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(共52张PPT)
Section Ⅲ 　Learning About Language
语法知识过关
内
容
索
引
课时测评作业
语 法 知 识 过 关
Grammar——过去完成时及其被动语态
一、过去完成时概念及基本结构
[先感知]
①They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
他们到达旅馆前已经吃过早饭了。
②There is concern that the construction company that built the tower block had not followed fire safety rules.(译林选必二U1)
有人担心建造公寓大楼的建筑公司没有遵守消防安全规定。
③Had she finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning
今天上午10点之前她写完作文了吗
④At the end of the meeting,it was announced that an agreement had been reached.
在会议结束时,宣布已经达成了一项协议。
[会发现]
句①加黑处的时态为过去完成时,过去完成时由“　　　　　　　　”构成;句②加黑处为过去完成时的　　　　　　　　　　形式,其由“　　　　　　　　　　　　” 构成;句③为过去完成时的一般疑问句,要把had提到　　　　　　前;句④为过去完成时的　　　　　　　。
had+过去分词
否定
had not+过去分词
主语
被动语态
[明规则]
1.概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态,即“过去的过去”。
2.基本结构
主动语态 被动语态
肯定形式 had done had been done
否定形式 had not done had not been done
一般疑问句 had+主语+done had+主语+been done
特殊疑问句 疑问词+had+主语+done 疑问词+had+主语+been done
二、过去完成时的用法
[先感知]
①They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本想帮忙,但没能及时赶到。
②We had no sooner arrived at the bus station than the bus started.
→No sooner had we arrived at the bus station than the bus started.
我们刚到达车站公交车就开了。
③It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.
这是我第一次在网上用英语聊天。
④Pulitzer quickly became a successful journalist and by the age of 25, he had become a publisher.(译林选必二U1)
普利策很快成为一名成功的记者,25 岁时,他已成为一名出版商。
[会发现]
句①加黑处用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法;句②为“no sooner...than...”句型,主句常用过去完成时;句③包含“It was the first time...that...”句型,从句时态为　　　　　　　　　　　　;句④“　　　　　　　　　　”与过去完成时连用。
过去完成时
by+过去的时间点
[明规则]
过去完成时的特殊用法
(1)动词think、want、hope、mean、plan、intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等;
(2)在“hardly...when”“no sooner...than”“scarcely...when”句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时;
(3)“It/This/That was the first/second/...time+that...”句型中,从句用过去完成时;
(4)过去完成时与“by.../by the end of.../by the time...”等连用。
小题集训　单句语法填空/补全句子
①By the end of 1999,about 1,000 newspapers in China _____________ (set) up their own online news platforms.(译林选二U1)
②Many people refused to believe that living things,including humans,
　　　　　　　　 (evolve) from lower forms of life.(外研必一U5)
③Instead of getting down to a new task as I 　　　　　　(expect),he examined the previous work again.
had set
had evolved
had expected
④It was the first time that 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　.
这是我们第一次在会议上被介绍。
⑤It was at least three months 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 .
我离开北京至少3个月了。
we had been introduced at the conference
since I had left Beijing
三、过去完成时的被动语态
[先感知]
①When my breathing returned to normal,I reflected on what had just been achieved.(译林选二 U2)
当我的呼吸恢复正常时,我回想了一下刚刚取得的成绩。
②By the time he died in 2016,Ali had been recognized as one of the greatest boxers of all time.(译林选二U2)
到2016年去世时,阿里已被公认为有史以来最伟大的拳击手之一。
③My parents soon worked out this trick,though,and one day I came home to find that my room had been cleaned,and my homework had been put right in the centre of a spotlessly clean desk!(外研选二U2)
然而,我的父母很快就想出了这个办法。有一天,我回到家,发现我的房间已经打扫干净了,我的作业被放在了一尘不染的桌子中央!
[会发现]
句①②③均为过去完成时的　　　　　语态,其结构为
　　　　　　　　　　　　。
[明规则]
1.过去完成时的被动语态表示过去某一时间之前已经完成的被动的动作,常与by、before等引导的时间状语连用,其结构为had been+过去分词。
2.在told、said、knew、heard、thought等动词之后的宾语从句中,若表示过去某一被动动作时,用过去完成时的被动语态。
被动
had been+过去分词
小题集训　单句语法填空
①By the early 1980s,the great rockets previously used in the American space programme 　　　　　　　　　(replace) by the space shuttle.
(外研选四U6)
②It was an amazing achievement for a player who 　　　　　　(be) injured so recently.(译林选二U2)
had been replaced
had been
③In the chaos and confusion after the attack,the US Navy sent a message to his family that Louis 　　　　　　　　(kill) in the attack.
(译林选三U3)
④As the assignment 　　　　　　　　(do),he went on to search the Internet.
had been killed
had been done
四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
[先感知]
①Yesterday she said she had studied there two years ago.
昨天她说她在那里学习了两年。
②When I got to the station,the train had already left.
当我到达火车站的时候,火车已经离开了。
③She took out the key,opened the door and entered her room.
她拿出钥匙,打开门,然后走进了她的房间。
[会发现]
句①中的said的时态为　　　　　　,强调过去发生的动作,had studied的时态为　　　　　　,强调“过去的过去”;句②中的had left为先发生的动作,用　　　　　　,got为后发生的动作,用　　　　　　;句③中的三个动作是在过去接连发生的,用　　　　　　。
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去完成时
一般过去时
一般过去时
[明规则]
1.过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间发生的动作。
2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的动作用过去完成时,后发生的动作用一般过去时。
3.当两个或两个以上的接连发生的动作用and或but连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。
小题集训　单句语法填空
①I used to be afraid of insects,but last Friday’s biology class
　　　　　　(make) a big change in me.(2023·全国甲卷)
②He returned home,　　　　　　(turn) on the light and
　　　　　　(read) an evening paper.
③Her whole family were pleased with her because she ____________
(win) the first prize in the composition competition.
④Dad showed me a photo we 　　　　　　(take) then—just see how time flies!(外研必一U3)
made
turned
read
had won
had taken
课 时 测 评 作 业
基础语境练
素能提升练
[基础语境练]
维度一　同义句转换/句式转换(每小题2分,共6分)
1.By the end of last year we had built five new buildings.
→
(变为被动语态)
2.Someone had broken into my house before I returned.
→
(变为被动语态)
Five new buildings had been built by the end of last year.
My house had been broken into (by someone) before I returned.
3.She had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.
①
(变为否定句)
②
(变为一般疑问句)
③
(对句中主语she提问)
She hadn’t finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.
Had she finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning
Who had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning
维度二　单句语法填空(每小题1分,共10分)
1.When they got there,the famous singer 　　　　　　　　(leave).
2.I remember when you were his age,you said that you ____________
(want) to be a professional football player.
3.By the end of last year,another new gymnasium _________________
(complete) in Beijing.
4.The little child and her parents lived in a shelter because their house
　　　　　　　　　　(destroy) in the flood.
had left
wanted
had been completed
had been destroyed
5.I 　　　　　　　　(intend) to go to the cinema with you,but I had to take care of my grandmother.
6.All the film tickets 　　　　　　　　(sell) out when I got to the cinema.
7.By the last century,many devices 　　　　　　　　　　(invent) with the help of high technology.
8.He said he 　　　　　　　　(hope) to spend the important day with us,but he was too busy then.
had intended
had been sold
had been invented
had hoped
9.The twins,who 　　　　　　　　(finish) their homework,were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
10.It was the first time that my daughter 　　　　　　　　(ask) to sing in public and she was a bit nervous.
had finished
had been asked
维度三　语法与写作(每小题2分,共12分)
1. ,but he still couldn’t remember the Chinese meaning of this word.
他已经被告知过很多次,但他还是记不住这个词的中文意思。
2. on Friday afternoon,but something unexpected happened.
我本打算周五下午和你一起去书店,但是发生了意想不到的事情。
He had been told many times
I had intended to go to the bookstore with you
3.No sooner he was surrounded by the excited workers.
他刚一结束讲话就被兴奋的工人们围了起来。
4.I ran across David while walking along the street yesterday, whom.I
.
昨天我在街上散步的时候碰到了戴维。我已经三年没见过他了。
had he finished his talk than
hadn’t seen for three years
5. because of the heavy rain,so all the passengers had to take the train.
由于大雨,所有的航班都被取消了,乘客们不得不改乘火车。
6.It was the third time that she
to see the children.
这是她第三次来这个山村看望这些孩子。
All the flights had been cancelled
had come to this mountain village
维度四　语法与语篇(每小题1.5分,共10.5分)
My old friend,Jerry,1.　　　　　　 (live) in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned 2.　　　　　　　　　 (settle) down in the country.He had no sooner returned than he 3.__________
(buy) a house and went to live there.Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather,for even though it was still summer,it
4.　　　　　　　　 (rain) continually and it was often bitterly cold.
had lived
to settle
bought
rained
After so many years of sunshine,Jerry got a shock.He acted as if he
5.　　　　　　　　 (not live) in England before.In the end,it was more than he could bear.He had hardly had time to settle down when he 6.　　　　　　　　 (sell) the house and left the country.The dream he 7.　　　　　　　　 (have) for so many years ended there. Jerry had thought of everything except the weather.
hadn’t lived
sold
had had
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
I had the honour of being elected chief of my tribe (部落).With the title came great responsibility.It was my job to make peace with the Maori Tamaki tribe,whose village we visited.Their soldiers jumped from a canoe and faced us down with fierce crying,sticking eyes and much noise of sticks.They laid a palm leaf on the ground and,as head,I was forced to accept this peace offering by picking it up,then touching noses with their chief.“Kia ora,” he said,welcoming us into the woodland home of his people.
My “tribe” was my New Zealand coach tour group,who had forced me into being their leader.We’d been warned that the ceremony was a serious occasion and that to laugh or even smile would be considered rude to the Tamaki.After that it was non-stop fun as they demonstrated their ancient customs and I received instruction in performing the haka,the war dance immortalized (使不朽) by the All Blacks rugby team.
Then they pulled our dinner of lamb,beef and vegetables out of the ground.It had been slow-cooked in the heat just below the surface in the geothermal (地热的) area of North Island,a Maori tradition known as a hangi that goes back an extremely long period of time.
Obviously,this form of it is put on for tourists but it was hugely enjoyable.The journey back to the hotel was alone worth the effort,our elder Maori driver being deserving of his own television show.“The wheels on the bus go round and round,” he got us singing,while he circuited a roundabout three times.
A couple of days from the end of our trip,there was still something missing,a New Zealand icon I wanted to see to make my grand tour complete.Riding over a ridge,there it was—Aotearoa.The Maori name for New Zealand translates as “the land of the long white cloud”.Can I say “Kia ora,Aotearoa ” You bet I can.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文,主要讲述了作者荣幸地当选为部落的首席部长,承担了重大的责任,他的工作是保持与所参观的村庄Maori Tamaki部落的和平,本文以此展示,主要讲述了作者参观Maori Tamaki,并体验其风俗文化。
1.How were the visitors greeted in the tribe
A.The soldiers made a palm leaf road.
B.The soldiers touched their noses.
C.The soldiers shook sticks fiercely.
D.The soldiers made noise with shut eyes.
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Their soldiers jumped from... on the ground”可知,毛利部落的勇士们从独木舟上跳下来,用狂热的叫喊、瞪大的眼睛和巨大的棍棒晃动声将作者一行人镇住了,他们还在地面上放置一片棕榈叶。这些都是毛利人对游客表示欢迎的方式。故选C。
√
2.Which refers to the Maori cooking custom
A.Kia ora. B.Haka.
C.Hangi. D.Tamaki.
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Then they pulled our...a Maori tradition known as a hangi ”可知,在地下土炉中烹制食物是毛利饮食传统,这被称为hangi。故选C。
√
3.What does the author think of the driver
A.He was good at singing.
B.He made the journey memorable.
C.He was not familiar with the road.
D.He performed well on a TV show.
解析　观点态度题。根据第四段的“The journey back to...own television show...”可知,作者一行人的回宾馆之旅让他们难忘:有表演天赋的毛利老司机让作者他们一路欢歌。故选B。
√
4.What is the best title for the text
A.A Taste of Maori Culture
B.Hello,New Zealand
C.The Honour of Being a Tribe Chief
D.The Best of New Zealand
解析　标题归纳题。作者作为赴新西兰的旅游团的队长,在旅游中有幸接触毛利文化,这给作者留下了深刻的印象,故A项“体验毛利文化”为最佳标题。
√
Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)
Some time after 10,000 BC,people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 1.　　　　　　,through agriculture.Over thousands of years,they began to depend less on 2.　　　　　　 could be hunted or gathered from the wild,and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
Farming produced more food per person 3.　　　　　 hunting and gathering,so people were able to raise more children.And,as more children were born,more food 4.　　　　　　(need).Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 5.__________ (change) lives.
By about 6,000 BC,people 6.　　　　　　　　 (discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.Later,they learned to work with the 7.　　　　　　 (season),planting at the right time and,in dry areas,8.　　　　　　 (make) use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.
This style of farming lasted for quite a long time.Then,with 9.　　　　　　　　　　 rise of science,changes began.New methods 10.　　　　　　 (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.In the last century or so,these changes have accelerated.New power machinery and artificial fertilizers have now totally transformed a way of life that started in the Stone Age.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了农业的发展历史。
1.in　[考查介词。句意:公元前10 000年以后,人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知,“they lived 　　　　”是名词the world 的定语从句,定语从句引导词被省略,可推知先行词在从句中作宾语,即:they lived in the world。故填in。]
2.what　[考查名词性从句。句意:在几千年的时间里,他们开始减少对从野外采集的猎物的依赖,而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子,空处引导宾语从句,宾语从句部分缺主语,所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据句意,此处缺“什么”之意。故填what。]
3.than　[考查固定搭配。句意:农业比狩猎和采集的人均粮食产量更高。结合句意可知,此句中将农业生产与狩猎和采集相比,应用比较连词than。more...than,意为“比……更”故填than。]
4.was needed　[考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:随着更多的小孩出生,需要更多的食物。分析句子,逻辑主语和need之间为被动关系。同时此处描述的是过去的时间,所以时态应用一般过去时。故此处应用一般过去时的被动语态。且主语为单数形式,故填was needed。]
5.to change　[考查非谓语动词。句意:农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。分析句子,简单句中已有动词gave,故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。分析句意,此处需用不定式作后置定语。故填to change。]
6.had discovered　[考查动词的时态。句意:大约在公元前6000年,人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。“by+过去时间”与过去完成时连用。故填had discovered。]
7.seasons　[考查名词的单复数。句意:后来,他们学会了因地制宜,在适当的时间播种,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子,提示词的词性为可数名词,应用复数形式。故填seasons。]
8.making　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子,make所处的分句中无主语,故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用动词-ing形式与前边的planting并列作状语。故填making。]
9.the　[考查冠词。句意:随着科学的崛起,事情发生了变化。with the rise of 译为“随着……的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。]
10.meant　[考查动词的时态。句意:新方法意味着更少的人从事农业。文章的整体时态是一般过去时,根据时态一致原则此处也应为一般过去时。逻辑主语和动词之间表示主动关系。所以此处填一般过去时的主动形式。故填meant。]Section Ⅲ　Learning About Language
Grammar——过去完成时及其被动语态
一、过去完成时概念及基本结构
[先感知]
①They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
他们到达旅馆前已经吃过早饭了。
②There is concern that the construction company that built the tower block had not followed fire safety rules.(译林选必二U1)
有人担心建造公寓大楼的建筑公司没有遵守消防安全规定。
③Had she finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning
今天上午10点之前她写完作文了吗
④At the end of the meeting,it was announced that an agreement had been reached.
在会议结束时,宣布已经达成了一项协议。
[会发现]
句①加黑处的时态为过去完成时,过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成;句②加黑处为过去完成时的否定形式,其由“had not+过去分词”构成;句③为过去完成时的一般疑问句,要把had提到主语前;句④为过去完成时的被动语态。
[明规则]
1.概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态,即“过去的过去”。
2.基本结构
主动语态 被动语态
肯定形式 had done had been done
否定形式 had not done had not been done
一般疑问句 had+主语+done had+主语+been done
特殊疑问句 疑问词+had+主语+done 疑问词+had+主语+been done
二、过去完成时的用法
[先感知]
①They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本想帮忙,但没能及时赶到。
②We had no sooner arrived at the bus station than the bus started.
→No sooner had we arrived at the bus station than the bus started.
我们刚到达车站公交车就开了。
③It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.
这是我第一次在网上用英语聊天。
④Pulitzer quickly became a successful journalist and by the age of 25, he had become a publisher.(译林选必二U1)
普利策很快成为一名成功的记者,25 岁时,他已成为一名出版商。
[会发现]
句①加黑处用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法;句②为“no sooner...than...”句型,主句常用过去完成时;句③包含“It was the first time...that...”句型,从句时态为过去完成时;句④“by+过去的时间点”与过去完成时连用。
[明规则]
过去完成时的特殊用法
(1)动词think、want、hope、mean、plan、intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等;
(2)在“hardly...when”“no sooner...than”“scarcely...when”句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时;
(3)“It/This/That was the first/second/...time+that...”句型中,从句用过去完成时;
(4)过去完成时与“by.../by the end of.../by the time...”等连用。
小题集训　单句语法填空/补全句子
①By the end of 1999,about 1,000 newspapers in China had set (set) up their own online news platforms.(译林选二U1)
②Many people refused to believe that living things,including humans,had evolved (evolve) from lower forms of life.(外研必一U5)
③Instead of getting down to a new task as I had expected(expect),he examined the previous work again.
④It was the first time that we had been introduced at the conference.
这是我们第一次在会议上被介绍。
⑤It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.
我离开北京至少3个月了。
三、过去完成时的被动语态
[先感知]
①When my breathing returned to normal,I reflected on what had just been achieved.(译林选二 U2)
当我的呼吸恢复正常时,我回想了一下刚刚取得的成绩。
②By the time he died in 2016,Ali had been recognized as one of the greatest boxers of all time.(译林选二U2)
到2016年去世时,阿里已被公认为有史以来最伟大的拳击手之一。
③My parents soon worked out this trick,though,and one day I came home to find that my room had been cleaned,and my homework had been put right in the centre of a spotlessly clean desk!(外研选二U2)
然而,我的父母很快就想出了这个办法。有一天,我回到家,发现我的房间已经打扫干净了,我的作业被放在了一尘不染的桌子中央!
[会发现]
句①②③均为过去完成时的被动语态,其结构为had been+过去分词。
[明规则]
1.过去完成时的被动语态表示过去某一时间之前已经完成的被动的动作,常与by、before等引导的时间状语连用,其结构为had been+过去分词。
2.在told、said、knew、heard、thought等动词之后的宾语从句中,若表示过去某一被动动作时,用过去完成时的被动语态。
小题集训　单句语法填空
①By the early 1980s,the great rockets previously used in the American space programme had been replaced(replace) by the space shuttle.(外研选四U6)
②It was an amazing achievement for a player who had been (be) injured so recently.(译林选二U2)
③In the chaos and confusion after the attack,the US Navy sent a message to his family that Louis had been killed(kill) in the attack.(译林选三U3)
④As the assignment had been done (do),he went on to search the Internet.
四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
[先感知]
①Yesterday she said she had studied there two years ago.
昨天她说她在那里学习了两年。
②When I got to the station,the train had already left.
当我到达火车站的时候,火车已经离开了。
③She took out the key,opened the door and entered her room.
她拿出钥匙,打开门,然后走进了她的房间。
[会发现]
句①中的said的时态为一般过去时,强调过去发生的动作,had studied的时态为过去完成时,强调“过去的过去”;句②中的had left为先发生的动作,用过去完成时,got为后发生的动作,用一般过去时;句③中的三个动作是在过去接连发生的,用一般过去时。
[明规则]
1.过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间发生的动作。
2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的动作用过去完成时,后发生的动作用一般过去时。
3.当两个或两个以上的接连发生的动作用and或but连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。
小题集训　单句语法填空
①I used to be afraid of insects,but last Friday’s biology class made(make) a big change in me.(2023·全国甲卷)
②He returned home,turned(turn) on the light and read(read) an evening paper.
③Her whole family were pleased with her because she had won(win) the first prize in the composition competition.
④Dad showed me a photo we had taken(take) then—just see how time flies!(外研必一U3)
[基础语境练]
维度一　同义句转换/句式转换(每小题2分,共6分)
1.By the end of last year we had built five new buildings.
→Five new buildings had been built by the end of last year.(变为被动语态)
2.Someone had broken into my house before I returned.
→My house had been broken into (by someone) before I returned.(变为被动语态)
3.She had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.
①She hadn’t finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.(变为否定句)
②Had she finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning (变为一般疑问句)
③Who had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning (对句中主语she提问)
维度二　单句语法填空(每小题1分,共10分)
1.When they got there,the famous singer had left(leave).
2.I remember when you were his age,you said that you wanted (want) to be a professional football player.
3.By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed (complete) in Beijing.
4.The little child and her parents lived in a shelter because their house had been destroyed (destroy) in the flood.
5.I had intended (intend) to go to the cinema with you,but I had to take care of my grandmother.
6.All the film tickets had been sold (sell) out when I got to the cinema.
7.By the last century,many devices had been invented (invent) with the help of high technology.
8.He said he had hoped (hope) to spend the important day with us,but he was too busy then.
9.The twins,who had finished (finish) their homework,were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
10.It was the first time that my daughter had been asked (ask) to sing in public and she was a bit nervous.
维度三　语法与写作(每小题2分,共12分)
1.He had been told many times,but he still couldn’t remember the Chinese meaning of this word.
他已经被告知过很多次,但他还是记不住这个词的中文意思。
2.I had intended to go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon,but something unexpected happened.
我本打算周五下午和你一起去书店,但是发生了意想不到的事情。
3.No sooner had he finished his talk than he was surrounded by the excited workers.
他刚一结束讲话就被兴奋的工人们围了起来。
4.I ran across David while walking along the street yesterday,whom.I hadn’t seen for three years.
昨天我在街上散步的时候碰到了戴维。我已经三年没见过他了。
5.All the flights had been cancelled because of the heavy rain,so all the passengers had to take the train.
由于大雨,所有的航班都被取消了,乘客们不得不改乘火车。
6.It was the third time that she had come to this mountain village to see the children.
这是她第三次来这个山村看望这些孩子。
维度四　语法与语篇(每小题1.5分,共10.5分)
My old friend,Jerry,1.had lived (live) in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned 2.to settle (settle) down in the country.He had no sooner returned than he 3.bought(buy) a house and went to live there.Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather,for even though it was still summer,it 4.rained (rain) continually and it was often bitterly cold.After so many years of sunshine,Jerry got a shock.He acted as if he 5.hadn’t lived (not live) in England before.In the end,it was more than he could bear.He had hardly had time to settle down when he 6.sold (sell) the house and left the country.The dream he 7.had had (have) for so many years ended there.Jerry had thought of everything except the weather.
[素能提升练]
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
I had the honour of being elected chief of my tribe (部落).With the title came great responsibility.It was my job to make peace with the Maori Tamaki tribe,whose village we visited.Their soldiers jumped from a canoe and faced us down with fierce crying,sticking eyes and much noise of sticks.They laid a palm leaf on the ground and,as head,I was forced to accept this peace offering by picking it up,then touching noses with their chief.“Kia ora,” he said,welcoming us into the woodland home of his people.
My “tribe” was my New Zealand coach tour group,who had forced me into being their leader.We’d been warned that the ceremony was a serious occasion and that to laugh or even smile would be considered rude to the Tamaki.After that it was non-stop fun as they demonstrated their ancient customs and I received instruction in performing the haka,the war dance immortalized (使不朽) by the All Blacks rugby team.
Then they pulled our dinner of lamb,beef and vegetables out of the ground.It had been slow-cooked in the heat just below the surface in the geothermal (地热的) area of North Island,a Maori tradition known as a hangi that goes back an extremely long period of time.
Obviously,this form of it is put on for tourists but it was hugely enjoyable.The journey back to the hotel was alone worth the effort,our elder Maori driver being deserving of his own television show.“The wheels on the bus go round and round,” he got us singing,while he circuited a roundabout three times.
A couple of days from the end of our trip,there was still something missing,a New Zealand icon I wanted to see to make my grand tour complete.Riding over a ridge,there it was—Aotearoa.The Maori name for New Zealand translates as “the land of the long white cloud”.Can I say “Kia ora,Aotearoa ” You bet I can.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文,主要讲述了作者荣幸地当选为部落的首席部长,承担了重大的责任,他的工作是保持与所参观的村庄Maori Tamaki部落的和平,本文以此展示,主要讲述了作者参观Maori Tamaki,并体验其风俗文化。
1.How were the visitors greeted in the tribe
A.The soldiers made a palm leaf road.
B.The soldiers touched their noses.
C.The soldiers shook sticks fiercely.
D.The soldiers made noise with shut eyes.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Their soldiers jumped from...on the ground”可知,毛利部落的勇士们从独木舟上跳下来,用狂热的叫喊、瞪大的眼睛和巨大的棍棒晃动声将作者一行人镇住了,他们还在地面上放置一片棕榈叶。这些都是毛利人对游客表示欢迎的方式。故选C。]
2.Which refers to the Maori cooking custom
A.Kia ora. B.Haka.
C.Hangi. D.Tamaki.
答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Then they pulled our...a Maori tradition known as a hangi ”可知,在地下土炉中烹制食物是毛利饮食传统,这被称为hangi。故选C。]
3.What does the author think of the driver
A.He was good at singing.
B.He made the journey memorable.
C.He was not familiar with the road.
D.He performed well on a TV show.
答案　B　[观点态度题。根据第四段的“The journey back to...own television show...”可知,作者一行人的回宾馆之旅让他们难忘:有表演天赋的毛利老司机让作者他们一路欢歌。故选B。]
4.What is the best title for the text
A.A Taste of Maori Culture
B.Hello,New Zealand
C.The Honour of Being a Tribe Chief
D.The Best of New Zealand
答案　A　[标题归纳题。作者作为赴新西兰的旅游团的队长,在旅游中有幸接触毛利文化,这给作者留下了深刻的印象,故A项“体验毛利文化”为最佳标题。]
Ⅱ.语法填空(每小题1.5分,共15分)
Some time after 10,000 BC,people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 1.　　　　　　,through agriculture.Over thousands of years,they began to depend less on 2.　　　　　　 could be hunted or gathered from the wild,and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
Farming produced more food per person 3.　　　　　　　　 hunting and gathering,so people were able to raise more children.And,as more children were born,more food 4.　　　　　　(need).Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 5.　　　　　　(change) lives.
By about 6,000 BC,people 6.　　　　　　　　 (discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.Later,they learned to work with the 7.　　　　　　 (season),planting at the right time and,in dry areas,8.　　　　　　 (make) use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.
This style of farming lasted for quite a long time.Then,with 9.　　　　　　 rise of science,changes began.New methods 10.　　　　　　 (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.In the last century or so,these changes have accelerated.New power machinery and artificial fertilizers have now totally transformed a way of life that started in the Stone Age.
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了农业的发展历史。
1.in　[考查介词。句意:公元前10 000年以后,人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知,“they lived 　　　　”是名词the world 的定语从句,定语从句引导词被省略,可推知先行词在从句中作宾语,即:they lived in the world。故填in。]
2.what　[考查名词性从句。句意:在几千年的时间里,他们开始减少对从野外采集的猎物的依赖,而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子,空处引导宾语从句,宾语从句部分缺主语,所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据句意,此处缺“什么”之意。故填what。]
3.than　[考查固定搭配。句意:农业比狩猎和采集的人均粮食产量更高。结合句意可知,此句中将农业生产与狩猎和采集相比,应用比较连词than。more...than,意为“比……更”故填than。]
4.was needed　[考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:随着更多的小孩出生,需要更多的食物。分析句子,逻辑主语和need之间为被动关系。同时此处描述的是过去的时间,所以时态应用一般过去时。故此处应用一般过去时的被动语态。且主语为单数形式,故填was needed。]
5.to change　[考查非谓语动词。句意:农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。分析句子,简单句中已有动词gave,故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。分析句意,此处需用不定式作后置定语。故填to change。]
6.had discovered　[考查动词的时态。句意:大约在公元前6000年,人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。“by+过去时间”与过去完成时连用。故填had discovered。]
7.seasons　[考查名词的单复数。句意:后来,他们学会了因地制宜,在适当的时间播种,在干旱地区,利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子,提示词的词性为可数名词,应用复数形式。故填seasons。]
8.making　[考查非谓语动词。分析句子,make所处的分句中无主语,故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用动词-ing形式与前边的planting并列作状语。故填making。]
9.the　[考查冠词。句意:随着科学的崛起,事情发生了变化。with the rise of 译为“随着……的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。]
10.meant　[考查动词的时态。句意:新方法意味着更少的人从事农业。文章的整体时态是一般过去时,根据时态一致原则此处也应为一般过去时。逻辑主语和动词之间表示主动关系。所以此处填一般过去时的主动形式。故填meant。]

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