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预备2026高考·高考英语阅读长难句板块（全解全析）
1. Two out of three people think that it is important to buy from environmentally responsible companies, with about one in seven saying that they had even decided to take their custom elsewhere if they felt a company’s environmental reputation was not good enough.
【翻译】
三分之二的人认为买那些对环境负责任的公司的产品是重要的，七分之一的人认为如果他们感觉这个公司在环保方面的名声不够好，他们会决定去其他地方买东西。
【句式分析】
本句包含两个宾语从句，that it is important to ...作think的宾语；that they had even decided to ...作saying的宾语。
【词语点拨】
（1）responsible adj. 有责任的，尽责的
All pilots should be responsible for their passengers’ safety.
所有的飞机驾驶员均应该对乘客的安全负责。
（2）custom n. 习俗，风俗，惯例 n. （顾客经常性的）关顾；惠顾
It is difficult to get used to another country’s customs.
要适应另一个国家的风俗习惯很难。
I shall withdraw my custom from that shop.
我不再去那家商店买东西了。
（3）reputation n. 名声，声誉
The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good reputation.
这名医生擅长治疗心脏疾病并且从不接收病人的任何礼品，因此他有个好名声。
【语法点拨】
that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略。但是句中若有两个并列的that从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that。如：
Do you know (that) he has joined the army
你知道他参军了吗？
I believe (that) you have done your best and that things will improve.
我相信你已经尽了力，我也相信一切会好起来的。
2. They believe (that) their dance with each sacred (神圣的) moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth.
【翻译】
他们相信他们与生命中每一个神圣时刻的舞蹈是一份礼物，暴风雨是生活中很自然的一部分，它为情感和心灵的成长带来雨水的滋润。
【句式分析】
本句包含两个并列的宾语从句和一个定语从句，their dance with ...与that storms are ...是两个并列的宾语从句，作believe的宾语；which can bring ...引导定语从句，修饰先行词storms。
【词语点拨】
gift n. 礼物，赠品；天赋，天资，才能
One of my wonderful memories is about a Christmas gift.
我最美好的记忆之一是关于圣诞礼物的。
I’ve always been able to learn languages easily, because I have a gift for it.
我学习语言一向是轻而易举，因为我有这方面的天赋。
【语法点拨】
（1）that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略，但是句中若有两个并列的that从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that，故their dance with ...前省略了连词that。具体用法参见第111句。
（2）which作为关系代词引导定语从句指物或指整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如：
It sounded like a train which was going under my house.
那响声听起来就像一列火车在我的房子底下开过似的。
The movie which we watched was fantastic.
我们看的电影很好看。
I bought a new car, which is very fuel-efficient.
我买了一辆新车，它非常省油。
She served us a delicious meal, which we all enjoyed.
她给我们端来了一盘美味的饭菜，我们都很喜欢。
He was very rude to the customs officer, which, of course, made things even worse.
他对海关官员非常无理，这当然使得事情更糟糕了。
3. In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write.
【翻译】
在最近的一个研究中，贝尔宁格了解了拼写在一个学生的写作技巧中扮演什么角色，发现孩子拼写的好坏与写作的好坏是有联系的。
【句式分析】
本句包含两个宾语从句，what role spelling plays ...作looked at的宾语；that how well children spell ...作found的宾语，在本句中how well children spell又作该宾语从句的主语，how well they can write作is tied to的宾语。
【词语点拨】
（1）play a role in 在……中起作用，扮演……角色
Farming plays an important role in the country’s economy.
农业对该国经济起着重要作用。
He played a role in the play, which made his mother happy.
他在剧中扮演了一个角色，这让他的妈妈很开心。
（2）tie n. 领带，联系 v.（用带、绳、线等）系，拴
The firm has close ties with an American corporation.
这家商行与一家美国公司关系密切。
It took him a long time to tie the horse to the tree.
他花费了很长时间才把马拴在了树上。
【语法点拨】
（1）what引导宾语从句，有时可以作前置定语，如what help, what funny stories等。如：
His songs express exactly what people feel about love, life and relationships.
他的歌曲准确表达了人们对爱、生活和情感的感觉。
I heard what you’ve told Amy.
我听到你讲给Amy的话了。
He is thinking about what he should say next.
他在想接下来应该说什么。
I don’t know what books he likes reading.
我不知道他喜欢读什么书。
We still don’t know what side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.
尽管有2000名病人已服用了这种药，但我们仍然不知道它会带来什么副作用。
（2）how可以引导宾语从句。如：
I don’t know how he did it.
我不知道他是怎么做到的。
He asked how much it would cost.
他问要花多少钱。
She wondered how her son was doing.
她想知道她的儿子过得怎么样。
4. The January 12 Haiti earthquake and its aftershocks (余震) killed or injured hundreds of thousands of people in the Caribbean island nation, mostly as a result of what engineers call structural failure — buildings collapsing, roofs falling in, that sort of thing.
【翻译】
1月12日海地地震和余震造成加勒比岛国数万人死伤，大部分是由于工程师们所说的结构故障，比如建筑物倒塌，屋顶坠落这种事情。
【句式分析】
本句包含一个介词宾语从句，what engineers call ...作介词of的宾语。
【词语点拨】
failure n. [U] 失败；[C] 失败的人/事
All my efforts ended in failure.
我的一切努力最后都无济于事。
He became discouraged by his repeated failures in business.
多次生意失败使他变得沮丧。
He felt like a failure when he wasn’t accepted into law school.
由于没有被法学院录取，他觉得自己像是个失败者。
The scheme was a complete failure.
这个计划完全是个败笔。
【语法点拨】
what引导宾语从句，作介词的宾语，在从句中可作主语或宾语。如：
After what seemed a very long time, I opened my eyes and found myself in bed.
在很长时间后，我睁开眼睛发现自己躺在床上。
She is talking about what she experienced in Beijing last week.
她在描述她上周在北京的经历。
They can’t agree on what they will do next.
他们对未来的行动意见不一致。
5. Media reports said that the House would meet and discuss a surveyor’s report which could recommend lawmakers move out for repairs costing up to one billion pounds, while the Daily Telegraph said that another proposal might be to sell to Russian or Chinese developers for about 500 million pounds.
【翻译】
媒体报道说议院将会开会讨论一份勘测员的报告，这份报告建议立法者挪出10亿英镑对大本钟的钟楼进行维修，而《每日电讯报》则称另一个建议是以5亿英镑的价格卖给俄罗斯或中国的开发者。
【句式分析】
本句包含两个宾语从句，that the House would meet and discuss ... one billion pound作said的宾语；that another proposal might be ...作the Daily Telegraph said的宾语。
【词语点拨】
（1）recommend v. 推荐，介绍；劝告，建议
I recommend this book to anyone with an interest in art.
我把这本书推荐给对艺术感兴趣的人。
They have recommended that the site (should) be closed and repaired.
他们已经提出关闭这个遗址并进行维修的建议。
（2）up to 达到；直到；轮到，该由；从事于，忙于
I can take up to four people in my car.
我的车最多能坐4个人。
Up to now, I’ve understand everything the teacher’s said.
到现在，我已经理解了老师所讲的全部内容。
It’s up to you to find out what your goals really are.
你真正的目标是什么只能由你来决定。
What are you up to this weekend
这周末你打算做什么？
（3）proposal n. 建议，提议
He made a proposal that the meeting (should) be postponed.
他提议会议延期。
【语法点拨】
that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略，但是句中若有两个并列的that从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that。预备2026高考·高考英语阅读长难句板块（全解全析）
1. He also dismissed concern in the media that parliament was slipping into the Thames, while the commission’s spokesman denied that the walls around the palace were suffering from a particularly bad sinking problem causing Big Ben to lean.
【翻译】
他还摒除了媒体对议会会滑落到泰晤士河的顾虑，而委员会的发言人则否认是宫殿周围的墙受到严重的下沉才使得大本钟倾斜。
【句式分析】
本句包含一个同位语从句和一个宾语从句，that parliament was slipping into the Thames作concern的同位语；that the walls around the palace were suffering from ...作denied的宾语。
【词语点拨】
（1）concern n. 担心，忧虑 v. 与……有关，涉及，影响；使担心
Issues like food safety do concern me.
食品安全这类问题确实让我很担心。
On the whole the warming of the earth is a phenomenon that causes great concern.
总的说来，地球变暖现象引起了极大的忧虑。
This chapter concerns itself with the historical background.
本章是关于历史背景的。
They meet every summer to discuss major problems that concern the whole world.
他们每年夏天都会会面，讨论关于整个世界的重大问题。
（2）deny v. 否认，否定
He denied taking money but we were sceptical.
他否认收受了贿赂，但我们很怀疑。
I never deny that you’re a great intellect.
我从不否认你很有才智。
（3）suffer from 经历，遭受
He is suffering from the loss of his old friend.
他正遭受失去老朋友的痛苦。
【语法点拨】
（1）that引导同位语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略。如：
There is a feeling in me that we’ll never know what a UFO is — not ever.
我有一种感觉，我们将永远不会知道不明飞行物是什么——永远都不会。
The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.
允许妇女参加这个协会的决议通过了。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
明天放假的消息不实。
（2）that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略，但是句中若有两个并列的that从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that。具体用法参见第111句。
2. Most music critics also say that her music often sounds a bit like the work of other artists, and she herself is quite open about the fact that singers such as Madonna have been a big influence on her.
【翻译】
大多数音乐评论家还说，她的音乐听起来经常有点像其他艺术家的作品，她本人也相当坦率地承认麦当娜等歌手对她产生了很大的影响。
【句式分析】
本句包含一个宾语从句和一个同位语从句，that her music often sounds ...作say的宾语；that singers such as Madonna have been ...作the fact的同位语。
【词语点拨】
influence n. 影响 v. 影响
Under their influence, he becomes greatly interested in stories of travel and adventure.
在他们的影响下，他对游记和历险故事很感兴趣。
He greatly influenced the development of China’s culture and education.
他对中国文化和教育的发展产生了深远的影响。
【语法点拨】
（1）that引导同位语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略。
（2）that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略，但是句中若有两个并列的that从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that。具体用法参见第111句。
3. It doesn’t matter what the topic is — politics, the laws of physics, or the proper way to break an egg — the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authority — someone who actually knows something — and therefore to command respect.
【翻译】
主题是什么并不要紧——政治、物理法则或打鸡蛋的恰当方法——争论的要点是要证明你是对的，另一个人是错的，因为双方都希望被证明是了解某事的权威以博得尊敬。
【句式分析】
本句包含一个主语从句和一个宾语从句，what the topic is是主语从句，that you are right and the other person is wrong是宾语从句，作prove的宾语。
【词语点拨】
（1）point n. 分数；观点，要点 v. 指出，指向
I’d like to make one point before I stop.
结束前我想提出最后一个看法。
It is rude to point your fingers at others.
对人指指点点是不礼貌的。
（2）command n. 命令，指挥 v. 命令，指挥；值得
The fire officer took command, ordering everyone to leave the building.
消防员开始指挥大家离开大楼。
The teacher commanded that he (should) go out of the classroom.
老师命令他离开教室。
（3）respect n. 尊敬，尊重 v. 尊敬，尊重
We should show our respect for old people, our parents and our teachers.
我们应该尊敬老人、父母和老师。
The media should respect famous people’s privacy.
媒体应当尊重名人的隐私。
【语法点拨】
（1）本句中what the topic is是主语从句，其中it作形式主语。
It is clear what he meant.
他的意思很清楚。
It is none of your business what other people think about you. Believe in yourself.
别人怎么看你不关你的事，相信你自己。
（2）that引导宾语从句没有词义，不作成分，通常可以省略，但是句中若有两个并列的that从句作宾语，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that。具体用法参见第111句。
4. It so happened that in this village there were many shoemakers who were spending a lot of money to buy tacks for their shoes and even at times when they paid high prices they were not always able to get what they wanted, because in that part of the country there was a high demand for soldiers’ shoes.
【翻译】
巧的是，这个国家的这个地区，急需大量军鞋，所以这个村子里有很多鞋匠，他们总是花费很多钱购买鞋钉。有时，即使付了很高的价钱，也买不到他们想要的鞋钉。
【句式分析】
本句包含一个主语从句，that in this village there were many ...是主语从句，常用it作形式主语；在该主语从句中who were spending a lot of money ...是定语从句修饰先行词shoemakers；when they paid high prices是定语从句修饰先行词times；what they wanted作动词get的宾语。
【词语点拨】
（1）It (so) happens that ...碰巧，偶然
happen to do sth 碰巧
It so happened that I had no money with me.
不巧我身上没带钱。
Do you happen to know what’s on after the news
你知道新闻之后是什么节目吗？
（2）demand n. 需要，需求 v. （强烈）要求
The demand for natural resources is becoming an increasingly serious problem for the future of mankind.
对于未来的人类，对自然资源的需求正成为一个日益严峻的问题。
When your child demands that you (should) buy something, explain why you really don’t want to buy it.
当孩子要求你买东西时，要向他解释为什么你不想买。
【语法点拨】
that引导的从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，常见的句型有：
（1）It+be+形容词（obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, probable, certain, etc.）+that从句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
可以肯定她会考得很好。
（2）It+be+名词词组（no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.）+that从句。如：
It is no surprise that our team has won the game.
我们队赢了比赛并不惊奇。
（3）It+be+过去分词（said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.）+that从句。如：
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.
已经定下来，会议推迟到了下周一。
5. Consider another fact that bottled water is surprisingly expensive, especially when compared with the alternative, which is almost free, and it is astonishing that America’s desire for bottled water seems impossible to satisfy, reaching nearly 30 billion bottles a year.
【翻译】
考虑另外一个事实：瓶装水出乎意料地贵，尤其是和另一种几乎是免费的选择相比；美国人对瓶装水的需求似乎是不可能满足的，每年几乎达到300亿瓶，这是令人吃惊的。
【句式分析】
本句包含一个同位语从句和一个主语从句，that bottled water is ...作fact的同位语；that America’s desire for bottled water ...是主语从句，it是形式主语。
【词语点拨】
（1）compare v. 对比，比较
固定短语：
compare A to/with B 把A同B作比较
compare A to B 把A比作B
compared to/with 与……比较起来
Compare this to/with that and you will see which is better.
把这个跟那个对比一下，你就能看出哪一个更好。
Young people are often compared to the rising sun.
年轻人常被比喻作冉冉升起的太阳。
Compared with/to you, we still have a long way to go.
和你们比起来我们还有很大的差距。
（2）alternative n. 选择，供选择的东西 adj. 供替代的，二者择一的
Minibuses with seats for 12 passengers offer an alternative to expensive taxis and crowded public transport.
相对于昂贵的出租车和拥挤的公共交通，12座的小公共汽车提供了另一种选择。
As there is less and less coal and oil, scientists are exploring new ways of making use of alternative energy, such as sunlight, wind and water for power and fuel.
随着煤和油变得越来越少，科学家正在开拓新的使用可替代能源的方法，比如阳光、风和水作燃料。
（3）desire n. 愿望，欲望，渴望 v. 渴望，希望
The program is aimed at inspiring a strong desire for discovery on the part of the students.
这个项目旨在激起学生强烈的探索欲望。
A home of her own was something she had always desired.
她一直渴望有个自己的家。
【语法点拨】
（1）that引导同位语从句没有词义，不作成分，不能省略。
（2）that引导的从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语。预备2026高考·高考英语阅读长难句板块（全解全析）
1. Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better.
【翻译】
噪声消除系统应用的另一个好处就是没有必要使用消声器，这不仅减轻了轿车的重量，而且使发动机耗油更少，运转更好。
【句式分析】
这是一个含有that引导的表语从句的复合句。并且表语从句后接了which引导的非限制性定语从句，代替整个上文的内容。非限制性定语从句的两个谓语动词是一个由not only ... but also ...连接的并列结构。
【词语点拨】
reduce v. 减少；缩小；使落魄；简化；还原
The new government’s prime task is to reduce the level of inflation.
新政府的首要任务是降低通货膨胀的水平。
We need to reduce our dependence on oil as a source of energy.
在能源方面，我们需要减少对石油的依赖。
The government had retreated from its pledge to reduce class sizes.
政府已经改变了缩小班级规模的承诺。
【语法点拨】
非限制性定语从句的五个“不能”：
（1）通常不能用that引导。如：
I like the book, which was bought yesterday.
我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。
（2）不能用why引导，要用for which代替why。如：
I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting.
我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。
（3）不能用which引导从句置于句首。如：
She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.
她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。
（4）由“介词+关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词不能用as。如：
I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat down reading the newspaper.
我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐下看报纸。
（5）指人的关系代词作宾语时，只用宾格whom；不用who替换，也不能省。如：
Do you know Tom, whom we talked about
你认识汤姆吗？我们谈到过他。
2. However, much more than buildings and objects, it is the forms of the people who were caught in the disaster that have made the city a monument to human history.
【翻译】
但是，与其说是建筑和物品，倒不如说是那些在那场灾难中遇难的人的轮廓像，使得这座城市成为人类历史上的一座纪念碑。
【句式分析】
该句是一个复合句，主句中的主语是被强调部分，它带有自己的定语从句，由who引导。除采用强调句型来强调主语外，该句还用了more than来加重对the forms of the people who ...的强调语气。
【词语点拨】
（1）be caught in 陷入；卷入；遭遇（困难、不幸）
We were caught in the storm and got wet through.
我们遇上大雨全都被浇透了。
（2）monument n. 给某人竖立的纪念碑
They raised a monument to the national hero.
他们为那位民族英雄树立了纪念碑。
【语法点拨】
more ... than ...的三个用法：
（1）“比……更多”，more为many或much的比较级，表示数量，后接名词。如：
I made more mistakes than you.
我犯的错误比你多。
（2）“比……更……”，more后接多音节形容词或副词，构成比较级，对两者比较。如：
Travelling by train is more relaxing than driving.
乘火车旅行比开汽车轻松得多。
（3）“与其说……不如说……”，不是对两个对象进行比较，而是对同一个人或物在两个不同方面进行比较或取舍，不论形容词或副词是单音节、双音节还是多音节，一律用more ... than ...。如：
He is more lucky than clever.
与其说他聪明，不如说他幸运。
He is more (a) scholar than (a) teacher.
与其说他是位教师，不如说是位学者。
183. Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s.
【翻译】
虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始到来了，但是更大批量的中国移民却是在19世纪60年代为修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。
【句式分析】
该句是一个复合句，although引导的让步状语从句在前，而逗号后面的主句是一个强调句，对句子的主语进行强调。
【词语点拨】
immigrant n. 移民（强调“到某国定居”）
California has many immigrants from other states.
加利福尼亚有许多来自其他州的移民。
对比：emigrant n. 移民（强调“从某国离去”）
A ship full of emigrants will soon leave for Canada.
一条载满移居外国者的船很快就要开往加拿大了。
【语法点拨】
强调句型的结构是“It is (was)+强调部分+that (who)+句子的其余部分”，其中it无意义，只起引出被强调部分的作用。被强调的部分指人时，除可用that外，还可换用who（强调宾语指人时也可用whom）。使用强调句型时，应注意以下事项：
①去掉强调结构It is (was) … that (who) ...后，剩下的词仍能组成一个完整的句子。这是判断是不是强调句型的关键。
②如果强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，不可用when, where, why或how，而仍用that。
③强调句型的一般疑问句结构是：Is (Was) it ... that (who) ...
特殊疑问句结构是：疑问词+is (was) it ... that (who) ...
④强调句型的时态和谓语动词时态问题要格外注意。强调主语时，that或who后面的谓语动词的形式仍然取决于原句中的主语；be的变化只有is和was两种形式，如果要表示现在时将来时的其他各种形式时，就用It is ...；表达过去时的各种形式时，用It was ...。一般要与谓语动词的时态一致。如：
It is I who/that am an English teacher.
我才是英语老师。
It is the boy who/that speaks English best in the class.
班里英语讲得最好的就是这个男孩。
It was on Sunday that he gave George this ticket.
就是在周日那天他给了乔治这张票。
It is the little girl who/that has broken the glass.
就是这个小女孩把玻璃打碎的。
4. You must be aware that it is here that we found the evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world.
【翻译】
你们想必都很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了居住在世界上这个部分最早人类的证据。
【句式分析】
该句是一复合句，主句You must be aware that ...中的that引导的是it is here ... that ... of the world这一含有强调句型的宾语从句，其中还有who引导的定语从句修饰people。
【词语点拨】
evidence n. 证据；证词；根据；迹象 v. 证明；证实
There wasn’t enough evidence to prove his guilt.
没有充分的证据能证明他有罪。
【语法点拨】
强调句型如果强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，不可用when, where, why或how，而仍用that。如：
It was in the People’s Park that I met the old couple taking photos of flowers.
正是在人民公园里我遇到了那对正在给花拍照的老夫妇。
5. Wherever you go in America you can find highways, multi-storey car parks, drive-in cinemas and drive-through fast food restaurants, all built to suit the needs of car owners.
【翻译】
在美国无论你去哪儿，你都能发现高速公路、多层停车场、汽车影院、免下车快餐店，所有这些都是为了满足开车人的需求。
【句式分析】
该句是一个复合句，主句是you can find ...，从句是句首的Wherever you go ...作让步状语，主句后还有一个被逗号分隔开的独立主格结构作状语。
【词语点拨】
suit the needs of 满足某人的需求
We must try to suit/meet/satisfy the needs of the ordinary consumers.
我们一定要设法满足普通消费者的要求。
【语法点拨】
独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，而是由具有逻辑主谓关系的两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词（不定式、动名词和分词）、形容词、副词或介词短语。如：
His homework having been finished, he went home.
作业完成后，他回家了。
The project completed, he felt relieved.
项目完成后，他感到松了一口气。
He came in, his mind made up.
他进来时，心里已经打定了主意。
The weather being rainy, we decided to postpone the trip.
由于天气下雨，我们决定推迟旅行。
The wind failing, we lowered the sail.
风停了，我们降下了帆。预备2026高考·高考英语阅读长难句板块（全解全析）
1. It took over half an hour to get the boat back to James, and when we approached him, I saw James being held up in the water by Old Tom.
【翻译】
我们花了半个小时才把船掉过头来，回到詹姆斯落水的地方。当我们靠近他的时候，我看到老汤姆正在水里托着詹姆斯。
【句式分析】
该句是由and连接的并列句，第一个分句中含有it took (sb) some time to do ...句式，第二个分句含有when引导的时间状语从句。
【词语点拨】
hold ... up 举起；支撑；阻碍，耽搁；抢劫；等待，延迟
Hold up the table while I slide this underneath.
我把这个东西塞进去的时候，你扶着桌子。
The train was held up by heavy fog.
火车因大雾而受阻。
The guy tried to hold up a bank.
那个人试图抢劫银行。
Hold up a minute. I want to check something.
等一下，我想检查一下。
【语法点拨】
It takes (sb) some time to do ...这个句型表示“做某事花费某人多少时间”，主语是物。这里的it是形式主语，“to do ...”才是真正的主语。take后面除了加一段时间外，还可以加表示“精力、力气、勇气”等名词。如果是表示花费的金钱、牺牲的健康等含义，要用动词cost。如：
It took me 20 minutes to read the book.
读这本书花了我20分钟的时间。
It cost us 450,000 yuan to buy this large house.
买这套房花了我们45万元钱。
2. They realize that it does not matter how attractive the idea linked with the product is — most people know that the main purpose of the advertisement is making customers spend money.
【翻译】
他们意识到，与产品相关联的理念多么吸引人并不重要——多数人都知道广告的主要目的就是让消费者花钱。
【句式分析】
该句是一个复合句。第一个that引导宾语从句，作realize的宾语，该宾语从句中含有一个主语从句how attractive ... is，it作形式主语代替真正的主语。破折号后也是个复合句，起解释的作用，第二个that引导的宾语从句，作know的宾语。
【词语点拨】
link ... to /with 把……连接、联系起来
A subway line will link the airport to the city centre.
地铁将把机场和市中心连接起来。
Yellow is linked with confidence, self-respect and friendliness.
黄色一般与自信、自尊和友好相联系。
【语法点拨】
it作形式主语，除了可以代替动词不定式短语和动名词短语外，还经常代替从句，起到平衡句子结构的作用。常见典型句式有：
（1）It+be+形容词/名词词组（surprising, a fact, a pity, a question）+主语从句。如：
It’s a pity that you missed the exciting football match.
很遗憾你没看到那场激动人心的足球赛。
（2）It+be+过去分词（believed, expected, hoped, reported, said等）+主语从句。如：
It is reported that 16 people were killed in the earthquake.
据报道有16人在地震中死亡。
（3）It+不及物动词（seem, appear, happen等）+主语从句。如：
It happened that I was out when he called.
当他打电话时我刚好出去了。
3. Therefore it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple.
【翻译】
因此，我们表达思想的第一次尝试看起来如此简单也就不足为奇了。
【句式分析】
该句是一个复合句，由it作形式主语，真正的主语是由that引导的主语从句。
【词语点拨】
attempt v. 企图；尝试 n. 企图；试图
William attempted to find the solution to the problem.
威廉试图找到问题的解决办法。
He was nearly drowned in the attempt to swim across.
他在试图游到对岸去时差一点被淹死。
【语法点拨】
it作形式主语，代替从句。
4. It takes courage to be honest when people all around you are getting away with cheating on tests, lying to their parents, and stealing at work.
【翻译】
当我们周围的人考试作弊、对父母撒谎、上班偷窃却侥幸未被发现时，我们要想诚实需要极大的勇气。
【句式分析】
该句是复合句。在主句中，it作形式主语，真正的主语是to be honest。when引导时间状语从句。
【词语点拨】
get away with 侥幸逃脱（惩罚）
For such a serious offence he was lucky to get away with a fine.
他犯了那么严重的过失，却侥幸只交罚款了事。
【语法点拨】
it作形式主语，代替动词不定式短语。具体用法参见第186句。
5. It surprised nearly everyone that the Hatches had so much money, more than $3 million — they were an elderly couple who lived in an old house on what was left of the family farm.
【翻译】
让所有人惊讶的是Hatch夫妇有这么多的钱——300多万美元，而他们仅仅是住在一对被遗留下来的家庭农场上的一个老房子里的老年夫妇。
【句式分析】
该句是复合句。it作形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句。破折号后面的也是一个复合句，起解释前文的作用，其中who引导定语从句，修饰先行词couple。what引导宾语从句，作介词on的宾语。
【词语点拨】
（1）elderly adj. 年老的；年长的
Many elderly people live an idle life.
许多老年人过着悠闲的生活。
（2）be left of 被剩下的（主语常是what）
She saved what was left of the food for supper.
她把剩下的食物留作晚餐。
【语法点拨】
英文中，“the+姓氏的复数”代表一家人或夫妇二人，如the Greens。如果强调的是Green家这个单数概念，谓语动词用单数；反之，如果强调的是Green家的每个人，是复数概念，谓语动词也要用复数，与主语取得一致。如：
The Greens are watching TV together. What a happy family the Green is!
格林一家在共同看电视。他们是多么幸福的一个家庭啊！

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