资源简介

Period 3　Discovering Useful Structures
阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成下面的练习
Tom was one of the engineers ①who came from Russia in the 1960s.When he came to India，the first thing ②that he did was to visit the factory ③which did research on buses.Then he used every minute ④that he could spare to help India to develop transportation.Although Tom was a foreigner ⑤whose life was full of ups and downs，he was still determined to contribute to India’s development.Tom was really a person ⑥whom we should respect.
1.加黑处①②③④⑤⑥均为定语从句；
2．加黑处①中的引导词who在引导定语从句时指人，且在从句中作主语或宾语，在此句中作主语；
3．加黑处②④中的引导词that在引导定语从句时既可以指人，也可以指物，且在从句中作主语或宾语，在这两句中均作宾语；
4．加黑处③中的引导词which在引导定语从句时只能指物，且在从句中作主语或宾语，在此句中作主语；
5．加黑处⑤中的引导词whose在引导定语从句时，既可以指人，也可以指物，表示所属关系，只能在从句中作定语；
6．加黑处⑥中的引导词whom在引导定语从句时指人，且只能在从句中作宾语。
限制性定语从句(1)
一、基本概念
1．定义
在主从复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词还在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
2．分类
限制性定语从句 主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去
非限制性定语从句 主句与从句之间用逗号分开，从句起补充说明作用，如果省去从句，主句的意思仍然完整
I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.(限制性定语从句)
我真的很想找一个可以完全信任的朋友。
The children，who were injured in a car accident，are being treated in the hospital now.(非限制性定语从句)
在车祸中受伤的孩子们现在正在医院接受治疗。
二、关系代词的用法
关系代词 指代功能 例句
who在从句中可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略 指人 The number of people who were killed in the disaster was over 100.(作主语)在这场灾难中丧生的人数超过100人。 He is the athlete (who) I met yesterday.(作宾语)他就是我昨天遇到的那个运动员。
whom在从句中作宾语，可省略，此时也可用who代替 指人 The girl (who/whom) the soldier rescued yesterday is John’s sister.战士昨天救的那个女孩是约翰的妹妹。 The man (who/whom) you spoke to just now is my captain.你刚才和他说话的那个人是我的队长。
which在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略 指物 Everywhere I saw，there were buildings which had been destroyed by the earthquake.(作主语)我所看到的每一处都有被地震摧毁的建筑物。 The gold medal (which) she won has been given to her old school.(作宾语)她赢得的金牌被送给了她的母校。
that在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略 既指 人又 指物 Yesterday I read an article that was about natural disasters.(指物，作主语)昨天我读了一篇关于自然灾害的文章。 The woman (that) I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.(指人，作宾语)我在报纸上读到的那个女人刚刚赢得了金牌。
whose在从句中修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 既指 人又 指物 This is the person whose story/the story of whom/of whom the story surprises everybody.(指人)这个人的故事使每个人都惊讶。 The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken can hold 40 students.(指物)门坏了的那间教室能容纳40名学生。 注意：whose＋名词＝“the＋名词＋of which/whom”或“of which/whom＋the＋名词”。
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空/完成句子
1．We chose to live in a house whose window faced south.
2．I will rent a car that/which I can drive to my host family.
3．Do you know the man who/that is delivering a speech
4．The man that/whom/who I referred to just now is from America.
5．我让叔叔给你带去你之前要过的那幅中国画。
I’ve asked my uncle to bring you the Chinese painting (that/which) you’ve asked for before.
6．他是我的朋友，总是帮助那些有困难的人。
He is my friend who/that always helps those in trouble.
三、注意事项
1．宜用that不用which的情况 (口诀：very/only/序/最高，人物/不定that好)
(1)当先行词是all，little，few，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，some等不定代词或者被all，much，little，no等词修饰时。
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都已经做完了。
(2)当先行词被the only，the very等修饰时。
Music is the only thing that interests me.
音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。
(3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the most shocking news that I have ever heard.这是我曾经听过的最令人震惊的消息。
(4)当先行词中既有人又有物时。
She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。
2．宜用which不用that的情况
(1)关系代词前有介词时。
The house in which I used to live became ruins in the big fire.
我过去住的房子在大火中变成一片废墟。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中。
The traveller saw many buildings along the way，which were quite different from those in his hometown.
这个旅行者沿途看到了许多的建筑物，这些建筑物和他家乡的很不一样。
3．宜用who不用that的情况
(1)当先行词是I，you，he，they等人称代词或指人的不定代词，如one，ones，anyone时。
Anyone who does that must be mad.
谁那样做都一定是疯了。
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。
(2)当先行词为指人的those时。
Those who have good manners will be highly respected.那些有礼貌的人会备受尊重。
4．定语从句的谓语动词的形式
(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
(2)“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；在肯定句中，“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。
The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers.放在地上的那个手提箱是她的。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.他是我们班男生中唯一学过法语的。
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空
1．I will do everything that I can to help you solve the problem.
2．The boy and the dog that are described in the picture are rather lovely.
3．Those who like this after-class activity can sign up for it.
4．He is the only one of the persons in our family who is(be) a college student.
5．This is the best film that I have seen over the last two years.
Ⅰ.在空格处填入合适的关系代词
1．We decided not to buy the flat whose door was damaged by the hurricane.
2．You’ll find taxis that/which you can hire to reach your destination.
3．I’d like to express my appreciation to the rescue workers to whom I have turned.
4．The research finds that people who/that keep fit are more likely to be positive about life.
5．All the things that he saw in the earthquake came as a shock to me.
6．Recently I bought an English dictionary，the price of which was very reasonable.
7．At the party we talked about the people and schools that we visited last month.
8．My necklace is not the only thing that is missing.
Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能地运用定语从句
这个年轻人是位残障人士，他的双腿都没了。我不能相信我看到的一切，不知道如何缓解我的尴尬。这个年轻人解释道：“三年前我去看望生病的父母时在一场车祸中失去了双腿。”
The young man was a disabled person 1.whose legs were gone.I couldn’t believe anything 2.(that) I saw and didn’t know how to ease my embarrassment.The young man explained，“I lost both of my legs in a car accident three years ago when I went to visit my parents 3.who/that were ill.”
作业3
[分值：77.5分]
Ⅰ.用定语从句合并句子(共6小题；每题3分，满分18分)
1．Last week Mary wore the dress.I gave it to her.
→Last week Mary wore the dress (that/which) I gave to her.
2．The girl is from America.Her father is a teacher.
→The girl whose father is a teacher is from America.
3．The room is mine.Its walls are painted pink.
→The room whose walls/the walls of which/of which the walls are painted pink is mine.
4．Do you know the man？The man spoke to the headmaster just now.
→Do you know the man who/that spoke to the headmaster just now
5．The woman is my mother.You are looking after her.
→The woman (that/who/whom) you are looking after is my mother.
6．My grandparents live in a house.The house is more than 100 years old.
→My grandparents live in a house which/that is more than 100 years old.
Ⅱ.阅读下面短文，在空白处填入合适的关系代词(共8小题；每题1.5分，满分12分)
The China International Search and Rescue Team(CISAR) was formed in 2001 and is now made up of several hundred rescue workers and about 20 sniffer dogs.The team brings help and hope to those 1.whose lives are changed by a storm，flood，or any other natural disaster.
After long and careful training，the team went on its first international missions 2.that happened in Algeria(阿尔及利亚) and Iran(伊朗)．It was the first time that a Chinese team had worked outside China，and the team won high praise for their bravery and skill.
Since then，the CISAR has completed many missions 3.which/that the machines can not finish.The list of people to 4.whom help has been given is long.The team treated more than 3,000 people injured in the 2006 earthquake in Indonesia，helped about 2,500 wounded people after the earthquake 5.that/which hit Haiti(海地) in 2010，and spent several months giving aid to over 25,000 victims of the 2010 floods in Pakistan(巴基斯坦)．
Rescue workers are trained and they need to help people 6.who/that are in need.They have to be able to do difficult work under conditions 7.which/that can be very dangerous.It takes a lot of love and courage to risk one’s own life to save someone else’s.The members of the CISAR 8.who/that have plenty of both are always ready to save people.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每题2.5分，满分20分)
A
(2025·山西高一上期中)
Last September，a strange seismic signal(地震信号)，lasting more than a week，attracted the attention of researchers around the world.It took 68 experts from 15 countries to discover the cause of the “USO”—Unidentified Seismic Object.
The term USO is used informally by scientists for unusual seismic signals that can’t be explained，according to Kristian Svennevig，the lead author of a new report on this signal.From the start，scientists agreed this signal was not from an earthquake.
Svennevig compared earthquakes to hitting piano keys with force，creating a mix of sounds that disappeared quickly.However，the unusual signal was like a single piano key producing a clear sound that lasted for nine days.
Researchers tracked the signal to a huge snowslide in eastern Greenland’s Dickson fjord(峡湾)，which was formed by melting(融化) ice due to climate change.Some 1.2 kilometers above the fjord，a mountaintop fell，driving more than 25 million cubic meters of rock and ice into the water—enough to fill 10,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools.
The resulting tsunami reached a height of 200 meters.The wave’s energy was caught in the rocky fjord，causing the water to move back and forth.This movement created the seismic signal.
Svennevig noted that understanding this event took time.Even when they had ideas about what happened，they needed more information and improved models to support their findings.“We could only show that the tsunami was caught and kept moving inside the fjord for nine days after we used special army maps and improved our tsunami models，” Svennevig explained.
To the researchers，the signal served as a wakeup call—similar events may happen with landfalls in other fjords or lakes due to climate change，which could lead to more landfalls and tsunamis in the Arctic.Understanding this event helps scientists learn more about how the Earth is changing due to global warming.There is still much to discover as we face the effects of climate change.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是受气候变化影响，格陵兰岛东部迪克森峡湾的一次巨大雪崩产生了持续时长达九天的地震信号，对这一事件的理解能帮助科学家了解更多关于全球变暖对地球的影响。
1．Why did Svennevig mention piano keys
A．To explain the strange signal.
B．To introduce a musical instrument.
C．To compare the sounds in nature.
D．To give tips on playing the piano.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段“Svennevig compared earthquakes to hitting piano keys with force，creating a mix of sounds that disappeared quickly.However，the unusual signal was like a single piano key producing a clear sound that lasted for nine days.”可知，Svennevig提到钢琴琴键是为了解释这个奇怪的信号。故选A。
2．What caused the seismic signal
A．A wildfire. B．A snowslide.
C．A heavy rain. D．An earthquake.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Researchers tracked the signal to a huge snowslide in eastern Greenland’s Dickson fjord(峡湾)，which was formed by melting(融化) ice due to climate change.”以及第五段内容可知，格陵兰岛东部迪克森峡湾的一场巨大雪崩引发了这种异常的地震信号。故选B。
3．What can we know from Svennevig’s words
A．It’ll take much time to receive the seismic signal.
B．It’s slow for scientists to find an answer to the event.
C．A group of scientists was caught in the deadly tsunami.
D．The recent finding will go public soon.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Svennevig noted that understanding this event took time.Even when they had ideas about what happened，they needed more information and improved models to support their findings.”可知，理解这一事件需要时间，科学家们需要更多的信息和改进的模型来支持他们的发现，由此可推断，科学家们要找到这一事件的答案很耗时。故选B。
4．What does the author stress in the text
A．Landfalls always happen along with tsunamis.
B．Scientists should keep an open mind on opinions.
C．This event may shape our view on various cultures.
D．The signal gives us fair warning of climate change.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段“To the researchers，the signal served as a wakeup call...Understanding this event helps scientists learn more about how the Earth is changing due to global warming.There is still much to discover as we face the effects of climate change.”可知，作者强调，这一信号为我们提供了气候变化的警告。故选D。
B(此篇精读)
(2025·山东临沂高一上期末)
British fire-fighters are fighting against the worst wildfire they have seen.They called it a “mega-fire”．Eight different fires combined(联合) an hour’s drive north of London.
Professor Blair，an environmental research expert at the University of London，said that the wildfires mainly resulted from a combination of drought，high temperatures，and strong winds.Climate change had also been identified as a contributing factor，with Britain growing hotter and hotter，drier and drier in recent years.
The number of wildfires was well above the long-term average in 2023，continuing a trend in place since 2022.Several destructive fires occurred in 2024.Seventy-five large fires，covering at least six hectares(公顷)，were recorded，according to analysis of data going back to 2008 by the London School of Economics(LSE)．In 2018,17 large fires were recorded.This increased to 74 in 2020，then 97 in 2021 and 138 a year later.Separate numbers got by Lord Botham，the former England cricketer，show a relevant increase in carbon dioxide emissions(二氧化碳排放) from wildfires from 294,000 tons in 2019 to 1,363,000 tons in 2023.
“While once there would be a big fire year every few years，now it is becoming yearly，” Dr Botham，another professor in environmental geography，told the reporter.“We need to be prepared for more flammable landscapes.This preparation has already started.Professional wildfire teams have been appointed in fire and rescue services up and down the country.”
He added that firefighters in Britain were learning from those in Spain，South Africa and the US，which “currently face a fire risk that we might see in the coming decades”．
Although the recent ban(禁令) on single-use barbecues in parts of Dorset and Hampshire would help，the limitations should extend to sky lanterns and fireworks(烟花)．
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国正面临严重野火，分析了其成因、危害及应对举措，强调问题严峻性与应对必要性。
5．What caused the fires according to Professor Blair
A．Hot weather and heavy rainfall.
B．High temperatures and wet weather.
C．Extreme weather and climate change.
D．Strong winds and increasing pressure.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Professor Blair...said that the wildfires mainly resulted from a combination of drought，high temperatures，and strong winds.Climate change had also been identified as a contributing factor”可知，火灾是由极端天气(干旱、高温、强风)和气候变化导致的。故选C。
6．How does the author tell the terrible results caused by wildfires
A．By giving examples.
B．By listing numbers.
C．By asking questions.
D．By interviewing experts.
答案　B
解析　写作手法题。根据第三段内容可知，作者通过列举不同年份火灾的数量以及二氧化碳排放量的变化数据，来说明野火造成的可怕后果。故选B。
7．What can we infer from Dr Botham’s statements
A．Wildfires happened yearly in the past.
B．Continual wildfires led to full preparations.
C．Firefighters in Britain are better trained than those in Spain.
D．Professional wildfire teams will join fire and rescue services.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中“While once there would be a big fire year every few years，now it is becoming yearly...We need to be prepared for more flammable landscapes.This preparation has already started.”可知，由于野火不断发生，所以人们开始进行充分的准备。故选B。
8．What does the underlined word “extend” in the last paragraph mean
A．Enlarge. B．Experiment.
C．Relate. D．Explore.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“to sky lanterns and fireworks”可知，这里指应该将禁令的限制范围扩大到孔明灯和烟花，推测extend表示“扩大”的意思，与enlarge意思相近。故选A。
[词汇积累] 1．drive(转) v．→n.驾车路程；驱车旅行 2．result from由……引起 3．contributing(派)＝contribute＋ing adj.起作用的 4．single-use(合)＝single＋use adj.一次性的 [句式分析] He added that firefighters in Britain were learning from those in Spain，South Africa and the US，which “currently face a fire risk that we might see in the coming decades”． 分析：此句为复合句。第一个that引导宾语从句；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰Spain，South Africa and the US；第二个that引导限制性定语从句，修饰a fire risk。 翻译：他补充说，英国的消防员正在向西班牙、南非和美国的消防员学习，这些国家“目前面临着我们可能在未来几十年也会遇到的火灾风险”。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每题2.5分，满分12.5分)
A flood can develop slowly over time or rapidly，as in the case of flash floods which can develop in just a few minutes and without signs of rain.Check the following flood safety rules to help stay safe.
1 This is the first thing that a person should do.It is unwise to just depend on history to decide whether your area is at risk of flooding.
Create an evacuation plan in case you have to evacuate your home.Pay attention to the safe areas you can go to.Prepare food kits for natural disasters that you can easily take with you if you have to leave your house. 2
If there is a possibility of a flash flood，leave your home and move to higher ground at once.Do not wait for instructions to move.Evacuation may also cause a shortage(短缺) in the food supply. 3 To survive，one must depend on food storage.
While evacuating，avoid walking through moving water.Even six inches of moving water can make you fall.If you have to walk in water，walk where the water is not moving. 4
Do not drive into flooded areas.If floodwaters rise around your car，abandon(舍弃) the car and move to higher ground，when water is not moving or not more than a few inches deep. 5 If your car is trapped in rapidly moving water，stay in the car.If the water is rising inside the car，move on to the roof(顶部)．
A．They don’t know where to look for shelter.
B．You and the car can be swept away quickly.
C．Use a stick to check the ground in front of you.
D．Be aware if the area you’re at is at risk of a flood.
E．There is no telling when another flood may happen.
F．It would help to store food for emergency situations.
G．During these conditions，hunger becomes a very real problem.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在洪水来临之前应如何做好准备以及洪水到来时应如何自救。
1．答案　D
解析　根据后文的“This is the first thing that a person should do.It is unwise to just depend on history to decide...”并结合常识可知，D项“注意你所在的地区是否有发生洪水的风险”符合语境，This指的就是D项所表达的内容，且“whether your area is at risk of flooding”与D项的“if the area you’re at is at risk of a flood”呼应。故选D。
2．答案　F
解析　根据前文的“Prepare food kits for natural disasters that you can easily take with you if you have to leave your house.”可知，F项承接上文，指出储存食物有助于应对突发情况。故选F。
3．答案　G
解析　根据前文的“Evacuation may also cause a shortage(短缺) in the food supply.”和下文的“To survive，one must depend on food storage.”可知，G项与上文为因果关系，说明了疏散带来的食物不足会导致饥饿的发生，下文针对“饥饿”提出了储存食物的必要性。故选G。
4．答案　C
解析　根据前文的“Even six inches of moving water can make you fall.If you have to walk in water，walk where the water is not moving.”可知，C项承接上文，进一步指出如何在水中安全地前进。故选C。
5．答案　B
解析　根据前文的“Do not drive into flooded areas.If floodwaters rise around your car，abandon(舍弃) the car and move to higher ground，when water is not moving or not more than a few inches deep.”和后文的“If your car is trapped in rapidly moving water，stay in the car.If the water is rising inside the car，move on to the roof(顶部)．”可知，B项承接上文，说明如果车周围的洪水上升时，要在水不流动时丢下车，前往地势较高的地方的原因是你和你的车可能会被迅速冲走。故选B。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每题1.5分，满分15分)
(2025·山东百师联考高一上期中)
In Pingle village of Luoyang City，Henan Province，farmers bring in an income of over 100 million yuan every year by painting peonies(牡丹花) in 1. (they) spare time.The farmers’ artworks describe the graceful nature of peony flowers and sell well both at home and abroad.
In 1983，2. (know) as “the city of peonies”，Luoyang 3.____________ (official) held its first peony festival.During the festival，Guo Tai’an，4. was a villager of Pingle village，painted a peony picture.5. his surprise，the painting won wide praise，and some people even asked to buy it.Because of the experience，Guo started to teach villagers 6. (paint) peony flowers，and established the first academy(学院) of fine arts in the village.He had seen the 7. (grow) number of painters in his village in the past years.
In 2011，China Pingle Peony Drawing Culture Creative Industry Park 8. (build) in the village.The park has been considered as a national 3A tourist attraction.It receives tourist groups and 9. (visitor) from home and abroad，and sees more than 300,000 visits a year.
Nowadays，local villagers run more than 150 online shops selling paintings on a popular China’s e-commerce platform(电子商务平台)．They have also set up 10. team for the promotion of peony paintings through live-streaming.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了河南洛阳的平乐村农民通过画牡丹致富的过程。
1．答案　their
解析　考查代词。空处作定语，修饰名词短语“spare time”，故应用形容词性的物主代词。故填their。
2．答案　known
解析　考查过去分词。根据句中谓语动词held可知，空处应用动词know的非谓语动词形式，know与Luoyang之间为被动关系，应用过去分词，作状语。故填known。
3．答案　officially
解析　考查副词。空处应用副词，修饰动词held，作状语。故填officially。
4．答案　who
解析　考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Guo Tai’an，指人，且在从句中作主语，故应用关系代词who。故填who。
5．答案　To
解析　考查介词。介词短语to one’s surprise表示“令某人惊讶的是”，句首单词的首字母大写。故填To。
6．答案　to paint
解析　考查不定式。teach sb to do sth表示“教某人做某事”，为固定搭配。故填to paint。
7．答案　growing
解析　考查形容词。空处应用形容词，修饰名词number，作定语。故填growing。
8．答案　was built
解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。空处为谓语动词，根据时间状语“In 2011”可知，时态为一般过去时，动词build与主语“China Pingle Peony Drawing Culture Creative Industry Park”之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语为单数名词短语，谓语也应用单数形式。故填was built。
9．答案　visitors
解析　考查名词复数。空处与“tourist groups”并列作宾语，应用名词；visitor表示“游客”，为可数名词，应用复数，表示泛指。故填visitors。
10．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。空处修饰名词team(以辅音音素开头)，表示成立了“一个”团队，为泛指，故应用不定冠词a。故填a。(共70张PPT)
Period 3
Discovering Useful Structures
Natural disasters
Unit 4
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
达标检测
作业3
情境导读
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成下面的练习
Tom was one of the engineers ①who came from Russia in the 1960s. When he came to India，the first thing ②that he did was to visit the factory ③which did research on buses.Then he used every minute ④that he could spare to help India to develop transportation.Although Tom was a foreigner ⑤whose life was full of ups and downs，he was still determined to contribute to India’s development.Tom was really a person ⑥whom we should respect.
1.加颜色处①②③④⑤⑥均为 从句；
定语
2.加颜色处①中的引导词who在引导定语从句时指人，且在从句中作_______
或 ，在此句中作 ；
3.加颜色处②④中的引导词that在引导定语从句时既可以指人，也可以指物，且在从句中作 或 ，在这两句中均作 ；
4.加颜色处③中的引导词which在引导定语从句时只能指物，且在从句中作
或 ，在此句中作 ；
5.加颜色处⑤中的引导词whose在引导定语从句时，既可以指人，也可以指物，表示所属关系，只能在从句中作 ；
6.加颜色处⑥中的引导词whom在引导定语从句时指人，且只能在从句中作
。
主语
宾语
主语
主语
宾语
宾语
主语
宾语
主语
定语
宾语
返 回
语法精讲
限制性定语从句(1)
一、基本概念
1.定义
在主从复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词还在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
2.分类
限制性定语从句 主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去
非限制性定语从句 主句与从句之间用逗号分开，从句起补充说明作用，如果省去从句，主句的意思仍然完整
I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.(限制性定语从句)
我真的很想找一个可以完全信任的朋友。
The children，who were injured in a car accident，are being treated in the hospital now.(非限制性定语从句)
在车祸中受伤的孩子们现在正在医院接受治疗。
二、关系代词的用法
关系代词 指代功能 例句
who在从句中可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略 指人 The number of people who were killed in the disaster was over 100.(作主语)在这场灾难中丧生的人数超过100人。
He is the athlete (who) I met yesterday.(作宾语)他就是我昨天遇到的那个运动员。
关系代词 指代功能 例句
whom在从句中作宾语，可省略，此时也可用who代替 指人 The girl (who/whom) the soldier rescued yesterday is John’s sister.战士昨天救的那个女孩是约翰的妹妹。
The man (who/whom) you spoke to just now is my captain.你刚才和他说话的那个人是我的队长。
关系代词 指代功能 例句
which在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略 指物 Everywhere I saw，there were buildings which had been destroyed by the earthquake.
(作主语)我所看到的每一处都有被地震摧毁的建筑物。
The gold medal (which) she won has been given to her old school.(作宾语)她赢得的金牌被送给了她的母校。
关系代词 指代功能 例句
that在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略 既指人 又指物 Yesterday I read an article that was about natural disasters.(指物，作主语)昨天我读了一篇关于自然灾害的文章。
The woman (that) I read about in the newspaper
has just won a gold medal.(指人，作宾语)我在报纸上读到的那个女人刚刚赢得了金牌。
关系代词 指代功能 例句
whose在从句中修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 既指人 又指物 This is the person whose story/the story of whom/of whom the story surprises everybody.
(指人)这个人的故事使每个人都惊讶。
The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken can hold 40 students.
(指物)门坏了的那间教室能容纳40名学生。
注意：whose＋名词＝“the＋名词＋of which/
whom”或“of which/whom＋the＋名词”。
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空/完成句子
1.We chose to live in a house window faced south.
2.I will rent a car I can drive to my host family.
3.Do you know the man is delivering a speech
4.The man I referred to just now is from America.
5.我让叔叔给你带去你之前要过的那幅中国画。
I’ve asked my uncle to bring you the Chinese painting ________________
.
6.他是我的朋友，总是帮助那些有困难的人。
He is my friend .
whose
that/which
who/that
that/whom/who
(that/which)
you’ve asked for before
who/that always helps those in trouble
三、注意事项
1.宜用that不用which的情况 (口诀：very/only/序/最高，人物/不定that好)
(1)当先行词是all，little，few，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，some等不定代词或者被all，much，little，no等词修饰时。
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都已经做完了。
(2)当先行词被the only，the very等修饰时。
Music is the only thing that interests me.
音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。
(3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the most shocking news that I have ever heard.
这是我曾经听过的最令人震惊的消息。
(4)当先行词中既有人又有物时。
She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。
2.宜用which不用that的情况
(1)关系代词前有介词时。
The house in which I used to live became ruins in the big fire.
我过去住的房子在大火中变成一片废墟。
(2)在非限制性定语从句中。
The traveller saw many buildings along the way，which were quite different from those in his hometown.
这个旅行者沿途看到了许多的建筑物，这些建筑物和他家乡的很不一样。
3.宜用who不用that的情况
(1)当先行词是I，you，he，they等人称代词或指人的不定代词，如one，ones，anyone时。
Anyone who does that must be mad.
谁那样做都一定是疯了。
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到长城非好汉。
(2)当先行词为指人的those时。
Those who have good manners will be highly respected.
那些有礼貌的人会备受尊重。
4.定语从句的谓语动词的形式
(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。
(2)“one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；在肯定句中，“the only one of＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。
The suitcase that/which lies on the ground is hers.放在地上的那个手提箱是她的。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
这是查尔斯·狄更斯所写的书中的一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我们班男生中唯一学过法语的。
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空
1.I will do everything I can to help you solve the problem.
2.The boy and the dog are described in the picture are rather lovely.
3.Those like this after-class activity can sign up for it.
4.He is the only one of the persons in our family who (be) a college student.
5.This is the best film I have seen over the last two years.
返 回
that
that
who
is
that
达标检测
1.We decided not to buy the flat door was damaged by the hurricane.
2.You’ll find taxis you can hire to reach your destination.
3.I’d like to express my appreciation to the rescue workers to I have turned.
4.The research finds that people keep fit are more likely to be positive about life.
5.All the things he saw in the earthquake came as a shock to me.
Ⅰ.在空格处填入合适的关系代词
whose
that/which
whom
who/that
that
6.Recently I bought an English dictionary，the price of was very reasonable.
7.At the party we talked about the people and schools we visited last month.
8.My necklace is not the only thing is missing.
which
that
that
这个年轻人是位残障人士，他的双腿都没了。我不能相信我看到的一切，不知道如何缓解我的尴尬。这个年轻人解释道：“三年前我去看望生病的父母时在一场车祸中失去了双腿。”
The young man was a disabled person 1. .I couldn’t believe anything 2. and didn’t know how to ease my embarrassment.The young man explained，“I lost both of my legs in a car accident three years ago when I went to visit my parents 3.__________
.”
Ⅱ.完成下列语段，尽可能地运用定语从句
返 回
whose legs were gone
(that) I saw
who/that
were ill
作业3
1.Last week Mary wore the dress.I gave it to her.
→Last week Mary wore the dress .
2.The girl is from America.Her father is a teacher.
→The girl is from America.
3.The room is mine.Its walls are painted pink.
→The room ____________________________________________________
is mine.
4.Do you know the man？The man spoke to the headmaster just now.
→Do you know the man
Ⅰ.用定语从句合并句子
(that/which) I gave to her
whose father is a teacher
whose walls/the walls of which/of which the walls are painted
pink
who/that spoke to the headmaster just now
5.The woman is my mother.You are looking after her.
→The woman is my mother.
6.My grandparents live in a house.The house is more than 100 years old.
→My grandparents live in a house .
(that/who/whom) you are looking after
which/that is more than 100 years old
The China International Search and Rescue Team(CISAR) was formed in 2001 and is now made up of several hundred rescue workers and about 20 sniffer dogs.The team brings help and hope to those 1._______
lives are changed by a storm，flood，or any other natural disaster.
After long and careful training，the team went on its first international missions 2. happened in Algeria(阿尔及利亚) and Iran(伊朗).It was the first time that a Chinese team had worked outside China，and the team won high praise for their bravery and skill.
Ⅱ.阅读下面短文，在空白处填入合适的关系代词
whose
that
Since then，the CISAR has completed many missions 3.___________
the machines can not finish.The list of people to 4. help has been given is long.The team treated more than 3,000 people injured in the 2006 earthquake in Indonesia，helped about 2,500 wounded people after the earthquake 5. hit Haiti(海地) in 2010，and spent several months giving aid to over 25,000 victims of the 2010 floods in Pakistan(巴基斯坦).
which/that
whom
that/which
Rescue workers are trained and they need to help people 6.___________
are in need.They have to be able to do difficult work under conditions
7. can be very dangerous.It takes a lot of love and courage to risk one’s own life to save someone else’s.The members of the CISAR
8. have plenty of both are always ready to save people.
who/that
which/that
who/that
A
(2025·山西高一上期中)
Last September，a strange seismic signal(地震信号)，lasting more than a week，attracted the attention of researchers around the world.It took 68 experts from 15 countries to discover the cause of the “USO”—Unidentified Seismic Object.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是受气候变化影响，格陵兰岛东部迪克森峡湾的一次巨大雪崩产生了持续时长达九天的地震信号，对这一事件的理解能帮助科学家了解更多关于全球变暖对地球的影响。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
The term USO is used informally by scientists for unusual seismic signals that can’t be explained，according to Kristian Svennevig，the lead author of a new report on this signal.From the start，scientists agreed this signal was not from an earthquake.
Svennevig compared earthquakes to hitting piano keys with force，creating a mix of sounds that disappeared quickly.However，the unusual signal was like a single piano key producing a clear sound that lasted for nine days.
Researchers tracked the signal to a huge snowslide in eastern Greenland’s Dickson fjord(峡湾)，which was formed by melting(融化) ice due to climate change.Some 1.2 kilometers above the fjord，a mountaintop fell，driving more than 25 million cubic meters of rock and ice into the water—enough to fill 10,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools.
The resulting tsunami reached a height of 200 meters.The wave’s energy was caught in the rocky fjord，causing the water to move back and forth.This movement created the seismic signal.
Svennevig noted that understanding this event took time.Even when they had ideas about what happened，they needed more information and improved models to support their findings.“We could only show that the tsunami was caught and kept moving inside the fjord for nine days after we used special army maps and improved our tsunami models，” Svennevig explained.
To the researchers，the signal served as a wakeup call—similar events may happen with landfalls in other fjords or lakes due to climate change，which could lead to more landfalls and tsunamis in the Arctic. Understanding this event helps scientists learn more about how the Earth is changing due to global warming.There is still much to discover as we face the effects of climate change.
1.Why did Svennevig mention piano keys
A.To explain the strange signal.
B.To introduce a musical instrument.
C.To compare the sounds in nature.
D.To give tips on playing the piano.
√
推理判断题。根据第三段“Svennevig compared earthquakes to hitting piano keys with force，creating a mix of sounds that disappeared quickly.However，the unusual signal was like a single piano key producing a clear sound that lasted for nine days.”可知，Svennevig提到钢琴琴键是为了解释这个奇怪的信号。故选A。
解析
2.What caused the seismic signal
A.A wildfire. B.A snowslide.
C.A heavy rain. D.An earthquake.
√
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Researchers tracked the signal to a huge snowslide in eastern Greenland’s Dickson fjord(峡湾)，which was formed by melting(融化) ice due to climate change.”以及第五段内容可知，格陵兰岛东部迪克森峡湾的一场巨大雪崩引发了这种异常的地震信号。故选B。
解析
3.What can we know from Svennevig’s words
A.It’ll take much time to receive the seismic signal.
B.It’s slow for scientists to find an answer to the event.
C.A group of scientists was caught in the deadly tsunami.
D.The recent finding will go public soon.
√
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Svennevig noted that understanding this event took time.Even when they had ideas about what happened，they needed more information and improved models to support their findings.”可知，理解这一事件需要时间，科学家们需要更多的信息和改进的模型来支持他们的发现，由此可推断，科学家们要找到这一事件的答案很耗时。故选B。
解析
4.What does the author stress in the text
A.Landfalls always happen along with tsunamis.
B.Scientists should keep an open mind on opinions.
C.This event may shape our view on various cultures.
D.The signal gives us fair warning of climate change.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段“To the researchers，the signal served as a wakeup call...Understanding this event helps scientists learn more about how the Earth is changing due to global warming.There is still much to discover as we face the effects of climate change.”可知，作者强调，这一信号为我们提供了气候变化的警告。故选D。
解析
B(此篇精读)
(2025·山东临沂高一上期末)
British fire-fighters are fighting against the worst wildfire they have seen.They called it a “mega-fire”.Eight different fires combined(联合) an hour’s drive north of London.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国正面临严重野火，分析了其成因、危害及应对举措，强调问题严峻性与应对必要性。
Professor Blair，an environmental research expert at the University of London，said that the wildfires mainly resulted from a combination of drought，high temperatures，and strong winds.Climate change had also been identified as a contributing factor，with Britain growing hotter and hotter，drier and drier in recent years.
The number of wildfires was well above the long-term average in 2023，continuing a trend in place since 2022.Several destructive fires occurred in 2024.Seventy-five large fires，covering at least six hectares(公顷)，were recorded，according to analysis of data going back to 2008 by the London School of Economics(LSE).In 2018,17 large fires were recorded.This increased to 74 in 2020，then 97 in 2021 and 138 a year later.Separate numbers got by Lord Botham，the former England cricketer，show a relevant increase in carbon dioxide emissions(二氧化碳排放) from wildfires from 294,000 tons in 2019 to 1,363,000 tons in 2023.
“While once there would be a big fire year every few years，now it is becoming yearly，” Dr Botham，another professor in environmental geography，told the reporter.“We need to be prepared for more flammable landscapes.This preparation has already started.Professional wildfire teams have been appointed in fire and rescue services up and down the country.”
He added that firefighters in Britain were learning from those in Spain，South Africa and the US，which “currently face a fire risk that we might see in the coming decades”.
Although the recent ban(禁令) on single-use barbecues in parts of Dorset and Hampshire would help，the limitations should extend to sky lanterns and fireworks(烟花).
5.What caused the fires according to Professor Blair
A.Hot weather and heavy rainfall.
B.High temperatures and wet weather.
C.Extreme weather and climate change.
D.Strong winds and increasing pressure.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Professor Blair...said that the wildfires mainly resulted from a combination of drought，high temperatures，and strong winds.Climate change had also been identified as a contributing factor”可知，火灾是由极端天气(干旱、高温、强风)和气候变化导致的。故选C。
解析
6.How does the author tell the terrible results caused by wildfires
A.By giving examples. B.By listing numbers.
C.By asking questions. D.By interviewing experts.
√
写作手法题。根据第三段内容可知，作者通过列举不同年份火灾的数量以及二氧化碳排放量的变化数据，来说明野火造成的可怕后果。故选B。
解析
7.What can we infer from Dr Botham’s statements
A.Wildfires happened yearly in the past.
B.Continual wildfires led to full preparations.
C.Firefighters in Britain are better trained than those in Spain.
D.Professional wildfire teams will join fire and rescue services.
√
推理判断题。根据第四段中“While once there would be a big fire year every few years，now it is becoming yearly...We need to be prepared for more flammable landscapes.This preparation has already started.”可知，由于野火不断发生，所以人们开始进行充分的准备。故选B。
解析
8.What does the underlined word “extend” in the last paragraph mean
A.Enlarge. B.Experiment.
C.Relate. D.Explore.
√
词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“to sky lanterns and fireworks”可知，这里指应该将禁令的限制范围扩大到孔明灯和烟花，推测extend表示“扩大”的意思，与enlarge意思相近。故选A。
解析
1.drive(转) v.→n.驾车路程；驱车旅行
2.result from由……引起
3.contributing(派)＝contribute＋ing adj.起作用的
4.single-use(合)＝single＋use adj.一次性的
词汇积累
He added that firefighters in Britain were learning from those in Spain，South Africa and the US，which “currently face a fire risk that we might see in the coming decades”.
分析：此句为复合句。第一个that引导宾语从句；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰Spain，South Africa and the US；第二个that引导限制性定语从句，修饰a fire risk。
翻译：他补充说，英国的消防员正在向西班牙、南非和美国的消防员学习，这些国家“目前面临着我们可能在未来几十年也会遇到的火灾风险”。
句式分析
A flood can develop slowly over time or rapidly，as in the case of flash floods which can develop in just a few minutes and without signs of rain.Check the following flood safety rules to help stay safe.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在洪水来临之前应如何做好准备以及洪水到来时应如何自救。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
A.They don’t know where to look for shelter.
B.You and the car can be swept away quickly.
C.Use a stick to check the ground in front of you.
D.Be aware if the area you’re at is at risk of a flood.
E.There is no telling when another flood may happen.
F.It would help to store food for emergency situations.
G.During these conditions，hunger becomes a very real problem.
√
1 This is the first thing that a person should do.It is unwise to just depend on history to decide whether your area is at risk of flooding.
根据后文的“This is the first thing that a person should do.It is unwise to just depend on history to decide...”并结合常识可知，D项“注意你所在的地区是否有发生洪水的风险”符合语境，This指的就是D项所表达的内容，且“whether your area is at risk of flooding”与D项的“if the area you’re at is at risk of a flood”呼应。故选D。
解析
A.They don’t know where to look for shelter.
B.You and the car can be swept away quickly.
C.Use a stick to check the ground in front of you.
D.Be aware if the area you’re at is at risk of a flood.
E.There is no telling when another flood may happen.
F.It would help to store food for emergency situations.
G.During these conditions，hunger becomes a very real problem.
√
Create an evacuation plan in case you have to evacuate your home. Pay attention to the safe areas you can go to.Prepare food kits for natural disasters that you can easily take with you if you have to leave your house. 2
根据前文的“Prepare food kits for natural disasters that you can easily take with you if you have to leave your house.”可知，F项承接上文，指出储存食物有助于应对突发情况。故选F。
解析
A.They don’t know where to look for shelter.
B.You and the car can be swept away quickly.
C.Use a stick to check the ground in front of you.
D.Be aware if the area you’re at is at risk of a flood.
E.There is no telling when another flood may happen.
F.It would help to store food for emergency situations.
G.During these conditions，hunger becomes a very real problem.
√
If there is a possibility of a flash flood，leave your home and move to higher ground at once.Do not wait for instructions to move.Evacuation may also cause a shortage(短缺) in the food supply. 3 To survive，one must depend on food storage.
根据前文的“Evacuation may also cause a shortage(短缺) in the food supply.”和下文的“To survive，one must depend on food storage.”可知，G项与上文为因果关系，说明了疏散带来的食物不足会导致饥饿的发生，下文针对“饥饿”提出了储存食物的必要性。故选G。
解析
A.They don’t know where to look for shelter.
B.You and the car can be swept away quickly.
C.Use a stick to check the ground in front of you.
D.Be aware if the area you’re at is at risk of a flood.
E.There is no telling when another flood may happen.
F.It would help to store food for emergency situations.
G.During these conditions，hunger becomes a very real problem.
√
While evacuating，avoid walking through moving water.Even six inches of moving water can make you fall.If you have to walk in water，walk where the water is not moving. 4
根据前文的“Even six inches of moving water can make you fall.If you have to walk in water，walk where the water is not moving.”可知，C项承接上文，进一步指出如何在水中安全地前进。故选C。
解析
A.They don’t know where to look for shelter.
B.You and the car can be swept away quickly.
C.Use a stick to check the ground in front of you.
D.Be aware if the area you’re at is at risk of a flood.
E.There is no telling when another flood may happen.
F.It would help to store food for emergency situations.
G.During these conditions，hunger becomes a very real problem.
√
Do not drive into flooded areas.If floodwaters rise around your car，abandon(舍弃) the car and move to higher ground，when water is not moving or not more than a few inches deep. 5 If your car is trapped in rapidly moving water，stay in the car.If the water is rising inside the car，move on to the roof(顶部).
根据前文的“Do not drive into flooded areas.If floodwaters rise around your car，abandon(舍弃) the car and move to higher ground，when water is not moving or not more than a few inches deep.”和后文的“If your car is trapped in rapidly moving water，stay in the car.If the water is rising inside the car，move on to the roof(顶部).”可知，B项承接上文，说明如果车周围的洪水上升时，要在水不流动时丢下车，前往地势较高的地方的原因是你和你的车可能会被迅速冲走。故选B。
解析
Ⅴ.语法填空
(2025·山东百师联考高一上期中)
In Pingle village of Luoyang City，Henan Province，farmers bring in an income of over 100 million yuan every year by painting peonies(牡丹花) in 1._______(they) spare time.The farmers’ artworks describe the graceful nature of peony flowers and sell well both at home and abroad.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了河南洛阳的平乐村农民通过画牡丹致富的过程。
their
考查代词。空处作定语，修饰名词短语“spare time”，故应用形容词性的物主代词。故填their。
解析
In 1983，2._______(know) as “the city of peonies”，Luoyang 3.________ (official) held its first peony festival.During the festival，Guo Tai’an，4.______ was a villager of Pingle village，painted a peony picture.
officially
2.考查过去分词。根据句中谓语动词held可知，空处应用动词know的非谓语动词形式，know与Luoyang之间为被动关系，应用过去分词，作状语。故填known。
3.考查副词。空处应用副词，修饰动词held，作状语。故填officially。
4.考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Guo Tai’an，指人，且在从句中作主语，故应用关系代词who。故填who。
解析
known
who
5.____ his surprise，the painting won wide praise，and some people even asked to buy it.Because of the experience，Guo started to teach villagers 6._________(paint) peony flowers，and established the first academy(学院) of fine arts in the village.
to paint
5.考查介词。介词短语to one’s surprise表示“令某人惊讶的是”，句首单词的首字母大写。故填To。
6.考查不定式。teach sb to do sth表示“教某人做某事”，为固定搭配。故填to paint。
解析
To
He had seen the 7.________(grow) number of painters in his village in the past years.
考查形容词。空处应用形容词，修饰名词number，作定语。故填growing。
解析
growing
In 2011，China Pingle Peony Drawing Culture Creative Industry Park 8._________(build) in the village.The park has been considered as a national 3A tourist attraction.It receives tourist groups and 9.__________ (visitor) from home and abroad，and sees more than 300,000 visits a year.
was built
8.考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。空处为谓语动词，根据时间状语“In 2011”可知，时态为一般过去时，动词build与主语“China Pingle Peony Drawing Culture Creative Industry Park”之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语为单数名词短语，谓语也应用单数形式。故填was built。
9.考查名词复数。空处与“tourist groups”并列作宾语，应用名词；visitor表示“游客”，为可数名词，应用复数，表示泛指。故填visitors。
解析
visitors
Nowadays，local villagers run more than 150 online shops selling paintings on a popular China’s e-commerce platform(电子商务平台).They have also set up 10._____ team for the promotion of peony paintings through live-streaming.
a
考查冠词。空处修饰名词team(以辅音音素开头)，表示成立了“一个”团队，为泛指，故应用不定冠词a。故填a。
解析
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