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Period 3　Grammar and usage—Sentence elements and sentence structures
阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并将对应的序号填入下面的表格
Albert Einstein said，“If ①you want to live a happy life，tie it to a goal.” I agree.②Goals are important in many ways.③Setting goals gives you a focus in life.By setting goals now，you are deciding what you want to achieve in the future.Then you know where you are going in life and can work hard to get there.④Setting goals also helps you develop good habits.To realize your goals，you need to have a good plan，manage your time well and pay attention to details.⑤These habits will be helpful.Finally，⑥setting goals makes you more confident.When you achieve a goal，you see the result of your hard work and know how much progress you have made.A goal is a dream that needs action.As a result of your action，⑦your dream will come true.⑧Hopefully you will live a happy life.
主语＋谓语(S＋V) ⑦
主语＋系动词＋表语(S＋V＋P) ②⑤
主语＋谓语＋宾语(S＋V＋O) ①
主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语(S＋V＋O＋C) ④⑥
主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(S＋V＋IO＋DO) ③
主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(S＋V＋O＋A) ⑧
句子的基本结构
一、句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。根据英语词汇在句子中的地位和作用，英语的句子成分主要有主语(S)、谓语(V)、宾语(O)、补足语(C)、状语(A)、表语(P)和定语(Attr.)。
1．主语(Subject)：指句子所谈论的主体。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、主语从句和短语等来担任。
Your attitude towards my plan is very important.
你对我的计划的态度非常重要。
To improve English in a short time is very hard.
短时间内提高英语是很难的。
Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
2．谓语(Verb)：指谓语部分的主要动词，通常说明主语所做的动作或主语的特征和状态。谓语通常由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。实义动词可以单独作谓语，情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词一起构成谓语。
Each student in our class works very hard.(简单谓语)
我们班的每个学生学习都很努力。
The dancer could balance on one toe.(复合谓语)
这位舞蹈演员可以用一根脚趾保持平衡。
3．表语(Predicative)：指连系动词后面的成分，通常说明主语的身份、特征或状态。常见的连系动词有be，become，feel，get，look，seem等。表语可以由形容词、名词、代词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词或从句充当。
The days are getting longer and longer.
白天变得越来越长。
It is amazing that the little child can speak four languages.
这个小孩会说四种语言，真令人惊讶。
4．宾语(Object)：通常指动作的对象。有的动词后面可以接两个宾语，通常把其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语(Indirect object)，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语(Direct object)。宾语一般位于及物动词或介词后面，常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式或相当于名词的词组或句子充当。
My mother gave me a lot of confidence.
妈妈给了我很多信心。
I will buy a new coat for my mother.
我要给妈妈买一件新外套。
5．补语(Complement)：补语分为主语补足语(Subject complement)和宾语补足语(Object complement)，用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征或情况。
Later I found that person very positive.
后来我发现那个人非常积极乐观。
The young man was caught breaking into a car.
有人撞见那个年轻人正在撬一辆车。
6．定语(Attributive)：修饰名词或代词。一般由形容词、名词、代词、名词所有格、数词、分词、不定式或从句充当。
There are various goods in this supermarket.
这个超市里有各种各样的货物。
The girl is eager for an opportunity to join the club.这个女孩渴望有机会加入这个俱乐部。
7．状语(Adverbial)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明动作或状态特征，一般由副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语、少数形容词(短语)、独立主格结构、从句等充当。
The teacher tried to treat all the students equally.
这位老师尽量对所有同学一视同仁。
Fortunately，the children were found near the village.
幸运的是，这些孩子在村子附近被找到了。
二、句子结构
构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语等。句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，其实英语中最基本的句式只有八种，其他各种句式都是由这八种基本句式演变而来的。八种基本句式如下：
1．主语＋谓语(SV)
这种简单句的谓语部分是不及物动词，意义很完整。这种句子没有被动语态。
门开了。
红日正在升起。
2．主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO)
在这个结构中，谓语部分是及物动词，有些不及物动词后加上介词也可看成一个及物动词。
我的父亲教英语。
他拒绝帮助他们。
我们都知道地球围绕太阳转。
3．主语＋系动词＋表语(SVP)
在这个结构中，谓语动词必须是连系动词。
一些女孩非常兴奋。
这朵花闻起来很香。
我父亲的希望是我能经常回家。
温馨提示：主系表结构中常见的系动词有：be动词、感官类动词(look，smell，taste，feel，sound等)、表变化类动词(become, grow，get，turn，go，come等)、表保持类动词(remain，keep，stay等)。可充当表语的形式有： 名词、形容词、动词的-ing形式、 动词的-ed形式、 动词不定式、副词、介词短语和从句。
4．主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVOO)
在这个结构中，谓语动词是及物动词，后接双宾语，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。也可以把间接宾语置前，但需要在直接宾语前加介词to或for。
＝Mr Smith lent his car to me.
史密斯先生把他的车借给了我。
＝He offered his seat to me.
他把座位让给了我。
＝Father bought a book for me.
父亲给我买了一本书。
温馨提示：双宾语的常见结构：
(1)bring/give/hand/lend/pass/sell/show/take/teach/tell/write/offer/pay sb sth＝bring/give/hand/lend/pass/sell/show/take/teach/tell/write/offer/pay sth to sb
(2)buy/make/fetch/save/choose/sing sb sth＝buy/make/fetch/save/choose/sing sth for sb
5．主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语(宾语和宾补统称为复合宾语)(SVOC)
在这个结构中，谓语动词是及物动词，后面接宾语和宾语补足语。
老师让所有的窗户敞着。
我们正使我们的学校更美丽。
这个人让灯亮了一夜。
温馨提示：宾补用来补充说明宾语的身份、地位或所处的状态。可作宾补的有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。常见常考的复合宾语结构有：
(1)ask，want，like，allow，advise，teach，persuade 等＋宾语＋to do；
(2)感官动词：see，watch，notice，observe，feel，hear等＋宾语＋省略to的不定式/现在分词/过去分词；
(3)使役动词：let＋宾语＋省略to的不定式；
make＋宾语＋省略to的不定式/过去分词；
have＋宾语＋省略to的不定式/现在分词/过去分词。
注意：上述跟省略to的不定式作宾补的动词如果变成被动语态，省掉的to要加上。
She kept us waiting for her answer for over a week.
她让我们等她的答复等了一个多星期。
I often hear her sing a German song in her lovely voice.
＝She is often heard by me to sing a German song in her lovely voice.
我时常听到她用迷人的声音唱一首德语歌曲。
I will have all my clothes washed this afternoon.
今天下午我将把所有的衣服都洗完。
6．主语＋谓语＋状语(SVA)
所有的学生都在仔细地听着。
机器人厨师未来将出现在我们的家庭中。
7．主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(SVOA)
昨晚8点简在做作业。
那人把手臂举过头顶。
8．There be句型
山脚下有一个小池塘。
现在宿舍里没有任何学生。
温馨提示：在there be句型中，be的单复数与离它最近的名词的单复数保持一致，即遵循就近原则。be有时可以用seem to be、happen to be、appear to be、used to be替换。be动词还可以用live，remain，stand，exist等替换，用来表示“静止、存在”等概念。there be 句型可以和各种情态动词连用。
Ⅰ.写出下列句子中黑体部分在句中所作的成分
1．Fortunately，he passed the exam.状语
2．Our English teacher is kind and positive.表语
3．I was not pleased with his attitude towards his work.谓语
4．The independent boy was popular with the teachers.主语
5．I will order you a new dictionary for your birthday.直接宾语
6．They are looking for the person responsible for the program.定语
7．Your success will largely depend on what you do and how you do it.宾语
8．I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.宾补
9．Mr Wang will give us a talk about the strategies of learning English well.间接宾语
Ⅱ.写出下列句子的句子结构
1．He studies hard.主谓状(SVA)
2．This kind of food tastes terrible.主系表(SVP)
3．He made my thinking changed.主谓宾补(SVOC)
4．There are many places of interest worth visiting.there be
5．Tom will bring me several English books tomorrow.主谓宾宾(SVOO)
6．I visited many tourist attractions with my family last year.主谓宾状(SVOA)
作业3　Grammar and usage
[分值：81.5分]
Ⅰ.阅读下面这篇短文，写出画线句子的句子结构(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
How would you like to go to school and travel the world at the same time For Tom,1.that dream has come true! This term,2.Tom and his classmates are living on a ship! They take the same subjects as you do，like maths and English.3.They also learn about the ships and the sea.4.Tom writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship.Tom loves living on the ship.And after a long day of study，he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out.5.Studying and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea.
1．主语＋谓语
2．主语＋谓语＋状语
3．主语＋谓语＋宾语
4．主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语＋状语
5．主语＋系动词＋表语
Ⅱ.单句写作(共8小题；每小题3分，满分24分)
1．春节就要到了。(主语＋谓语)
The Spring Festival is coming.
2．这会对你的工作产生影响。(主语＋谓语＋宾语)
This can make a difference to your work.
3．奶奶昨晚送给我一个非常漂亮的布娃娃。(主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语)
Granny gave me a very beautiful doll last night.
4．现在这种活动在高中正变得很受欢迎。(主语＋系动词＋表语)
Nowadays this activity is becoming very popular in senior high schools.
5．在这次事故之后，我发现这个人非常负责任。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语)
After the accident，I found the man very responsible.
6．过去十年，巨大变化在我的家乡发生了。(主语＋谓语＋状语)
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.
7．这个周末汤姆不打算去看电影。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语)
Tom is not going to see the film this weekend.
8．山顶上有一棵古树。(there be)
There is an old tree on the top of the mountain.
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分)
A
Unclear guidelines(准则) for when to keep a child at home if they are sick might play a part in the nationwide problem of students missing too much school.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is an organization(组织) for doctors who treat children.It suggests that children stay at home when there are signs of sickness like fever，or when students are not well enough to attend classes.But many schools go far beyond that，offering different signs of sickness that would stop parents from sending their children to school.
Trenace has a five-year-old daughter who was sick a lot last year.The mother followed school guidelines and kept her daughter home when she had a cough，painful throat，or fever.Near the end of the year，school officials called her in to talk about why her daughter had missed so much school.“In the past，if the child didn’t have a fever，then it’s okay to send them to school，” said the mother.“But now it’s like if they have a cough，you have to keep them home.Which is it？”
Children who missed school a lot found it more difficult to catch up.Missing 10 percent or more of the school year puts students at risk.Students who miss school also might miss meals，socializing with other students and teachers，physical exercise，and health care services.
Recently，the state of California decided to change their stay-at-home guideline for the autumn.The new guideline says children with low-level signs of sickness can come to school.
Noha Aboelata，who leads the Roots Health Centre in Oakland，California，said the change in guidance might have an influence.She hoped that parents and schools will learn about the new guidance and that students will miss less school.“The most important place for our kids to be is school，” she said.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于学生因病缺课的问题，特别是不同学校健康指南的差异及其对学生的影响，以及最近加州对此做出的新规定。
1．What’s the writer’s purpose in writing the first paragraph
A．To voice worries.
B．To express thanks.
C．To offer a suggestion.
D．To introduce the topic.
答案　D
解析　写作意图题。根据第一段“Unclear guidelines(准则) for when to keep a child at home if they are sick might play a part in the nationwide problem of students missing too much school.”和第二段中“It suggests that children stay at home when there are signs of sickness like fever...offering different signs of sickness that would stop parents from sending their children to school.”可知，首段主要提到了关于何时让孩子因病留在家中的指导方针不明确，这可能是导致全国范围内学生缺课过多问题的一部分原因，下文对此问题进行详细阐述；由此可知，第一段的作用是为了引入话题。故选D。
2．What can we infer about the health guidelines in each school
A．They were difficult to follow.
B．They were well received.
C．They troubled many parents.
D．They put teachers at risk.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“But many schools go far beyond that，offering different signs of sickness that would stop parents from sending their children to school.”以及第三段中“‘In the past，if the child didn’t have a fever，then it’s okay to send them to school，’ said the mother.’But now it’s like if they have a cough，you have to keep them home.Which is it？’”可知，学校不同的健康指南让家长们感到困扰。故选C。
3．What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us about missing school
A．Its lasting value. B．Its bad influence.
C．Its background. D．Its common cause.
答案　B
解析　段落大意题。根据第四段“...found it more difficult to catch up...puts students at risk...might miss meals，socializing with other students and teachers，physical exercise，and health care services.”可知，本段主要讲述了缺课对学生的负面影响。故选B。
4．What does Noha Aboelata say about the new rule
A．It will play an active role.
B．It will come to an end soon.
C．It will make no sense to kids.
D．It will leave parents surprised.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段“Noha Aboelata...said the change in guidance might have an influence.She hoped that parents and schools will learn about the new guidance and that students will miss less school.’The most important place for our kids to be is school，’ she said.”可知，Noha Aboelata认为新的健康指导规定将发挥积极作用，希望家长和学校能够了解新的指导方针，从而使学生减少缺课。故选A。
B(此篇精读)
Professor Smith was teaching his class.All the students in the class were listening to the lecture with great interest.But among those students，there was Nick，who was sitting quietly and in a bad mood.
The professor took notice of Nick on the first day but did not say anything.But when this went on for a week，he called Nick in his office after the class and asked，“You appear to be depressed all the time.What is the matter？” Nick said with some hesitation(犹豫)，“Sir，the new term seems a little bit tough for me and something happened last month，due to which I remain troubled.I don’t know what to do.”
Professor called Nick to his house in the evening.When Nick arrived，the professor went to the kitchen and started making lemonade.He purposefully put more salt in the lemon juice.Then he gave a glass of lemonade to Nick.As soon as Nick had a small drink，due to the taste of excess salt，his mouth became sour.Seeing this，the professor asked，“What happened Did you not like the lemon juice？” “No sir，this is not the case.Just because of the salt in the drink，” Nick said.“Hey，now give me the glass.I will throw it away.” The professor reached out to get the drink from Nick.But Nick refused，saying，“No sir，I think if you add some sugar to the drink，the taste will be better.” Upon hearing this，the professor became serious and said，“You are right.See，this lemon juice is like your life.Just as salt cannot be taken out of the lemon juice，similarly those bad experiences cannot be separated from life.But by adding some sugar it can change the taste of the lemon juice.” Nick nodded and smiled in relief.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位教授用柠檬汁、盐和糖的关系来开导情绪低落的学生。
5．Why did Nick fail to focus in Smith’s class
A．He was still disturbed by the past.
B．He was too nervous to concentrate.
C．The lecture was hard to understand.
D．Professor Smith was too demanding.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Nick said with some hesitation(犹豫)，’Sir，the new term seems a little bit tough for me and something happened last month，due to which I remain troubled.I don’t know what to do.’”可知，Nick仍为过去的事所困扰导致他在Smith的课上不能集中注意力。故选A。
6．What does the underlined word “excess” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Very little. B．Too much.
C．Rather bitter. D．Pretty smelly.
答案　B
解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“When Nick arrived，the professor went to the kitchen and started making lemonade.He purposefully put more salt in the lemon juice.”可知，教授故意往柠檬汁里放了更多的盐，所以excess为“太多的”之意，和B项意思相近。故选B。
7．Which of the following words can best describe Professor Smith
A．Strict but patient.
B．Clever and caring.
C．Shy but brave.
D．Humorous and lovely.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段可知教授及时地关注到了Nick的情绪；根据最后一段中的“Upon hearing this，the professor became serious and said，’You are right.See，this lemon juice is like your life.Just as salt cannot be taken out of the lemon juice，similarly those bad experiences cannot be separated from life.But by adding some sugar it can change the taste of the lemon juice.’ Nick nodded and smiled in relief.”可知，教授巧妙地应用了柠檬、盐和糖的关系来开导情绪低落的Nick，所以Smith教授是聪明又体贴的，故选B。
8．What can we learn from the story
A．Bad experience will always follow you.
B．Nothing is better than a comforting word.
C．When life gives you lemons，make lemonade.
D．Life without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“See，this lemon juice is like your life.Just as salt cannot be taken out of the lemon juice，similarly those bad experiences cannot be separated from life.But by adding some sugar it can change the taste of the lemon juice.”以及通读全文可知，这个故事告诉我们：要面对生活中的不好的经历并尝试改善，正如C选项所说的“当生活给你柠檬时，把它做成柠檬水”。故选C。
[词汇积累] 1．in a bad mood情绪低落 2．take notice of注意 3．depressed adj.沮丧的→depress vt.使沮丧 4．in relief如释重负 [句式分析] Sir，the new term seems a little bit tough for me and something happened last month，due to which I remain troubled. 分析：此句为复合句。and为并列连词，连接两个并列句，due to which I remain troubled为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。 翻译：老师，新学期对我来说有点艰难，上个月发生了一些事情，所以我一直很烦恼。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
With the pressure of exams，assignments(作业)，college applications，athletics，and social situations，high school students today need to learn how to manage stress more than any generation before. 1
Put self-care first
As high school students，you’re at the age where you’re growing，and your brains are finishing developing，which means you need to get more sleep than you used to.However，sleep is just one part of self-care. 2 Take time out each day to exercise.It will make you happier and help you recharge(休整)．You’ll notice better performance，increased focus，and less stress.
Think positively
Instead of losing your mind by assuming the worst，try picturing the best possible outcome.Rather than tell yourself “I can’t do this” or “I don’t have enough time”，repeat over and over in your mind “I can do this” and “I have plenty of time” until you believe it. 3 And you’ll notice yourself getting creative to make things happen.
Manage your time
4 Rather than have an endless to-do list that you’re constantly crossing off，learn the art of time blocking—assigning a certain amount of time to each task.You’ll find that time blocking increases your ability to focus，lowers your stress levels，and gives you something to look forward to rather than feeling like you’re working on the same thing for a whole day.
Lighten up and laugh a little
Even when you do your day-to-day activities，don’t take things too seriously—laugh a little.Laughter can deal with stress as well as exercise can.It’s another healthy escape. 5 For example，you can watch your favorite movies or cartoons，and read some funny books or magazines.Most importantly，you should be able to laugh at yourself even when things don’t go your way.
A．Stay organized and schedule your time wisely.
B．Here are some ideas that can help you deal with high school.
C．There are things you can do to promote a light-hearted nature.
D．The more you believe these thoughts，the truer they will become.
E．Make sure you are paying attention to your overall physical health.
F．Humor is a powerful stress reliever that’s comparable to physical exercise.
G．Apart from physical and mental growth，you’re also dealing with the challenges of high school.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了高中生应对高中阶段压力的策略。
1．答案　B
解析　由上文“With the pressure of exams，assignments(作业)，college...more than any generation before.”可知，设空处承上启下，引出下文不同的应对高中阶段压力的策略，B选项符合语境。故选B。
2．答案　E
解析　由上文“However，sleep is just one part of self-care.”和下文“Take time out each day to exercise.”可知，设空处承上启下，E选项建议关注身体的全面健康，符合语境。故选E。
3．答案　D
解析　结合本段小标题“Think positively”和上文“Rather than tell...and ‘I have plenty of time’ until you believe it.”可知，要坚持积极的想法，D选项承接上文。故选D。
4．答案　A
解析　根据本段小标题“Manage your time”可知，本段讲的是时间管理，A选项呼应标题，故选A。
5．答案　C
解析　由本段小标题“Lighten up and laugh a little”和后面的举例“For example，you can...things don’t go your way.”可知，本空承上启下，要讲述跟“开心的方法”有关的话题，C选项引出下文，符合题意。故选C。
Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
(2025·重庆高一上期中)
Mary is an exchange student from England.On the first day of the school year，she finished her registration in Yinwang High School.Although feeling a little worried and frightened，she still looked forward to exploring this foreign world.On her arrival，she signed up for some extra-curricular activities and tried to be outgoing.She 1. (prefer) to make friends with those teenagers 2. were attracted to study rather than those who were addicted 3. playing computer games.She previewed the textbooks in advance and focused on 4. the teachers said in class，which left 5. deep impression on others.At last，she found it not so 6. (challenge) to keep up with others.Mary has a wide range of interests.At weekends，she always has a great time.Out of 7. (curious)，she often goes on adventures in some tourist destinations.She also volunteers 8. (take) the responsibility of taking care of the seniors in a near nursing home.Because of the love for reading，she 9. (attract) to the newly-opened book store since the beginning of the term.Sometimes，she is 10. (extreme) homesick，but she believes that she can make it and everything will be better in the future.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了从英国来的交换生玛丽在新环境中的日常生活。
1．答案　preferred
解析　考查动词时态。空处作句子的谓语，根据前后句可知，此处在叙述过去发生的事情，时态应用一般过去时。故填preferred。
2．答案　who/that
解析　考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词teenagers，先行词指人，在从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who或that作引导词。故填who/that。
3．答案　to
解析　考查介词。固定短语be addicted to意为“沉迷于”。故填to。
4．答案　what
解析　考查宾语从句。空处引导名词性从句作focused on的宾语，宾语从句中said缺少宾语，且空处指代说话的内容，应用连接代词what作引导词。故填what。
5．答案　a
解析　考查冠词。短语“leave a/an＋adj.＋impression on sb”意为“给某人留下……的印象”，且deep的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
6．答案　challenging
解析　考查形容词。空处应用形容词作宾语补足语。故填challenging。
7．答案　curiosity
解析　考查名词。固定短语out of curiosity意为“出于好奇”。故填curiosity。
8．答案　to take
解析　考查非谓语动词。固定短语volunteer to do sth意为“自愿做某事”。故填to take。
9．答案　has been attracted
解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。空处作句子的谓语，结合“since the beginning of the term”可知，时态应用现在完成时，表示动作从过去开始发生持续到现在，attract“吸引”和主语she之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语是she，助动词应用has。故填has been attracted。
10．答案　extremely
解析　考查副词。空处应用副词形式修饰形容词homesick。故填extremely。(共78张PPT)
Period 3
Grammar and usage—Sentence elements and sentence structures
Back to school
Unit 1
内容索引
情境导读
语法精讲
作业3
达标检测
情境导读
阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并将对应的序号填入下面的表格
Albert Einstein said，“If ①you want to live a happy life，tie it to a goal.” I agree.②Goals are important in many ways.③Setting goals gives you a focus in life.By setting goals now，you are deciding what you want to achieve in the future.Then you know where you are going in life and can work hard to get there.④Setting goals also helps you develop good habits.To realize your goals，you need to have a good plan，manage your time well and pay attention to details.⑤These habits will be helpful.Finally，⑥setting goals makes you more confident.
When you achieve a goal，you see the result of your hard work and know how much progress you have made.A goal is a dream that needs action.As a result of your action，⑦your dream will come true.⑧Hopefully you will live a happy life.
主语＋谓语(S＋V)
主语＋系动词＋表语(S＋V＋P)
主语＋谓语＋宾语(S＋V＋O)
主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语(S＋V＋O＋C)
主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(S＋V＋IO＋DO)
主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(S＋V＋O＋A)
返 回
⑦
②⑤
①
④⑥
③
⑧
语法精讲
句子的基本结构
一、句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。根据英语词汇在句子中的地位和作用，英语的句子成分主要有主语(S)、谓语(V)、宾语(O)、补足语(C)、状语(A)、表语(P)和定语(Attr.)。
1.主语(Subject)：指句子所谈论的主体。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、主语从句和短语等来担任。
Your attitude towards my plan is very important.
你对我的计划的态度非常重要。
To improve English in a short time is very hard.
短时间内提高英语是很难的。
Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
2.谓语(Verb)：指谓语部分的主要动词，通常说明主语所做的动作或主语的特征和状态。谓语通常由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。实义动词可以单独作谓语，情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词一起构成谓语。
Each student in our class works very hard.(简单谓语)
我们班的每个学生学习都很努力。
The dancer could balance on one toe.(复合谓语)
这位舞蹈演员可以用一根脚趾保持平衡。
3.表语(Predicative)：指连系动词后面的成分，通常说明主语的身份、特征或状态。常见的连系动词有be，become，feel，get，look，seem等。表语可以由形容词、名词、代词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词或从句充当。
The days are getting longer and longer.
白天变得越来越长。
It is amazing that the little child can speak four languages.
这个小孩会说四种语言，真令人惊讶。
4.宾语(Object)：通常指动作的对象。有的动词后面可以接两个宾语，通常把其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语(Indirect object)，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语(Direct object)。宾语一般位于及物动词或介词后面，常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式或相当于名词的词组或句子充当。
My mother gave me a lot of confidence.
妈妈给了我很多信心。
I will buy a new coat for my mother.
我要给妈妈买一件新外套。
5.补语(Complement)：补语分为主语补足语(Subject complement)和宾语补足语(Object complement)，用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征或情况。
Later I found that person very positive.
后来我发现那个人非常积极乐观。
The young man was caught breaking into a car.
有人撞见那个年轻人正在撬一辆车。
6.定语(Attributive)：修饰名词或代词。一般由形容词、名词、代词、名词所有格、数词、分词、不定式或从句充当。
There are various goods in this supermarket.
这个超市里有各种各样的货物。
The girl is eager for an opportunity to join the club.这个女孩渴望有机会加入这个俱乐部。
7.状语(Adverbial)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明动作或状态特征，一般由副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语、少数形容词(短语)、独立主格结构、从句等充当。
The teacher tried to treat all the students equally.
这位老师尽量对所有同学一视同仁。
Fortunately，the children were found near the village.
幸运的是，这些孩子在村子附近被找到了。
二、句子结构
构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语等。句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，其实英语中最基本的句式只有八种，其他各种句式都是由这八种基本句式演变而来的。八种基本句式如下：
1.主语＋谓语(SV)
这种简单句的谓语部分是不及物动词，意义很完整。这种句子没有被动语态。
门开了。
红日正在升起。
2.主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO)
在这个结构中，谓语部分是及物动词，有些不及物动词后加上介词也可看成一个及物动词。
我的父亲教英语。
他拒绝帮助他们。
我们都知道地球围绕太阳转。
3.主语＋系动词＋表语(SVP)
在这个结构中，谓语动词必须是连系动词。
一些女孩非常兴奋。
这朵花闻起来很香。
我父亲的希望是我能经常回家。
温馨提示：主系表结构中常见的系动词有：be动词、感官类动词(look，smell，taste，feel，sound等)、表变化类动词(become, grow，get，turn，go，come等)、表保持类动词(remain，keep，stay等)。可充当表语的形式有： 名词、形容词、动词的-ing形式、 动词的-ed形式、 动词不定式、副词、介词短语和从句。
4.主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVOO)
在这个结构中，谓语动词是及物动词，后接双宾语，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。也可以把间接宾语置前，但需要在直接宾语前加介词to或for。
＝Mr Smith lent his car to me.
史密斯先生把他的车借给了我。
＝He offered his seat to me.
他把座位让给了我。
温馨提示：双宾语的常见结构：
(1)bring/give/hand/lend/pass/sell/show/take/teach/tell/write/offer/pay sb sth＝bring/give/hand/lend/pass/sell/show/take/teach/tell/write/offer/pay sth to sb
(2)buy/make/fetch/save/choose/sing sb sth＝buy/make/fetch/save/choose/
sing sth for sb
＝Father bought a book for me.
父亲给我买了一本书。
5.主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语(宾语和宾补统称为复合宾语)(SVOC)
在这个结构中，谓语动词是及物动词，后面接宾语和宾语补足语。
老师让所有的窗户敞着。
我们正使我们的学校更美丽。
这个人让灯亮了一夜。
温馨提示：宾补用来补充说明宾语的身份、地位或所处的状态。可作宾补的有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。常见常考的复合宾语结构有：
(1)ask，want，like，allow，advise，teach，persuade 等＋宾语＋to do；
(2)感官动词：see，watch，notice，observe，feel，hear等＋宾语＋省略to的不定式/现在分词/过去分词；
(3)使役动词：let＋宾语＋省略to的不定式；
make＋宾语＋省略to的不定式/过去分词；
have＋宾语＋省略to的不定式/现在分词/过去分词。
注意：上述跟省略to的不定式作宾补的动词如果变成被动语态，省掉的to要加上。
She kept us waiting for her answer for over a week.
她让我们等她的答复等了一个多星期。
I often hear her sing a German song in her lovely voice.
＝She is often heard by me to sing a German song in her lovely voice.
我时常听到她用迷人的声音唱一首德语歌曲。
I will have all my clothes washed this afternoon.
今天下午我将把所有的衣服都洗完。
6.主语＋谓语＋状语(SVA)
7.主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(SVOA)
所有的学生都在仔细地听着。
机器人厨师未来将出现在我们的家庭中。
昨晚8点简在做作业。
那人把手臂举过头顶。
8.There be句型
山脚下有一个小池塘。
现在宿舍里没有任何学生。
温馨提示：在there be句型中，be的单复数与离它最近的名词的单复数保持一致，即遵循就近原则。be有时可以用seem to be、happen to be、appear to be、used to be替换。be动词还可以用live，remain，stand，exist等替换，用来表示“静止、存在”等概念。there be 句型可以和各种情态动词连用。
返 回
达标检测
1.Fortunately，he passed the exam.
2.Our English teacher is kind and positive.
3.I was not pleased with his attitude towards his work.
4.The independent boy was popular with the teachers.
5.I will order you a new dictionary for your birthday.
6.They are looking for the person responsible for the program.
7.Your success will largely depend on what you do and how you do it.
8.I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.
9.Mr Wang will give us a talk about the strategies of learning English well.
Ⅰ.写出下列句子中加颜色部分在句中所作的成分
_____
_____
_____
_____
_________
_____
_____
_____
_________
状语
表语
谓语
主语
直接宾语
定语
宾语
宾补
间接宾语
1.He studies hard.
2.This kind of food tastes terrible.
3.He made my thinking changed.
4.There are many places of interest worth visiting.
5.Tom will bring me several English books tomorrow.
6.I visited many tourist attractions with my family last year.
Ⅱ.写出下列句子的句子结构
_____________
_____________
________________
_________
________________
________________
主谓状(SVA)
主系表(SVP)
主谓宾补(SVOC)
there be
主谓宾宾(SVOO)
主谓宾状(SVOA)
返 回
作业3
How would you like to go to school and travel the world at the same time For Tom,1.that dream has come true! This term,2.Tom and his classmates are living on a ship! They take the same subjects as you do，like maths and English.3.They also learn about the ships and the sea.
Ⅰ.阅读下面这篇短文，写出画线句子的句子结构
1._____________
2.________________
3._________________
主语＋谓语
主语＋谓语＋状语
主语＋谓语＋宾语
4.Tom writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship.Tom loves living on the ship.And after a long day of study，he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out.5.Studying and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea.
4._____________________________________
5. ____________________
主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语＋状语
主语＋系动词＋表语
1.春节就要到了。(主语＋谓语)
_______________________________________________________________
2.这会对你的工作产生影响。(主语＋谓语＋宾语)
_______________________________________________________________
3.奶奶昨晚送给我一个非常漂亮的布娃娃。(主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语)
_________________________________ last night.
4.现在这种活动在高中正变得很受欢迎。(主语＋系动词＋表语)
Nowadays _________________________________ in senior high schools.
Ⅱ.单句写作
The Spring Festival is coming.
This can make a difference to your work.
Granny gave me a very beautiful doll
this activity is becoming very popular
5.在这次事故之后，我发现这个人非常负责任。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语)
After the accident， ________________________________.
6.过去十年，巨大变化在我的家乡发生了。(主语＋谓语＋状语)
_______________________________________________________________
7.这个周末汤姆不打算去看电影。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语)
_______________________________________________________________
8.山顶上有一棵古树。(there be)
_______________________________________________________________
I found the man very responsible
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.
Tom is not going to see the film this weekend.
There is an old tree on the top of the mountain.
A
Unclear guidelines(准则) for when to keep a child at home if they are sick might play a part in the nationwide problem of students missing too much school.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于学生因病缺课的问题，特别是不同学校健康指南的差异及其对学生的影响，以及最近加州对此做出的新规定。
Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is an organization(组织) for doctors who treat children.It suggests that children stay at home when there are signs of sickness like fever，or when students are not well enough to attend classes.But many schools go far beyond that，offering different signs of sickness that would stop parents from sending their children to school.
Trenace has a five-year-old daughter who was sick a lot last year.The mother followed school guidelines and kept her daughter home when she had a cough，painful throat，or fever.Near the end of the year，school officials called her in to talk about why her daughter had missed so much school.“In the past，if the child didn’t have a fever，then it’s okay to send them to school，” said the mother.“But now it’s like if they have a cough，you have to keep them home.Which is it？”
Children who missed school a lot found it more difficult to catch up.Missing 10 percent or more of the school year puts students at risk.Students who miss school also might miss meals，socializing with other students and teachers，physical exercise，and health care services.
Recently，the state of California decided to change their stay-at-home guideline for the autumn.The new guideline says children with low-level signs of sickness can come to school.
Noha Aboelata，who leads the Roots Health Centre in Oakland，California，said the change in guidance might have an influence.She hoped that parents and schools will learn about the new guidance and that students will miss less school.“The most important place for our kids to be is school，” she said.
1.What’s the writer’s purpose in writing the first paragraph
A.To voice worries.
B.To express thanks.
C.To offer a suggestion.
D.To introduce the topic.
√
写作意图题。根据第一段“Unclear guidelines(准则) for when to keep a child at home if they are sick might play a part in the nationwide problem of students missing too much school.”和第二段中“It suggests that children stay at home when there are signs of sickness like fever...offering different signs of sickness that would stop parents from sending their children to school.”可知，首段主要提到了关于何时让孩子因病留在家中的指导方针不明确，这可能是导致全国范围内学生缺课过多问题的一部分原因，下文对此问题进行详细阐述；由此可知，第一段的作用是为了引入话题。故选D。
解析
2.What can we infer about the health guidelines in each school
A.They were difficult to follow.
B.They were well received.
C.They troubled many parents.
D.They put teachers at risk.
√
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“But many schools go far beyond that，offering different signs of sickness that would stop parents from sending their children to school.”以及第三段中“‘In the past，if the child didn’t have a fever，then it’s okay to send them to school，’ said the mother.’But now it’s like if they have a cough，you have to keep them home.Which is it？’”可知，学校不同的健康指南让家长们感到困扰。故选C。
解析
3.What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us about missing school
A.Its lasting value. B.Its bad influence.
C.Its background. D.Its common cause.
段落大意题。根据第四段“...found it more difficult to catch up...puts students at risk...might miss meals，socializing with other students and teachers，physical exercise，and health care services.”可知，本段主要讲述了缺课对学生的负面影响。故选B。
解析
√
4.What does Noha Aboelata say about the new rule
A.It will play an active role. B.It will come to an end soon.
C.It will make no sense to kids. D.It will leave parents surprised.
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Noha Aboelata...said the change in guidance might have an influence.She hoped that parents and schools will learn about the new guidance and that students will miss less school.’The most important place for our kids to be is school，’ she said.”可知，Noha Aboelata认为新的健康指导规定将发挥积极作用，希望家长和学校能够了解新的指导方针，从而使学生减少缺课。故选A。
解析
√
B(此篇精读)
Professor Smith was teaching his class.All the students in the class were listening to the lecture with great interest.But among those students，there was Nick，who was sitting quietly and in a bad mood.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位教授用柠檬汁、盐和糖的关系来开导情绪低落的学生。
The professor took notice of Nick on the first day but did not say anything.But when this went on for a week，he called Nick in his office after the class and asked，“You appear to be depressed all the time.What is the matter？” Nick said with some hesitation(犹豫)，“Sir，the new term seems a little bit tough for me and something happened last month，due to which I remain troubled.I don’t know what to do.”
Professor called Nick to his house in the evening.When Nick arrived，the professor went to the kitchen and started making lemonade.He purposefully put more salt in the lemon juice.Then he gave a glass of lemonade to Nick.As soon as Nick had a small drink，due to the taste of excess salt，his mouth became sour.Seeing this，the professor asked，“What happened Did you not like the lemon juice？” “No sir，this is not the case.Just because of the salt in the drink，” Nick said.“Hey，now give me the glass.I will throw it away.” The professor reached out to get the drink from Nick.But Nick refused，saying，“No sir，I think if you add some sugar to the drink，the taste will be better.”
Upon hearing this，the professor became serious and said，“You are right.See，this lemon juice is like your life.Just as salt cannot be taken out of the lemon juice，similarly those bad experiences cannot be separated from life.But by adding some sugar it can change the taste of the lemon juice.” Nick nodded and smiled in relief.
5.Why did Nick fail to focus in Smith’s class
A.He was still disturbed by the past.
B.He was too nervous to concentrate.
C.The lecture was hard to understand.
D.Professor Smith was too demanding.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Nick said with some hesitation(犹豫)，’Sir，the new term seems a little bit tough for me and something happened last month，due to which I remain troubled.I don’t know what to do.’”可知，Nick仍为过去的事所困扰导致他在Smith的课上不能集中注意力。故选A。
解析
6.What does the underlined word “excess” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A.Very little. B.Too much.
C.Rather bitter. D.Pretty smelly.
词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“When Nick arrived，the professor went to the kitchen and started making lemonade.He purposefully put more salt in the lemon juice.”可知，教授故意往柠檬汁里放了更多的盐，所以excess为“太多的”之意，和B项意思相近。故选B。
解析
√
7.Which of the following words can best describe Professor Smith
A.Strict but patient. B.Clever and caring.
C.Shy but brave. D.Humorous and lovely.
推理判断题。根据第二段可知教授及时地关注到了Nick的情绪；根据最后一段中的“Upon hearing this，the professor became serious and said，’You are right.See，this lemon juice is like your life.Just as salt cannot be taken out of the lemon juice，similarly those bad experiences cannot be separated from life.But by adding some sugar it can change the taste of the lemon juice.’ Nick nodded and smiled in relief.”可知，教授巧妙地应用了柠檬、盐和糖的关系来开导情绪低落的Nick，所以Smith教授是聪明又体贴的，故选B。
解析
√
8.What can we learn from the story
A.Bad experience will always follow you.
B.Nothing is better than a comforting word.
C.When life gives you lemons，make lemonade.
D.Life without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“See，this lemon juice is like your life.Just as salt cannot be taken out of the lemon juice，similarly those bad experiences cannot be separated from life.But by adding some sugar it can change the taste of the lemon juice.”以及通读全文可知，这个故事告诉我们：要面对生活中的不好的经历并尝试改善，正如C选项所说的“当生活给你柠檬时，把它做成柠檬水”。故选C。
解析
1.in a bad mood情绪低落
2.take notice of注意
3.depressed adj.沮丧的→depress vt.使沮丧
4.in relief如释重负
词汇积累
Sir，the new term seems a little bit tough for me and something happened last month，due to which I remain troubled.
分析：此句为复合句。and为并列连词，连接两个并列句，due to which I remain troubled为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。
翻译：老师，新学期对我来说有点艰难，上个月发生了一些事情，所以我一直很烦恼。
句式分析
With the pressure of exams，assignments(作业)，college applications，athletics，and social situations，
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了高中生应对高中阶段压力的策略。
Ⅳ.七选五阅读
high school students today need to learn how to manage stress more than any generation before. 1
A.Stay organized and schedule your time wisely.
B.Here are some ideas that can help you deal with high school.
C.There are things you can do to promote a light-hearted nature.
D.The more you believe these thoughts，the truer they will become.
E.Make sure you are paying attention to your overall physical health.
F.Humor is a powerful stress reliever that’s comparable to physical exercise.
G.Apart from physical and mental growth，you’re also dealing with the
challenges of high school.
√
由上文“With the pressure of exams，assignments(作业)，college...more than any generation before.”可知，设空处承上启下，引出下文不同的应对高中阶段压力的策略，B选项符合语境。故选B。
解析
Put self-care first
As high school students，you’re at the age where you’re growing，and your brains are finishing developing，which means you need to get more sleep than you used to.
However，sleep is just one part of self-care. 2 Take time out each day to exercise.It will make you happier and help you recharge(休整).You’ll notice better performance，increased focus，and less stress.
A.Stay organized and schedule your time wisely.
B.Here are some ideas that can help you deal with high school.
C.There are things you can do to promote a light-hearted nature.
D.The more you believe these thoughts，the truer they will become.
E.Make sure you are paying attention to your overall physical health.
F.Humor is a powerful stress reliever that’s comparable to physical exercise.
G.Apart from physical and mental growth，you’re also dealing with the
challenges of high school.
√
由上文“However，sleep is just one part of self-care.”和下文“Take time out each day to exercise.”可知，设空处承上启下，E选项建议关注身体的全面健康，符合语境。故选E。
解析
Think positively
Instead of losing your mind by assuming the worst，try picturing the best possible outcome.Rather than tell yourself “I can’t do this” or “I don’t have enough time”，repeat over and over in your mind “I can do this” and “I have plenty of time” until you believe it.
3 And you’ll notice yourself getting creative to make things happen.
A.Stay organized and schedule your time wisely.
B.Here are some ideas that can help you deal with high school.
C.There are things you can do to promote a light-hearted nature.
D.The more you believe these thoughts，the truer they will become.
E.Make sure you are paying attention to your overall physical health.
F.Humor is a powerful stress reliever that’s comparable to physical
exercise.
G.Apart from physical and mental growth，you’re also dealing with the
challenges of high school.
√
结合本段小标题“Think positively”和上文“Rather than tell...and ‘I have plenty of time’ until you believe it.”可知，要坚持积极的想法，D选项承接上文。故选D。
解析
Manage your time
4 Rather than have an endless to-do list that you’re constantly crossing off，learn the art of time blocking—assigning a certain amount of time to each task.
A.Stay organized and schedule your time wisely.
B.Here are some ideas that can help you deal with high school.
C.There are things you can do to promote a light-hearted nature.
D.The more you believe these thoughts，the truer they will become.
E.Make sure you are paying attention to your overall physical health.
F.Humor is a powerful stress reliever that’s comparable to physical exercise.
G.Apart from physical and mental growth，you’re also dealing with the
challenges of high school.
√
根据本段小标题“Manage your time”可知，本段讲的是时间管理，A选项呼应标题，故选A。
解析
You’ll find that time blocking increases your ability to focus，lowers your stress levels，and gives you something to look forward to rather than feeling like you’re working on the same thing for a whole day.
Lighten up and laugh a little
Even when you do your day-to-day activities，don’t take things too seriously—laugh a little.Laughter can deal with stress as well as exercise can.
It’s another healthy escape. 5 For example，you can watch your favorite movies or cartoons，and read some funny books or magazines.Most importantly，you should be able to laugh at yourself even when things don’t go your way.
A.Stay organized and schedule your time wisely.
B.Here are some ideas that can help you deal with high school.
C.There are things you can do to promote a light-hearted nature.
D.The more you believe these thoughts，the truer they will become.
E.Make sure you are paying attention to your overall physical health.
F.Humor is a powerful stress reliever that’s comparable to physical exercise.
G.Apart from physical and mental growth，you’re also dealing with the
challenges of high school.
√
由本段小标题“Lighten up and laugh a little”和后面的举例“For example，you can...things don’t go your way.”可知，本空承上启下，要讲述跟“开心的方法”有关的话题，C选项引出下文，符合题意。故选C。
解析
(2025·重庆高一上期中)
Mary is an exchange student from England.On the first day of the school year，she finished her registration in Yinwang High School.Although feeling a little worried and frightened，she still looked forward to exploring this foreign world.On her arrival，she signed up for some extra-curricular activities and tried to be outgoing.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了从英国来的交换生玛丽在新环境中的日常生活。
Ⅴ.语法填空
She 1._________(prefer) to make friends with those teenagers 2.________ were attracted to study rather than those who were addicted 3.____ playing computer games.
1.考查动词时态。空处作句子的谓语，根据前后句可知，此处在叙述过去发生的事情，时态应用一般过去时。故填preferred。
2.考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词teenagers，先行词指人，在从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who或that作引导词。故填who/that。
3.考查介词。固定短语be addicted to意为“沉迷于”。故填to。
解析
preferred
who/that
to
She previewed the textbooks in advance and focused on 4. the teachers said in class，which left 5. deep impression on others.At last，she found it not so 6. (challenge) to keep up with others.Mary has a wide range of interests.
4.考查宾语从句。空处引导名词性从句作focused on的宾语，宾语从句中said缺少宾语，且空处指代说话的内容，应用连接代词what作引导词。故填what。
5.考查冠词。短语“leave a/an＋adj.＋impression on sb”意为“给某人留下……的印象”，且deep的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
6.考查形容词。空处应用形容词作宾语补足语。故填challenging。
解析
what
a
challenging
At weekends，she always has a great time.Out of 7. (curious)，she often goes on adventures in some tourist destinations.She also volunteers 8. (take) the responsibility of taking care of the seniors in a near nursing home.
7.考查名词。固定短语out of curiosity意为“出于好奇”。故填curiosity。
8.考查非谓语动词。固定短语volunteer to do sth意为“自愿做某事”。故填to take。
解析
curiosity
to take
Because of the love for reading，she 9. (attract) to the newly-opened book store since the beginning of the term.Sometimes，she is 10. (extreme) homesick，but she believes that she can make it and everything will be better in the future.
9.考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。空处作句子的谓语，结合“since the beginning of the term”可知，时态应用现在完成时，表示动作从过去开始发生持续到现在，attract“吸引”和主语she之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语是she，助动词应用has。故填has been attracted。
10.考查副词。空处应用副词形式修饰形容词homesick。故填extremely。
解析
has been attracted
extremely
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