资源简介

Section Ⅲ 　Learning About Language
Grammar——动词-ing形式作主语
一、动词-ing形式作主语
[先感知]
①For hundreds of years, looking after reindeer was a way of life for the Sami.(教材原句)
几百年来,照顾驯鹿是萨米人的一种生活方式。
②Creating buildings such as these enables us to live in closer harmony with our environment.(外研选三U5)
创造这样的建筑使我们能够与我们的环境更加和谐地相处。
③Eating too much is bad for your health in the evening.
晚上吃得太多不利于你的健康。
[会发现]　通过上述例句可以看出,动词-ing形式可以作句子的主语,常将其看作整体,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
[明规则]
1.动词-ing形式作主语时,多表示经常性、习惯性的动作。
2.动词-ing形式作主语时的主谓一致:
(1)单个的动词-ing形式作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;
(2)意义不同的两个动词-ing形式并列作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
小题集训　单句语法填空/补全句子
①Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like—frequently by plane—is viewed/has been viewed(view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.(2022·浙江1月卷)
②However, being(be) a third-culture kid is not always easy.
③However, bringing too many people to the remote place could damage local culture.
然而,将太多人带到偏远地方可能会破坏当地文化。
④Having a good command of English puts me at an advantage over other students.
精通英语使我比其他学生更有优势。
二、用it作形式主语代替动词-ing形式
[先感知]
①Actually, I understand it’s very painful, but it’s no use getting upset about it all day long.
事实上,我知道这很痛苦,但整日为它难过是没有用的。
②Most of us think it is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
我们大多数人认为说服这样的一个人加入我们是浪费时间。
③It is worthwhile wandering in this beautiful valley and admiring its splendid waterfall.
在这个美丽的山谷里漫步并且欣赏它壮丽的瀑布是值得的。
[会发现]　it作形式主语代替动词-ing形式时,只限于某些句型中,并不是所有的动词-ing形式作主语都可用it作形式主语。
[明规则]
用it作形式主语代替动词-ing形式的常用句型:
1.It is+adj.+doing sth
It is/feels funny doing sth.
做某事(感觉)很有趣。
It is useless doing sth. 做某事无用。
It is worthwhile doing sth. 做某事是值得的。
2.It is+n.+doing sth
It’s a waste of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间。
3.It is no+n.+doing sth
It’s no good/no use/no fun doing sth.
做某事没好处/没用/没意思。
小题集训　补全句子
①It is no use trying to persuade him to have a holiday because he is a work addict.
努力说服他去度假是没有用的,因为他是个工作狂。
②In my opinion,it is a waste of time playing computer games.
在我看来,玩电脑游戏是浪费时间。
三、动词-ing形式的复合结构
[先感知]
①The president’s attending the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
总统出席会议给了他们很大的鼓舞。
②His not defeating the rivals in the Youth Innovation Competition made him depressed.
他在青年创新比赛中没有击败对手,这使他很沮丧。
[会发现]　动词-ing形式也有动作的发出者,其发出者叫逻辑主语,带有逻辑主语的动词-ing形式,其否定式是把not放在动词-ing形式前面。
[明规则]
动名词的复合结构的构成:
(1)名词所有格/名词的普通格+doing(如Mary’s/Mary marrying)
(2) 形容词性物主代词/人称代词的宾格+doing (如his/him coming)
[温馨提示]　如果动名词的复合结构作主语,其逻辑主语只能用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。
小题集训　补全句子
①His getting up late in the morning made him late for class.
他早上起晚了,导致他上课迟到了。
②John’s having seen her didn’t make her worried.
约翰看到了她,但这并没有使她感到不安。
③Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
他们来帮忙对我们来说是一个很大的鼓舞。
[基础语境练]
维度一　单句语法填空(每小题1分,共10分)
1.It’s no use complaining (complain) without taking action.
2.It is useless telephoning (telephone) him. He is not willing to come.
3.Being invited (invite) to the party was a great honour to the family.
4.Planting many trees is (be) very good for our environment.
5.It is a waste time warning (warn) him—he is determined to go his own way.
6.Being educated (educate) in Peking University is the dream of many students.
7.Knowing(know) basic first aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
8.He is good at writing,so his(he) winning the competition is no surprise to us.
9.Her devoting(devote) herself to education makes her an admirable teacher.
10.I think it is a waste of time sitting in front of the television all day.
维度二　语法与写作(每小题2分,共12分)
1.Being exposed to the sun for a long time will do harm to your skin.
长时间暴露在太阳下会伤害你的皮肤。
2.My brother’s playing the guitar makes me fail to be absorbed in studying.
我哥哥弹吉他使我无法专心学习。
3.His not knowing much about computer technology troubled him a lot.
他对计算机技术了解不多,这让他很困扰。
4.I think it’s fun spending the holiday at the beach.
我认为在海滩度假很有趣。
5.Not having received a reply made the manager worried.
未收到回复使经理很担心。
6.Being asked to do so much housework made him unhappy.
被要求做这么多家务活使他不高兴。
维度三　语法与语篇(每小题1.5分,共12分)
用所给单词的适当形式完成下面短文。
Tom spent most of his time 1.searching (search) for information on the Internet each day,which made his parents worried.In his father’s opinion,2.sitting (sit) in front of a computer did great harm to his son’s health.However,he found that it was no use 3.advising (advise) Tom to spend less time on the Internet,for he wouldn’t listen.Tom told his parents that that was what his job required.His mother wanted him 4.to change (change) his job,but Tom said that he was fond of it and 5.staying (stay) up late had become his habit.
In my opinion,it is not wise 6.to spend (spend) too much time on the Internet.7.Having (have) a break regularly will be of great help while working at the computer.In addition,8.setting (set) aside some time to relax is also very important.
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
The ocean covers over 70 percent of the surface of Earth today, but over 3 billion years ago the entire planet may have been covered in water.To investigate what our planet was like billions of years ago, a team of researchers turned to indirect methods of analysis at a geological site in the Australian Outback known as Panorama (全景画) in the Pilbara Craton.Today, the region is 100 kilometers inland, but 3.2 billion years ago, it was deep underwater.
In fact, there were also once ancient hydrothermal vents (热水口) there where seawater bubbled up through the ocean floor.“There are no samples of really ancient ocean water lying around, but we do have rocks that interacted with that seawater and remembered that interaction,”lead author Benjamin Johnson, an assistant professor at Iowa State University, said in a statement.
The researchers collected over 100 of these rock samples and found something peculiar in them: a slightly higher amount of a particular isotope (同位素) of oxygen.The vast majority of oxygen on Earth is Oxygen-16 and contains eight protons (质子) and eight neutrons.However, about 0.20 percent is Oxygen-18.
Samples from Australia show the region’s ancient water contained more Oxygen-18 than present times.Since continents are covered in clay-rich soil that is efficient at trapping Oxygen-18, the team suggests that without continents covered in soil, more Oxygen-18 would have been present in the ocean.Their discovery indeed suggests there wasn’t much dry land available 3.24 billion years ago.
“There’s nothing in what we’ve done that says you can’t have tiny, micro-continents sticking out of the oceans,” added co-author Boswell Wing.“We just don’t think there were global-scale formations of continental soils like we have today.”The researchers don’t know when and how continents began to emerge out of the ocean but they plan to investigate “younger”rock formations to piece together a more precise timeline.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于数十亿年前地球是什么样子的研究。
1.Where is the research site
A.In a region deep underwater.
B.In a region off Australia.
C.In a region inland Australia.
D.In a region outside the Pilbara Craton.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“To investigate what...in the Pilbara Craton.”可知,该研究的研究地点在澳大利亚内陆的一个地区。故选C。]
2.What do the underlined words “interacted with” in Paragraph 2 mean
A.Had an effect on each other.
B.Had a one-way effect.
C.Had a mysterious effect.
D.Had a negative effect.
答案　A　[词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“There are no samples...remembered that interaction”可知,that interaction是指interacted with that seawater。由此可知,interacted with...意为“与……相互作用”。故选A。]
3.What’s the researchers’ conclusion after analyzing samples from Australia
A.Modern earth must have been a water world.
B.Modern earth must have been a continental world.
C.Ancient earth may have been a water world.
D.Ancient earth may have been a continental world.
答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“Their discovery indeed...3.24 billion years ago.”可推知,在古代,地球可能是一个水的世界。故选C。]
4.What’s the researchers’ next focus of the study
A.To research continental soils’ formations.
B.To research the ocean’s formations.
C.To research “older” rock formations.
D.To research “younger” rock formations.
答案　D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“The researchers don’t...a more precise timeline.”可知,研究人员下一步的研究重点是研究较“年轻”的岩层。故选D。]
Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)
Building Lego isn’t just a physical activity.“It can also provide 1.　　　　　　 mental challenge—working out how to replicate a texture or shape or how to operate Lego bricks to achieve the model you want to create,” says Carter.
Carter’s hobby has also spilled over into his life at work.“I have a bowl of Lego 2.　　　　　　 (part) in my office too: if I 3.　　　　　　 (stick) on an issue, I find a quick rustle of bricks usually provides the break I need 4.　　　　　　 (solve) it and aids my focus. Clients have also started playing during meetings, so it’s catching on!”
5.　　　　　　 (play) with Lego can also be a more sociable hobby than you might imagine.“I’m a member of my local Lego User Group,6.　　　　　　 Adult Fans of LEGO (AFOLs) meet monthly to share their 7.　　　　　　 (late) models and there are exhibitions around the country where AFOLs come together to provide a display of their newest models for the public,” explains Carter. These meetings are 8.　　　　　　 (current) online, due to the global situation.
“Having the Lego hobby as a creative release has been great 9.　　　　　　 me,” he summarizes. “I attribute a lot of my wellbeing to having a hobby I can become so 10.　　　　　　 (involve) in, as well as providing a never-ending circle of new friends around the country!”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了卡特的特殊爱好——搭积木。他的这个爱好不但能帮助他减轻工作压力,还让他结识了新朋友。
1.a　[考查冠词。根据句意及语境可知,与前面的a physical activity 形成对比,搭积木不但是一项体力活动,还是一种智力挑战。表泛指,且mental的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。]
2.parts　[考查名词的单复数。根据前面的a bowl of可知,此处指很多零件,应用复数形式。故填parts。]
3.am stuck　[考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知,此处表示“如果我被困在一件事上”,表示被动,应用被动语态;根据上下文,此处应用一般现在时,主语为I。故填am stuck。]
4.to solve　[考查非谓语动词。此处是动词不定式作目的状语。故填 to solve。]
5.Playing　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,句子缺少主语,应用动名词作主语。故填Playing。]
6.where　[考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,此处引导非限制性定语从句。根据空格前面的my local Lego User Group和下文中的meet可知,此处在从句中作地点状语。故填where。]
7.latest　[考查形容词最高级。根据语境可知,此处指“大家彼此分享最新的乐高模型”,应用形容词最高级。故填latest。]
8.currently　[考查词性转换。此处应用副词作状语,修饰前面的are。故填 currently。]
9.for　[考查介词。根据语境可知,此处指“把搭积木这个爱好作为一种创造性的释放对我来说是非常棒的”。此处表示“对于……来说”。故填for。]
10.involved　[考查词性转换。become involved in 意为“专心于”。这里“involved”是形容词作表语,描述主语“I”的状态。故填involved。](共42张PPT)
Section Ⅲ 　Learning About Language
语法知识过关
内
容
索
引
课时测评作业
语 法 知 识 过 关
Grammar——动词－ing形式作主语
一、动词－ing形式作主语
[先感知]
①For hundreds of years, looking after reindeer was a way of life for the Sami.(教材原句) 几百年来,照顾驯鹿是萨米人的一种生活方式。
②Creating buildings such as these enables us to live in closer harmony with our environment.(外研选三U5)
创造这样的建筑使我们能够与我们的环境更加和谐地相处。
③Eating too much is bad for your health in the evening.
晚上吃得太多不利于你的健康。
[会发现]　通过上述例句可以看出,动词－ing形式可以作句子的　 　　　,常将其看作整体,谓语动词用第三人称　　　　形式。
主语
单数
[明规则]
1.动词－ing形式作主语时,多表示经常性、习惯性的动作。
2.动词－ing形式作主语时的主谓一致:
(1)单个的动词－ing形式作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;
(2)意义不同的两个动词－ing形式并列作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
小题集训　单句语法填空/补全句子
①Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like—frequently by plane—　　　　　 　　(view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
(2022·浙江1月卷)
②However, 　　　　　　(be) a third－culture kid is not always easy.
③However,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　could damage local culture.
然而,将太多人带到偏远地方可能会破坏当地文化。
is viewed/has been viewed
being
bringing too many people to the remote place
④　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　puts me at an advantage over other students.
精通英语使我比其他学生更有优势。
Having a good command of English
二、用it作形式主语代替动词－ing形式
[先感知]
①Actually, I understand it’s very painful, but it’s no use getting upset about it all day long.
事实上,我知道这很痛苦,但整日为它难过是没有用的。
②Most of us think it is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
我们大多数人认为说服这样的一个人加入我们是浪费时间。
③It is worthwhile wandering in this beautiful valley and admiring its splendid waterfall.
在这个美丽的山谷里漫步并且欣赏它壮丽的瀑布是值得的。
[会发现]　it作　　　　　　代替动词－ing形式时,只限于某些句型中,并不是所有的动词－ing形式作主语都可用it作形式主语。
形式主语
[明规则]
用it作形式主语代替动词－ing形式的常用句型:
1.It is＋adj.＋doing sth
It is/feels funny doing sth.做某事(感觉)很有趣。
It is useless doing sth. 做某事无用。
It is worthwhile doing sth. 做某事是值得的。
2.It is＋n.＋doing sth
It’s a waste of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间。
3.It is no＋n.＋doing sth
It’s no good/no use/no fun doing sth. 做某事没好处/没用/没意思。
小题集训　补全句子
①　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 because he is a work addict.
努力说服他去度假是没有用的,因为他是个工作狂。
②In my opinion,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
在我看来,玩电脑游戏是浪费时间。
It is no use trying to persuade him to have a holiday
it is a waste of time playing computer games
三、动词－ing形式的复合结构
[先感知]
①The president’s attending the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
总统出席会议给了他们很大的鼓舞。
②His not defeating the rivals in the Youth Innovation Competition made him depressed.
他在青年创新比赛中没有击败对手,这使他很沮丧。
[会发现]　动词－ing形式也有动作的发出者,其发出者叫　　　　　　　　,带有逻辑主语的动词－ing形式,其否定式是把not放在动词－ing形式　　　　　　。
逻辑主语
前面
[明规则]
动名词的复合结构的构成:
(1)名词所有格/名词的普通格＋doing(如Mary’s/Mary marrying)
(2) 形容词性物主代词/人称代词的宾格＋doing (如his/him coming)
[温馨提示]　如果动名词的复合结构作主语,其逻辑主语只能用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。
小题集训　补全句子
①　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　made him late for class.
他早上起晚了,导致他上课迟到了。
②　　　　　　　　　　　　　　didn’t make her worried.
约翰看到了她,但这并没有使她感到不安。
③　　　　　　　　　　　　　　was a great encouragement to us.
他们来帮忙对我们来说是一个很大的鼓舞。
His getting up late in the morning
John’s having seen her
Their coming to help
课 时 测 评 作 业
基础语境练
素能提升练
[基础语境练]
维度一 单句语法填空(每小题1分,共10分)
1.It’s no use (complain) without taking action.
2.It is useless (telephone) him. He is not willing to come.
3. (invite) to the party was a great honour to the family.
complaining
telephoning
Being invited
4.Planting many trees (be) very good for our environment.
5.It is a waste time (warn) him—he is determined to go his own way.
6. (educate) in Peking University is the dream of many students.
7. (know) basic first aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
is
warning
Being educated
Knowing
8.He is good at writing,so (he) winning the competition is no surprise to us.
9.Her (devote) herself to education makes her an admirable teacher.
10.I think is a waste of time sitting in front of the television all day.
his
devoting
it
维度二 语法与写作(每小题2分,共12分)
1. will do harm to your skin.
长时间暴露在太阳下会伤害你的皮肤。
2. makes me fail to be absorbed in studying. 我哥哥弹吉他使我无法专心学习。
3. troubled him a lot. 他对计算机技术了解不多,这让他很困扰。
Being exposed to the sun for a long time
My brother’s playing the guitar
His not knowing much about computer technology
4.I think .
我认为在海滩度假很有趣。
5. made the manager worried.
未收到回复使经理很担心。
6. made him unhappy.
被要求做这么多家务活使他不高兴。
it’s fun spending the holiday at the beach
Not having received a reply
Being asked to do so much housework
维度三 语法与语篇(每小题1.5分,共12分)
用所给单词的适当形式完成下面短文。
Tom spent most of his time 1. (search) for information on the Internet each day,which made his parents worried. In his father’s opinion,2. (sit) in front of a computer did great harm to his son’s health.However,he found that it was no use 3.___________ (advise) Tom to spend less time on the Internet,for he wouldn’t listen.Tom told his parents that that was what his job required.
searching
sitting
advising
His mother wanted him 4.______________ (change) his job,but Tom said that he was fond of it and 5. (stay) up late had become his habit.
In my opinion,it is not wise 6. (spend) too much time on the Internet.7. (have) a break regularly will be of great help while working at the computer.In addition,8. (set) aside some time to relax is also very important.
to change
staying
to spend
Having
setting
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
The ocean covers over 70 percent of the surface of Earth today, but over 3 billion years ago the entire planet may have been covered in water.To investigate what our planet was like billions of years ago, a team of researchers turned to indirect methods of analysis at a geological site in the Australian Outback known as Panorama (全景画) in the Pilbara Craton.Today, the region is 100 kilometers inland, but 3.2 billion years ago, it was deep underwater.
In fact, there were also once ancient hydrothermal vents (热水口) there where seawater bubbled up through the ocean floor.“There are no samples of really ancient ocean water lying around, but we do have rocks that interacted with that seawater and remembered that interaction,”lead author Benjamin Johnson, an assistant professor at Iowa State University, said in a statement.
The researchers collected over 100 of these rock samples and found something peculiar in them: a slightly higher amount of a particular isotope (同位素) of oxygen.The vast majority of oxygen on Earth is Oxygen-16 and contains eight protons (质子) and eight neutrons.However, about 0.20 percent is Oxygen-18.
Samples from Australia show the region’s ancient water contained more Oxygen-18 than present times.Since continents are covered in clay-rich soil that is efficient at trapping Oxygen-18, the team suggests that without continents covered in soil, more Oxygen-18 would have been present in the ocean.Their discovery indeed suggests there wasn’t much dry land available 3.24 billion years ago.
“There’s nothing in what we’ve done that says you can’t have tiny, micro-continents sticking out of the oceans,” added co-author Boswell Wing.“We just don’t think there were global-scale formations of continental soils like we have today.”The researchers don’t know when and how continents began to emerge out of the ocean but they plan to investigate “younger”rock formations to piece together a more precise timeline.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于数十亿年前地球是什么样子的研究。
1.Where is the research site
A.In a region deep underwater.
B.In a region off Australia.
C.In a region inland Australia.
D.In a region outside the Pilbara Craton.
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“To investigate what...in the Pilbara Craton.”可知,该研究的研究地点在澳大利亚内陆的一个地区。故选C。
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2.What do the underlined words “interacted with” in Paragraph 2 mean
A.Had an effect on each other. B.Had a one-way effect.
C.Had a mysterious effect. D.Had a negative effect.
解析　词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“There are no samples...remembered that interaction”可知,that interaction是指interacted with that seawater。由此可知,interacted with...意为“与……相互作用”。故选A。
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3.What’s the researchers’ conclusion after analyzing samples from Australia
A.Modern earth must have been a water world.
B.Modern earth must have been a continental world.
C.Ancient earth may have been a water world.
D.Ancient earth may have been a continental world.
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“Their discovery indeed...3.24 billion years ago.”可推知,在古代,地球可能是一个水的世界。故选C。
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4.What’s the researchers’ next focus of the study
A.To research continental soils’ formations.
B.To research the ocean’s formations.
C.To research “older” rock formations.
D.To research “younger” rock formations.
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“The researchers don’t...a more precise timeline.”可知,研究人员下一步的研究重点是研究较“年轻”的岩层。故选D。
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Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)
Building Lego isn’t just a physical activity.“It can also provide 1.　　　　　　 mental challenge—working out how to replicate a texture or shape or how to operate Lego bricks to achieve the model you want to create,” says Carter.
Carter’s hobby has also spilled over into his life at work.“I have a bowl of Lego 2.　　　　　　 (part) in my office too: if I 3.__________ (stick) on an issue, I find a quick rustle of bricks usually provides the break I need 4.　　　　　　 (solve) it and aids my focus. Clients have also started playing during meetings, so it’s catching on!”
5.　　　　　　 (play) with Lego can also be a more sociable hobby than you might imagine.“I’m a member of my local Lego User Group,6.　　　　　　 Adult Fans of LEGO (AFOLs) meet monthly to share their 7.　　　　　　 (late) models and there are exhibitions around the country where AFOLs come together to provide a display of their newest models for the public,” explains Carter. These meetings are 8.　　　　　　 (current) online, due to the global situation.
“Having the Lego hobby as a creative release has been great 9.　　　　　　 me,” he summarizes. “I attribute a lot of my wellbeing to having a hobby I can become so 10.　　　　　　 (involve) in, as well as providing a never-ending circle of new friends around the country!”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了卡特的特殊爱好——搭积木。他的这个爱好不但能帮助他减轻工作压力,还让他结识了新朋友。
1.a　[考查冠词。根据句意及语境可知,与前面的a physical activity 形成对比,搭积木不但是一项体力活动,还是一种智力挑战。表泛指,且mental的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。]
2.parts　[考查名词的单复数。根据前面的a bowl of可知,此处指很多零件,应用复数形式。故填parts。]
3.am stuck　[考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知,此处表示“如果我被困在一件事上”,表示被动,应用被动语态;根据上下文,此处应用一般现在时,主语为I。故填am stuck。]
4.to solve　[考查非谓语动词。此处是动词不定式作目的状语。故填 to solve。]
5.Playing　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,句子缺少主语,应用动名词作主语。故填Playing。]
6.where　[考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,此处引导非限制性定语从句。根据空格前面的my local Lego User Group和下文中的meet可知,此处在从句中作地点状语。故填where。]
7.latest　[考查形容词最高级。根据语境可知,此处指“大家彼此分享最新的乐高模型”,应用形容词最高级。故填latest。]
8.currently　[考查词性转换。此处应用副词作状语,修饰前面的are。故填 currently。]
9.for　[考查介词。根据语境可知,此处指“把搭积木这个爱好作为一种创造性的释放对我来说是非常棒的”。此处表示“对于……来说”。故填for。]
10.involved　[考查词性转换。become involved in 意为“专心于”。这里“involved”是形容词作表语,描述主语“I”的状态。故填involved。]
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