根据最后一段中Andreas说的话可知，他的田地里的总降雨量几乎没有变化，但现在“雨来的不是时候”，即降雨模式发生了变化，再结合倒数第二段中“average hop yields have fallen 19.1% in Spalt”讲Andreas所在地区的啤酒花产量下降可推知，降雨模式影响啤酒花产量，故选D。
解析
√
4.How did the researchers mainly carry out the research
A.Analyzing data.
B.Conducting a survey.
C.Doing experiments.
D.Using logic thinking.
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The researchers compared the average annual yield of aroma hops during the periods 1971－1994 and 1995－2018 and found...0.13－0.27 tons...at 19.4%...fallen 19.1%...13.7% in...9.5% in...”可知，研究人员主要通过分析数据进行研究，故选A。
解析
√
B(此篇精读)
(2024·重庆高二上期中)
For more than half a century，scientists have sought to understand X-rays from space and what they reveal about our galaxy and the universe beyond it.As it turns out，lobsters can help astronomers do just that.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍科学家们发现龙虾的眼睛具有独特的结构，这可以帮助他们观测太空中的X射线，指导探索更远的宇宙。近年来，模拟龙虾眼睛的结构而制造出的仪器得到了越来越广泛的应用。未来，它可能成为帮助科学家更好地了解神秘宇宙的关键工具。
Lobsters(龙虾) have developed specialized eyes to see in their dark habitats located up to around 2,300 feet below the ocean surface.Unlike humans，whose eyes consist of rounded lenses that bend light，lobsters’ eyes depend on reflection.Each of their two eyes is packed with up to 10,000 square-shaped tubes.Each tube is lined with a flat，reflective surface that acts like a mirror to direct incoming light down to the retina(视网膜).This setup affords lobsters a full 180-degree view，compared with humans’ 120-degree vision.
The breakthrough idea connecting lobster eyes to astronomy came in 1978 when Roger Angel，an astronomer at the University of Arizona，drew inspiration from an article on animal vision.Angel envisioned creating instruments imitating lobster eyes to enhance the capture of cosmic X-rays during missions beyond Earth’s orbit.In 1992，researchers from Columbia University ran the first successful X-ray measurements using lobster-eye instruments.It took another 15 years before the tech was adapted for spacecraft missions.“This is a technology that’s been around a long time in astrophysics，” says Scott Porter，an astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Today，Porter’s team has developed specialized instruments to better understand how solar wind interact with Earth’s magnetic(磁的) field.Researchers pack thousands of tiny glass tubes and then heat and curve them to create a ball shape that can concentrate the X-rays into a singular point.Plus，many of these tools are much lighter and smaller than traditional X-ray instruments，and therefore easier to incorporate into multi-instrument missions.
Porter says that the number of applications for lobster-based instruments have increased in recent years.As projects receive funding，lobster eye instruments may become a key tool in our quest to better understand the vast，mysterious universe.
5.How does the structure of lobster eyes contribute to their vision capabilities
A.The square-shaped lenses help the eyes focus better.
B.Tubes in the eyes can refract light in multiple directions.
C.The shape of the eyes can provide a clearer field of vision.
D.Reflective surfaces of tubes in the eyes direct light to the retina.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Unlike humans...lobsters’ eyes depend on reflection...reflective surface that acts like a mirror to direct incoming light down to the retina(视网膜).”可知，龙虾眼睛的结构对它们的视觉能力的影响在于眼睛里的反射管将光线直射到视网膜。故选D。
解析
6.What can we know from paragraph 3 about lobster-eye instruments
A.They were first invented by Roger Angel.
B.They are developed for deep-sea exploration.
C.They were first introduced in space missions in 2007.
D.They helped researchers capture cosmic X-rays in 1992.
细节理解题。根据第三段中“In 1992，researchers from Columbia University ran the first successful X-ray measurements using lobster-eye instruments.It took another 15 years before the tech was adapted for spacecraft missions.”可知，1992年研究人员使用龙虾眼仪器进行了第一次成功的X射线测量，15年后即2017年，这项技术才被应用于航天任务。故选C。
解析
√
7.What is Porter’s attitude towards lobster-based instruments
A.Skeptical B.Positive.
C.Indifferent. D.Confused.
观点态度题。根据倒数第三段中“‘This is a technology that’s been around a long time in astrophysics，’ says Scott Porter...”以及最后一段内容可知，波特认为这项技术在天体物理学领域已经存在很长时间了，并且在近年来基于龙虾的仪器的应用数量有所增加，而且在未来这种仪器可能成为我们了解和探索宇宙的关键，因此波特对龙虾眼仪器的态度是积极的。故选B。
解析
√
8.What is the passage mainly about
A.The application of lobster-eye instruments in various fields.
B.The unique setup of lobster eyes adapted for deep-sea vision.
C.The development of lobster-eye instruments for space X-rays.
D.The difference between lobster-eye instruments and traditional ones.
√
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文介绍的是科学家们发现龙虾的眼睛具有独特的结构，这可以帮助他们观测太空中的X射线，指导探索更远的宇宙。近年来，模拟龙虾眼睛的结构而制造出的仪器得到了越来越广泛的应用。未来，它可能成为帮助科学家更好地了解神秘宇宙的关键工具。C选项“用于探究太空X射线的龙虾眼仪器的发展过程”符合文章主旨。故选C。
解析
1.reveal v.揭示；展示
2.consist of由……组成/构成
3.reflection n.反射；映像，倒影；反映，显示；深思；描述；感想→reflect v.照出(影像)；反映，显示；反射；沉思；表达(意见)→reflective adj.反射的，反光的；代表性的；深思的
4.be packed with装满，充满
5.direct熟义：adj.笔直的，径直的；直接的　生义(文义)：v.指引，引导
6.breakthrough n.重大进展；突破
7.heat(转)n.→v.加热
词汇积累
1.Plus，many of these tools are much lighter and smaller than traditional X-ray instruments，and therefore easier to incorporate into multi-instrument missions.
分析：此句为简单句，其中包含“be＋adj.＋to do”结构。
翻译：此外，这些工具中的许多都比传统的X射线仪器更轻、更小，因此更容易合并到多仪器任务中。
句式分析
2.It took another 15 years before the tech was adapted for spacecraft missions.
分析：此句为复合句。before引导时间状语从句，意为“……之后才……”
翻译：又过了15年，这项技术才被用于航天器任务。
(2024·湖南高二上期中)
Think back to the last time you shopped for fruit and vegetables.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了关于有机食品的一些相关信息。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
You may have noticed some items labelled with the word “organic”. 1
A.Have you ever wondered what that means
B.For most of history，almost all food was organic.
C.Are you wondering if organic food is right for you
D.Some also think organic foods are naturally more nutritious.
E.It is always best to choose organically grown foods if possible.
F.So it costs people much more money to purchase organic food.
G.Scientists have studied organic and non-organic foods for many years.
√
根据上文“You may have noticed some items labelled with the word ‘organic’.”以及第二段首句“‘Organic’ refers to the way food is grown.”可知，空处承上启下，需要提出“有机”是什么意思。A选项“你有没有想过它是什么意思？”符合语境。故选A。
解析
“Organic” refers to the way food is grown.To be labelled as “organic”，food production must meet strict guidelines.These can be different depending on where you live.In the United States，organic foods must be grown or raised without using pesticides or chemical fertilizers.
2 That changed after the Industrial Revolution.
A.Have you ever wondered what that means
B.For most of history，almost all food was organic.
C.Are you wondering if organic food is right for you
D.Some also think organic foods are naturally more nutritious.
E.It is always best to choose organically grown foods if possible.
F.So it costs people much more money to purchase organic food.
G.Scientists have studied organic and non-organic foods for many years.
√
根据下文“That changed after the Industrial Revolution.”可知，空处说明工业革命前的情况。B选项“在历史的大部分时间里，几乎所有的食物都是有机的”符合语境。故选B。
解析
During the 20th century，many ideas that were used by factories and big businesses were put into action on farms.This helped some farms grow larger and produce more.
However，the organic movement was started to get back to the old traditional ways of farming.Why Many believe the chemicals and pesticides used in modern farming can be harmful to your health.
3 And those who support the organic movement also point to its benefits for the environment.
A.Have you ever wondered what that means
B.For most of history，almost all food was organic.
C.Are you wondering if organic food is right for you
D.Some also think organic foods are naturally more nutritious.
E.It is always best to choose organically grown foods if possible.
F.So it costs people much more money to purchase organic food.
G.Scientists have studied organic and non-organic foods for many years.
√
根据上文“Many believe the chemicals and pesticides used in modern farming can be harmful to your health.”可知，空处承接上文，说明另一些人的看法。D选项“一些人还认为有机食品自然而然地更有营养”符合语境。故选D。
解析
Have you ever compared organic and non-organic foods at the grocery store If so，you know that organic food tends to cost more.This happens for many reasons. Organic farming produces fewer crops.
4 Additionally，organic farms spend more money taking care of the animals they raise.These and other factors drive the cost of organic food up.
A.Have you ever wondered what that means
B.For most of history，almost all food was organic.
C.Are you wondering if organic food is right for you
D.Some also think organic foods are naturally more nutritious.
E.It is always best to choose organically grown foods if possible.
F.So it costs people much more money to purchase organic food.
G.Scientists have studied organic and non-organic foods for many years.
√
根据上文“If so，you know that organic food tends to cost more.This happens for many reasons.Organic farming produces fewer crops.”可知，空处与上文构成因果关系，指出因为有机作物产量少，所以价格更高。F选项“所以人们买有机食品要花更多的钱”符合语境。故选F。
解析
Is organic food worth the extra cost Some people believe it is.They may think it tastes better or just prefer to eat food that has not been grown using chemicals.
5 They are still trying to find a major difference between organic and non-organic food in terms of safety，nutrition，or taste.Still，others argue that the environmental benefits of organic food make it worth the price.
A.Have you ever wondered what that means
B.For most of history，almost all food was organic.
C.Are you wondering if organic food is right for you
D.Some also think organic foods are naturally more nutritious.
E.It is always best to choose organically grown foods if possible.
F.So it costs people much more money to purchase organic food.
G.Scientists have studied organic and non-organic foods for many years.
√
根据下文“They are still trying to find a major difference between organic and non-organic food in terms of safety，nutrition，or taste.”可知，空处应提到They指代的对象，且该对象对有机食品和非有机食品进行了研究。G选项“科学家对有机食品和非有机食品研究了很多年了”符合语境。故选G。
解析
(2024·山东烟台高二上期末)
An exhibition featuring “Jiaodong flower bobo” was held at Yantai Culture Center to greet the 1. (approach) Spring Festival.
语篇解读　这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了在烟台市文化中心举办的一场关于胶东花饽饽的展览。
approaching
考查非谓语动词。空格处用非谓语形式作定语，修饰后面的名词短语Spring Festival，此名词短语与approach之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词approaching。故填approaching。
解析
Ⅴ.语法填空
Made of wheat，bobo can assume various forms of animals and figures,2.___________(decorate) with red jujubes(枣) and colorful flowers.Eatable and entertaining，this kind of bobo looks like a delicate handicraft，showing the food culture and artistic pursuit of the local people.
decorated
考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，decorate与其逻辑主语bobo构成被动关系，故用过去分词形式。故填decorated。
解析
It’s hard to know when Jiaodong flower bobo first appeared.In ancient times it 3.__________(use) as offerings.It still enjoys great 4.___________(popular) in the rural areas of Weihai，Yantai and Qingdao，
was used
3.考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语In ancient times可知，句子描述过去发生的事情，所以时态用一般过去时；主语it与use之间为被动关系，所以应用被动语态；主语it为单数，be动词用was。故填was used。
4.考查名词。作动词enjoy的宾语，应用名词popularity，不可数。故填popularity。
解析
popularity
where people steam bobo to celebrate special occasions like the Spring Festival，weddings and birthdays，as the word for “steam” 5._________
_____________(pronounce) “zheng” in Chinese，indicating life’s fortune will rise.
is
考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为word，单数，与pronounce之间为被动关系。故填is pronounced。
解析
pronounced
The exhibition was designed to showcase the city’s protection of the craftsmanship of Jiaodong flower bobo,6. was included in the Shandong provincial government’s intangible cultural heritage list in 2009.
which
考查定语从句。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Jiaodong flower bobo，指物，关系词在从句中作主语。故填which。
解析
The exhibition gathered 100 works by 20 inheritors(传承人) of the Jiaodong flower bobo modeling craft from Qixia，Laizhou，Zhaoyuan and Longkou.The purpose of inviting the inheritors was 7._____________ (introduce) the art of making Jiaodong flower bobo.One of them，
to introduce
考查非谓语动词。空处用不定式作表语，解释说明主语purpose的具体内容。故填to introduce。
解析
Jia Yuping from Qixia，said it was 8. honor to preserve and promote the heritage and that she was 9. (hope) about its future.
an
8.考查冠词。此处表达“一种荣誉”，为泛指，应用不定冠词；honor的发音以元音音素开头，应用不定冠词an修饰。故填an。
9.考查形容词。空处作表语，应用形容词hopeful。故填hopeful。
解析
hopeful
“We wish to introduce to our citizens the folk customs of celebrating Chinese Lunar New Year 10. the exhibition，” said an organizer.
through
考查介词。此处指通过这次展览把这个庆祝中国春节的民间习俗介绍给市民，应用介词through，表示“通过，凭借”。故填through。
解析
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