资源简介

Section Ⅲ　Discovering Useful Structures
维度一：基础题型练
　　用适当的关系词填空。
1.The research finds that people 　　　　　　keep fit are more likely to be positive about life.
2.All the things 　　　　　　I saw in the earthquake came as a shock to me.
3.A study shows the students who take part in extra-curricular activities are happier than those 　　　　　　do not.
4.I still remember the earthquake 　　　　　　happened in this area.
5.The first thing 　　　　　　he did after arriving home was doing his homework.
6.It is the tallest building 　　　　　　John has seen ever since he came here.
7.The flood destroyed all the books 　　　　　　were put on the first floor.
8.The pen 　　　　　　he bought yesterday is the same as mine.
9.Children 　　　　　　diet is high in fat will put on weight quickly.
10.The little boy wrote a thank-you note to the firefighters by 　　　　　　he was rescued.
11.I got in touch with Michael 　　　　　　I have been losing contact with for one year.
12.We paid a visit to the museum 　　　　　　was built two years ago.
维度二：用定语从句合并句子
1.I live next door to a couple.The couple’s children often make a lot of noise.
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2.The old temple is now under repair.The temple’s roof was damaged in a rainstorm.
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3.The CCTV reporter is interviewing a lady.The lady survived the flood.
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4.The female volunteer will remember the soldier.The female volunteer worked with the soldier during the quake.
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5.Education should be the most important thing.Parents are greatly concerned about it.
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6.The volcanic eruption damaged a lot of farmland and destroyed many houses.The volcanic eruption happened last year.
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维度三：语法与写作
1.Those 　　　　　　　　　　　　　were waiting for the helicopter to deliver supplies.
那些留在避难所的人正在等待直升机运送物资。
2.After the earthquake， we supplied shelters and first aid to the people 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
地震后，我们为无家可归的人提供了避难所和急救。
3.Happiness is one of the things 　　　　　　　　.
幸福是金钱买不到的东西之一。
4.It’s impossible to defeat a person 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　！
打败一个永不放弃的人是不可能的！
5.The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。
6.We have only one Earth， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我们只有一个地球，这是各国人民共同的家园。
7.The day will surely come 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　of national renewal！
中华民族实现伟大复兴梦想的一天一定会到来！
维度四：语法与语篇
　　用适当的关系代词完成下面短文。
Do you know the man 1.　　　　　　 wrote this book？He was Jason， one of the engineers 2.　　　　　　 came from Russia in the 1950s.He worked in the same factory where my father once worked.When he came to China， the first thing 3.　　　　　　　　 he did was to visit the factory 4.　　　　　　 did research on trolleybuses and found out the reason why China was so backward in it.Then he spent every minute 5.　　　　 he could spare to help China develop transportation.As is mentioned above， Jason was a foreigner 6.　　　　　 made great contributions to our country and was a kind man to 7.　　　　　 we should say thanks.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　“What’s wrong with you？ You’re disappointing me.Where’s the Sean I once knew in high school？” the coach looked at me angrily.
　　It was my second year at Brigham Young University （BYU） before football camp.The thing that really annoyed me， though， was that coach was right.Even though I was spending long hours practicing， I wasn’t truly committed （专注的）.
　　I had a hard decision to make — I had to either quit football or work even harder.Over the next several weeks， I had a war inside my head and came face-to-face with many fears and self-doubts.Once I tried my best， everything changed.I began taking chances and making big improvements on the field.My heart was in it now.I knew it， and the coach saw that.
　　During the Midseason， there would be a big game.We were to play Air Force on ESPN， in front of 65，000 fans.A week before the game， the coach called me into his office and told me that I would be the starting quarterback （四分卫）.That was what I had been expecting for！
　　Game day finally arrived.After a few minutes I settled down and led our team to victory.I was even named the ESPN Player of the Game.Afterward， lots of people congratulated me on the victory and my performance.That felt good.But they didn’t know the full story.They thought that victory had taken place on the field that day in the public eye.I knew it happened months before in the privacy of my own head.Beating Air Force was a much easier challenge than overcoming （战胜） myself.As the saying goes， “We have met the enemy and he is us.”
1.Why did the coach become angry？
A.The author lost a match.
B.The author was very lazy.
C.The author didn’t listen to him.
D.The author didn’t take practice seriously.
2.What did the author do to improve the situation？
A.He took part in some matches.
B.He trained harder than before.
C.He turned to his coach for help.
D.He asked for some suggestions.
3.How did the author feel after he left the coach’s office？
A.Very excited. B.Very worried.
C.Very confident. D.Very disappointed.
4.What does the author mainly want to tell us by writing the text？
A.The power of working hard.
B.The power of having a dream.
C.The importance of a good coach.
D.The importance of beating yourself.
B
　　Scientists predict that most polar bears will die out by the year 2100 because of global warming.
　　Polar bears are found in the far north， inside the Arctic Circle.Scientists believe there are about 25，000 polar bears left.Polar bears spend most of their lives on the ice which covers the Arctic seas.
　　As the world gets hotter because of man-made climate change， the Arctic is warming about twice as quickly as other places.This is making the ice cap smaller and thinner.For polar bears， that’s a matter of life and death.Polar bears rely on the sea ice to travel and hunt.
　　Seals are polar bears’ main food.Polar bears usually catch seals in places where the ice meets the water.To catch seals， the bears need to be able to walk and run across the ice.Polar bears are strong swimmers， but they’re not fast enough to catch seals in the water.
　　Summers are the hardest time for polar bears.With less ice to travel on， they’re forced to spend more time on land， where there isn’t much food.Polar bears are known to go as long as six months without food.But rising temperatures in the Arctic are causing ice-free times to come sooner and last longer， and the bears have less area for hunting.That means the bears need to go without food for longer.
　　The scientists believe that by 2040， polar bears will start dying out in southern areas of the Arctic， like Canada.In places like Alaska and Russia， the bears may start to die out by 2080.
　　To help save polar bears， rapid action is needed to reduce the effect of global heating.Though that may not seem likely， it is still possible.As researcher Peter Molnar says，“There is hope that they are not completely doomed， if we change our behaviour.”
5.What do we learn about the Arctic？
A.It’s getting colder slowly.
B.It’s getting warmer slowly.
C.It’s getting warmer quickly.
D.Its temperature keeps the same.
6.Which is TRUE about polar bears？
A.They are eaten by seals.
B.They swim slower than seals.
C.They aren’t as strong as seals.
D.They aren’t good at swimming.
7.What is the result of climate change in the Arctic？
A.Ice caps become thicker.
B.Ice-free times come later.
C.Ice seasons become longer.
D.Polar bears will face hunger.
8.Peter Molnar’s attitude to the protection of polar bears can be described as 　　　　.
A.hopeful B.worried
C.doubtful D.surprised
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
　　The fires in many parts of Brazil’s Amazon area have brought an international outcry to save the world’s largest rainforest.
　9　 Actor Leonardo DiCaprio also offered $5 million for efforts to save the forest.
The World Wildlife Foundation （WWF） says the world’s largest rainforest contains millions of species of plants and animals.　10　 Among the best known animals are jaguars， eagles， pink river dolphins， parrots， large snakes and many butterflies.
The WWF says the forests contain over 40，000 kinds of plants and the 6，500 kilometers of rivers contain 3，000 kinds of freshwater fish.More than 30 million people live in the Amazon area and depend on the forests for food and shelter.
The rainforest is often called the “lungs of the planet”. 　11　 Carlos Nobre is a University of Sao Paulo climate scientist.He said a better way to think about the Amazon’s role is as a sink， taking CO2 from the atmosphere.
Currently， the world is releasing around 36 billion metric tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every year.And the Amazon absorbs about five percent of the CO2， making it important in preventing climate change.
　12　 They are mostly set illegally by people who are clearing the forest to raise cattle and crops.
　　People clear the land by cutting down the trees during the rainy season.　13　 Fully clearing the thick forest for agricultural use can take several years of cutting and burning.
A.Many of them are still unknown.
B.The fire led to international concern.
C.The current fires in the Amazon are not wildfires.
D.The Amazon rainforest is important to rainfall in the area.
E.Then they let the trees dry out and burn them during the dry season.
F.But that might not be the best way to describe the area’s importance.
G.Wealthy nations have offered Brazil at least $22 million to fight the fires.
9.　　　 　　　10.　　　　　　11.　　　　
12.　　　 13.　　　
Ⅲ.语法填空
　　A Nepalese official says that we should examine the rules on who 　14　 （permit） to climb Mount Everest， the world’s tallest mountain.
　　Yagya Raj Sunuwar told The New York Times， “It is time to review all the old 　15　 （law）.” The parliament member’s comment comes after the deaths of at least 11 climbers this year.
　　Climbing Everest 　16　 （be） a dream for many people ever since Edmund Hillary and his guide， Tenzing Norgay， reached the top of the mountain in 1953.
　　Nepal is one of the world’s 　17　 （poor） countries.The climbing industry brings in $300 million each year.Officials do not limit 　18　 number of permits the country issues to climbers.
　　This year， the government of Nepal issued Everest permits to 381 people， the highest number ever.Anyone can get a permit for an $11，000 fee.
　　A picture 　19　 （take） on 22 May shows a long line of climbers wearing colorful winter clothes as they make 　20　 （they） way up the mountain.The climbers are standing on a snow-covered ridge （山脊） with a 2，000-meter drop on either side.They are hanging on 　21　 a single line of rope.
　　“There were more people on Everest than there should be，” said Kul Bahadur Gurung， the general secretary of the Nepal Mountaineering Association.He added，“We lack the rules 　22　 say how many people can 　23　 （actual） go up and when.”
14.　　　　　　15.　　　　　　16.　　　　
17.　　　 18.　　　 19.　　　
20.　　　 21.　　　 22.　　　
23.　　　
Section Ⅲ　Discovering Useful Structures
基础知识自测
维度一
1.who/that　2.that　3.who　4.that/which　5.that
6.that　7.that　8.that/which　9.whose　10.whom
11.whom/that/who　12.which/that
维度二
1.I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.
2.The old temple whose roof was damaged in a rainstorm is now under repair.
3.The CCTV reporter is interviewing a lady who/that survived the flood.
4.The female volunteer will remember the soldier whom she worked with during the quake.
5.Education should be the most important thing that parents are greatly concerned about.
6.The volcanic eruption that/which happened last year damaged a lot of farmland and destroyed many houses.
维度三
1.who stayed in the shelter
2.who became homeless
3.which/that money cannot buy
4.who never gives up
5.that attract lots of visitors
6.which is the common home of people of all countries
7.when the Chinese nation realises its dream
维度四
1.who/that　2.who/that　3.that　4.which/that　5.that　6.who/that　7.whom
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者在受到教练的批评后，没有气馁，而是战胜内心的恐惧和怀疑，更加刻苦地训练。最后他取得了非常优异的成绩。
1.D　细节理解题。根据第二段可知，作者的主要问题是不够专注和认真。
2.B　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，面对教练的批评，作者的选择是更加专注和刻苦的训练。
3.A　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，教练告诉作者他将作为四分卫首发出场，这正是作者一直期待的。由此判断，作者非常激动。
4.D　主旨大意题。根据最后一段可知，作者通过写这篇文章，主要想告诉我们战胜自我的重要性。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。科学家预言，由于全球变暖，大部分北极熊将在2100年面临灭绝。
5.C　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，由于气候变化，北极地区升温的速度是其他地区的两倍。
6.B　细节理解题。根据第四段可知，北极熊主要捕食海豹；虽然北极熊也擅长游泳，但是它在水里的速度不如海豹。
7.D　推理判断题。根据第五段可知，由于温度不断升高，北极地区无冰期来得早、持续时间长，其结果是北极熊没有足够的捕食区域从而缺乏食物。
8.A　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Peter Molnar认为，如果我们人类改变自己的行为，北极熊并非注定要灭绝。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。2019年发生在南美的亚马孙森林大火，对当地的动植物资源都带来了巨大破坏。
9.G　下句暗示本段在说明人们为亚马孙森林大火捐款这一话题，故G项符合语境。
10.A　本段主要说明亚马孙雨林拥有丰富的动植物资源，故A项符合语境。
11.F　上句指出亚马孙雨林有“地球之肺”这一称谓，F项是对这一说法的补充说明，符合语境。
12.C　下句指出这次亚马孙森林大火的真实原因，C项也是对大火原因的解释，符合语境。
13.E　上句指出人们在雨季砍伐树木，下文则是对人们破坏森林的进一步说明，故E项符合语境。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。如今越来越多的人选择攀登珠穆朗玛峰，可是，由于规则的不完善，很多攀登者丧生。
14.is permitted　考查语态。这里表示“被允许”攀登珠穆朗玛峰，因此用被动语态。
15.laws　考查名词。本空前面的all the暗示这里应用可数名词law的复数形式。
16.has been　考查时态。本句时间状语由ever since引起，暗示这里应用现在完成时。
17.poorest　考查形容词。这里表示“全世界最贫穷的国家之一”，因此用形容词的最高级形式。
18.the　考查冠词。a number of ...表示“许多”，the number of ...表示“……的数量”，这里属于后者。
19.taken　考查非谓语动词。这里表示“被拍摄于5月22日的照片”，因此用过去分词作后置定语。
20.their　考查代词。make one’s way是固定短语，表示“行走，前进”。
21.to　hang on to sth是固定短语，表示“抓紧某物”。
22.which/that　考查定语从句。本空前面的rules为先行词，这里应用关系代词which或that引导一个定语从句。
23.actually　考查词形转换。本空后面是动词go，因此这里应用副词来修饰它。
6 / 6Section Ⅲ　Discovering Useful Structures
限制性定语从句（1）
1.There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.
2.Eleven kilometres directly below the city， one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun， a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.
3.Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.
4.The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400，000.
5.Soon after the quakes， the army sent 150，000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
6.Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
7.The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country.
【我的发现】
1.以上定语从句由关系代词who、 which、 that、 whose引导，修饰　　　　　　，置于被修饰词的后面。
2.关系代词which、 that、 who在定语从句中可以作　　　　　　；关系代词whose在定语从句中作　　　　。
一、定义
1.在主从复合句中，对某一名词或代词起修饰作用的从句叫作定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词，引导定语从句的词叫作关系词。
2.关系词分为关系代词（that、 which、 who、 whom、 whose）和关系副词（when、 where、 why）两类。
二、关系代词的基本用法
1.who指人，在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
（2023·新高考Ⅰ卷） My teacher who had always believed in me was proud of my achievement.（作主语）
我的老师一直相信我，为我的成就感到骄傲。
The man who we are talking about is an expert in IT.（作宾语）
我们正谈论的那个人是一位信息技术专家。
2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，也可以用who代替。
The girl whom the soldier rescued yesterday is John’s sister.（作宾语）
昨天这位士兵救的女孩是约翰的妹妹。
There are many people with whom you can share your feelings.（作宾语）
你可以与许多人分享自己的感受。
名师点津
（1）关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who/that来代替。
The boy （who/whom/that） we saw yesterday is John’s brother.
昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。
（2）在定语从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。
The young man to whom you spoke just now is my brother.
刚才和你说话的那个年轻人是我哥哥。
3.whose既可以指人，也可以指物，表示“所属”关系，在定语从句中作定语。
Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government.（修饰人）
任何由于家境贫寒而上不起学的学生都可以得到政府的帮助。
He lives in a room whose window faces north.（修饰物）
他住在一个窗户朝北的房间里。
3.whose既可以指人，也可以指物，表示“所属”关系，在定语从句中作定语。
Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government.（修饰人）
任何由于家境贫寒而上不起学的学生都可以得到政府的帮助。
He lives in a room whose window faces north.（修饰物）
他住在一个窗户朝北的房间里。
【即时演练1】　用适当的关系代词填空
①As a Chinese 　　　　　　is interested in travelling， I would like to introduce my favourite city — Beijing.
②Those 　　　　　　want to see the film set down your names， please.
③The children 　　　　　　were injured in a car accident are being treated in the hospital now.
④The doctor 　　　　　　my father worked with last year has gone abroad.
4.which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。
Everywhere I saw， there were buildings which had been destroyed by the earthquake.（作主语）
我看到到处都是被地震毁掉的建筑。
The gold medal （which） she won has been given to her old school.（作宾语）
她获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。
This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.（作介词in的宾语）
这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
5.that既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。习惯上指人多用who、whom，指物多用which。
This is the novel that interests me.（指物，作主语）
这就是让我感兴趣的那本小说。
The magazine （that） I bought yesterday is lost.（指物，作宾语）
我昨天买的那本杂志丢了。
The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.（that指人，作主语）
每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
名师点津
关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。
昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。
[误]The film （that/which） we saw it last night was very frightening.
[正]The film （that/which） we saw last night was very frightening.
【即时演练2】　用适当的关系代词填空
①Look， here are some people （　　　　　　　　） I want you to meet.
②I still remember the chicken farm （　　　　　　） we visited three months ago.
③The picture 　　　　　　was about the accident was terrible.
三、关系代词只能用that而不用which的情况
1.当先行词为all、 everything、 nothing、 anything、 much等不定代词时。
Have you taken down everything （that） Mr Li said？
李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
All that can be done has been done.
所有能做的都已经做了。
2.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first thing that should be done is to call the police at once.
应该做的第一件事就是马上报警。
This is the most delicious food （that） I have ever had.
这是我吃过的最美味可口的食物。
3.当先行词被all、 every、 no、 the only、 the very、 the last等修饰时。
This is the very novel that I have been searching for.
这就是我一直寻找的那本小说。
The only thing that I could do is to study for my goal.
我唯一能做的就是为我的目标而学习。
4.当先行词既指人又指物时。
We often talk about the persons and things （that） we remember.
我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。
【即时演练3】　完成句子
①This is the most beautiful park 　　　　　.
这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。
②She took photographs of the things and people 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
她把给她深刻印象的人和物都拍摄下来了。
③Chatting was the only thing 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。
supply n.供应（量）；补给；[pl.] 补给品 vt.供应；供给
【教材原句】　The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country.向灾区提供的补给品是从全国各地收集来的。
【用法】
（1）a good/large supply of 大量的/充足的供应
in short supply 供应不足
（2）把某物/供应
给某人/某物
【佳句】　①It is believed that there is a good supply of fresh water.
人们一般认为淡水供应很充足。
②An informer supplied the police with the names of those involved in the crime.
一名线人向警方提供了涉案人员的姓名。
【点津】　表示“为某人提供某物”的其他短语：
provide sb with sth＝provide sth for sb
offer sb sth＝offer sth to sb
【练透】　单句语法填空
①The natural resources， such as coal and oil， are 　　　　　　short supply in this country.
②At the beginning of the term， students 　　　　　　　（supply） with all kinds of books to read.
【写美】　一句多译
③在可怕的地震之后，我们给无家可归的人提供了食物和衣服。
→After the terrible earthquake， we 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
→After the terrible earthquake， we 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
survive vi.生存；存活 vt.幸存；艰难度过
【教材原句】　She’s feeding the baby who survived the earthquake.
她正在喂那个从地震中幸存下来的婴儿。
【用法】
survive sth　　　幸免于；从……中挺过来/活过来
survive from ... 从……留存下来
survive sb by ... 比某人多活……
survive on ... 依靠……生存
【佳句】　Though he survived the earthquake，the boy had his left leg injured.
虽然这个男孩在地震中幸存下来，但他的左腿受伤了。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①　　　　　　　　 （survive） an earthquake， you need to prepare some water on hand.
②The old lady has survived her sister 　　　ten years.
【写美】　完成句子
③Some traditional customs 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
一些传统习俗是从早期遗留下来的。
power n.电力供应；能量；力量；控制力；有影响力的大国 vt.提供动力，驱动
【教材原句】　Go to an open space away from buildings， trees， or power lines.
走到远离建筑物、树木或电线的开阔地带。
【用法】
（1）have the power to do sth　有能力做某事
come to power 上台；执政
be in power 执政；掌权
beyond one’s power 超出某人的能力
do everything in one’s power　竭尽全力
（2）powerful adj. 强有力的
【佳句】　Being a powerful person，he has the power to deal with all kinds of problems.
作为一个有影响力的人，他有能力处理各种各样的问题。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①Though he has been 　　　　　　power for two years， he hasn’t found an effective solution to the country’s economic problems.
②Unfortunately， it’s 　　　　　　my power to get through the work in such a short time.
【写美】　完成句子
③As your closest friend， I will 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
作为你最亲密的朋友，我会竭尽全力帮助你。
Section Ⅲ　Discovering Useful Structures
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
1.名词或代词　2.主语或宾语　定语
即时演练1
①who　②who　③who/that　④whom
即时演练2
①who/whom/that　②that/which　③which/that
即时演练3
①（that） I have visited　②（that） she was impressed with
③that interested her
【知识要点·须拾遗】
1.①in　②are supplied　③supplied food and clothes to the homeless； supplied the homeless with food and clothes
2.①To survive　②by
③have survived from earlier times
3.①in　②beyond　③do everything in my power to help you
5 / 5(共73张PPT)
Section Ⅲ　
Discovering Useful Structures
1
重难语法·要攻克
目 录
2
知识要点·须拾遗
3
课时检测·提能力
重难语法·要攻克
掌握核心语法
1
限制性定语从句（1）
1. There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.
2. Eleven kilometres directly below the city， one of the most deadly
earthquakes of the 20th century had begun， a quake that even caused
damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.
3. Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.
4. The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was
more than 400，000.
5. Soon after the quakes， the army sent 150，000 soldiers to Tangshan to
dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
6. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
7. The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected
from around the country.
【我的发现】
1. 以上定语从句由关系代词who、 which、 that、 whose引导，修
饰 ，置于被修饰词的后面。
2. 关系代词which、 that、 who在定语从句中可以作 ；
关系代词whose在定语从句中作 。
名词或代词　
主语或宾语　
定语　
一、定义
1. 在主从复合句中，对某一名词或代词起修饰作用的从句叫作定
语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词，引导定语从句的词叫
作关系词。
2. 关系词分为关系代词（that、 which、 who、 whom、 whose）和关
系副词（when、 where、 why）两类。
二、关系代词的基本用法
1. who指人，在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。
（2023·新高考Ⅰ卷） My teacher who had always believed in me was
proud of my achievement.（作主语）
我的老师一直相信我，为我的成就感到骄傲。
The man who we are talking about is an expert in IT. （作宾语）
我们正谈论的那个人是一位信息技术专家。
2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，也可以用who代替。
The girl whom the soldier rescued yesterday is John’s sister.（作宾语）
昨天这位士兵救的女孩是约翰的妹妹。
There are many people with whom you can share your feelings.
（作宾语）
你可以与许多人分享自己的感受。
名师点津
（1）关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who/that来代替。
The boy （who/whom/that） we saw yesterday is John’s brother.
昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。
（2）在定语从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不
用who。
The young man to whom you spoke just now is my brother.
刚才和你说话的那个年轻人是我哥哥。
3. whose既可以指人，也可以指物，表示“所属”关系，在定语从句中
作定语。
Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from
the government.（修饰人）
任何由于家境贫寒而上不起学的学生都可以得到政府的帮助。
He lives in a room whose window faces north.（修饰物）
他住在一个窗户朝北的房间里。
【即时演练1】　用适当的关系代词填空
①As a Chinese is interested in travelling， I would like to
introduce my favourite city — Beijing.
②Those want to see the film set down your names， please.
③The children were injured in a car accident are being
treated in the hospital now.
④The doctor my father worked with last year has gone abroad.
who　
who　
who/that　
whom　
4. which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。
Everywhere I saw， there were buildings which had been destroyed by
the earthquake.（作主语）
我看到到处都是被地震毁掉的建筑。
The gold medal （which） she won has been given to her old school.
（作宾语）
她获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。
This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.（作介词in的宾语）这是
鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
5. that既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表
语，作宾语时可以省略。习惯上指人多用who、whom，指物多用
which。
This is the novel that interests me.（指物，作主语）
这就是让我感兴趣的那本小说。
The magazine （that） I bought yesterday is lost.（指物，作宾语）我
昨天买的那本杂志丢了。
The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches
one million.（that指人，作主语）
每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
名师点津
关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语，因
此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。
昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。
[误]The film （that/which） we saw it last night was very frightening.
[正]The film （that/which） we saw last night was very frightening.
【即时演练2】　用适当的关系代词填空
①Look， here are some people （　 　） I want you to
meet.
②I still remember the chicken farm （　 　） we visited three
months ago.
③The picture was about the accident was terrible.
who/whom/that　
that/which　
which/that　
三、关系代词只能用that而不用which的情况
1. 当先行词为all、 everything、 nothing、 anything、 much等不
定代词时。
Have you taken down everything （that） Mr Li said？
李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
All that can be done has been done.
所有能做的都已经做了。
2. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first thing that should be done is to call the police at once.
应该做的第一件事就是马上报警。
This is the most delicious food （that） I have ever had.
这是我吃过的最美味可口的食物。
3. 当先行词被all、 every、 no、 the only、 the very、 the last等
修饰时。
This is the very novel that I have been searching for.
这就是我一直寻找的那本小说。
The only thing that I could do is to study for my goal.
我唯一能做的就是为我的目标而学习。
4. 当先行词既指人又指物时。
We often talk about the persons and things （that） we remember.
我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。
【即时演练3】　完成句子
①This is the most beautiful park .
这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。
②She took photographs of the things and people
.
她把给她深刻印象的人和物都拍摄下来了。
③Chatting was the only thing .
聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。
（that） I have visited　
（that） she was
impressed with　
that interested her　
知识要点·须拾遗
关注高频词汇
2
supply n.供应（量）；补给；[pl.] 补给品 vt.供应；供给
【教材原句】　The supplies which were provided to the disaster area
were collected from around the country.
向灾区提供的补给品是从全国各地收集来的。
【用法】
【佳句】　①It is believed that there is a good supply of fresh water.人们
一般认为淡水供应很充足。
②An informer supplied the police with the names of those involved in the
crime.
一名线人向警方提供了涉案人员的姓名。
【点津】　表示“为某人提供某物”的其他短语：
provide sb with sth＝provide sth for sb
offer sb sth＝offer sth to sb
【练透】　单句语法填空
①The natural resources， such as coal and oil， are short supply
in this country.
②At the beginning of the term， students （supply）
with all kinds of books to read.
in　
are supplied　
【写美】　一句多译
③在可怕的地震之后，我们给无家可归的人提供了食物和衣服。
→After the terrible earthquake， we
.
→After the terrible earthquake， we
.
supplied food and clothes to the
homeless　
supplied the homeless with food
and clothes　
survive vi.生存；存活 vt.幸存；艰难度过
【教材原句】　She’s feeding the baby who survived the earthquake. 她
正在喂那个从地震中幸存下来的婴儿。
survive sth　　幸免于；从……中挺过来/活过来
survive from ...　从……留存下来
survive sb by ... 比某人多活……
survive on ... 依靠……生存
【用法】
【佳句】　Though he survived the earthquake，the boy had his left leg
injured.虽然这个男孩在地震中幸存下来，但他的左腿受伤了。
【练透】　单句语法填空
① （survive） an earthquake， you need to prepare some
water on hand.
②The old lady has survived her sister ten years.
To survive　
by　
【写美】　完成句子
③Some traditional customs .一些传
统习俗是从早期遗留下来的。
have survived from earlier times　
power n.电力供应；能量；力量；控制力；有影响力的大国 vt.提供
动力，驱动
【教材原句】　Go to an open space away from buildings， trees， or
power lines.
走到远离建筑物、树木或电线的开阔地带。
（1）have the power to do sth　　有能力做某事
come to power 上台；执政
be in power 执政；掌权
beyond one’s power 超出某人的能力
do everything in one’s power 竭尽全力
（2）powerful adj. 强有力的
【用法】
【佳句】　Being a powerful person，he has the power to deal with all
kinds of problems.
作为一个有影响力的人，他有能力处理各种各样的问题。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①Though he has been power for two years， he hasn’t found an
effective solution to the country’s economic problems.
②Unfortunately， it’s my power to get through the work in
such a short time.
in　
beyond　
【写美】　完成句子
③As your closest friend， I will
.
作为你最亲密的朋友，我会竭尽全力帮助你。
do everything in my power to help
you　
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
3
维度一：基础题型练
　　用适当的关系词填空。
1. The research finds that people keep fit are more likely to
be positive about life.
2. All the things I saw in the earthquake came as a shock to me.
3. A study shows the students who take part in extra-curricular activities are
happier than those do not.
who/that　
that　
who　
4. I still remember the earthquake happened in this area.
5. The first thing he did after arriving home was doing his
homework.
6. It is the tallest building John has seen ever since he came here.
7. The flood destroyed all the books were put on the first floor.
8. The pen he bought yesterday is the same as mine.
9. Children diet is high in fat will put on weight quickly.
10. The little boy wrote a thank-you note to the firefighters by
he was rescued.
that/which　
that　
that　
that　
that/which　
whose　
whom　
11. I got in touch with Michael I have been losing
contact with for one year.
12. We paid a visit to the museum was built two years ago.
whom/that/who　
which/that　
维度二：用定语从句合并句子
1. I live next door to a couple.The couple’s children often make a lot of
noise.
→

2. The old temple is now under repair.The temple’s roof was damaged in a
rainstorm.
→

I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of
noise.　
The old temple whose roof was damaged in a rainstorm is now
under repair.　
3. The CCTV reporter is interviewing a lady.The lady survived the flood.
→

4. The female volunteer will remember the soldier.The female volunteer
worked with the soldier during the quake.
→

The CCTV reporter is interviewing a lady who/that survived the
flood.　
The female volunteer will remember the soldier whom she worked
with during the quake.　
5. Education should be the most important thing.Parents are greatly
concerned about it.
→

6. The volcanic eruption damaged a lot of farmland and destroyed many
houses.The volcanic eruption happened last year.
→

Education should be the most important thing that parents are
greatly concerned about.　
The volcanic eruption that/which happened last year damaged a lot
of farmland and destroyed many houses.　
维度三：语法与写作
1. Those were waiting for the helicopter to
deliver supplies.
那些留在避难所的人正在等待直升机运送物资。
2. After the earthquake， we supplied shelters and first aid to the
people .
地震后，我们为无家可归的人提供了避难所和急救。
3. Happiness is one of the things .
幸福是金钱买不到的东西之一。
who stayed in the shelter　
who became homeless　
which/that money cannot buy　
4. It’s impossible to defeat a person ！
打败一个永不放弃的人是不可能的！
5. The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings
.
长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。
6. We have only one Earth，
.
我们只有一个地球，这是各国人民共同的家园。
who never gives up　
that attract lots
of visitors　
which is the common home of people of all
countries　
7. The day will surely come
of national renewal！
中华民族实现伟大复兴梦想的一天一定会到来！
when the Chinese nation realises its
dream　
维度四：语法与语篇
　　用适当的关系代词完成下面短文。
Do you know the man 1. wrote this book？He was
Jason， one of the engineers 2. came from Russia in the
1950s.He worked in the same factory where my father once worked.When
he came to China， the first thing 3. he did was to visit the factory
4. did research on trolleybuses and found out the reason
why China was so backward in it.Then he spent every minute 5. he
could spare to help China develop transportation.As is mentioned above，
Jason was a foreigner 6. made great contributions to our
country and was a kind man to 7. we should say thanks.
who/that　
who/that　
that　
which/that　
that　
who/that　
whom　
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　“What’s wrong with you？ You’re disappointing me.Where’s the Sean
I once knew in high school？” the coach looked at me angrily.
　　It was my second year at Brigham Young University （BYU） before
football camp.The thing that really annoyed me， though， was that coach
was right.Even though I was spending long hours practicing， I wasn’t
truly committed （专注的）.
　　I had a hard decision to make — I had to either quit football or work
even harder.Over the next several weeks， I had a war inside my head and
came face-to-face with many fears and self-doubts.Once I tried my best，
everything changed.I began taking chances and making big improvements
on the field.My heart was in it now.I knew it， and the coach saw that.
　　During the Midseason， there would be a big game.We were to play
Air Force on ESPN， in front of 65，000 fans.A week before the game，
the coach called me into his office and told me that I would be the starting
quarterback （四分卫）.That was what I had been expecting for！
　　Game day finally arrived.After a few minutes I settled down and led
our team to victory.I was even named the ESPN Player of the
Game.Afterward， lots of people congratulated me on the victory and my
performance.That felt good.But they didn’t know the full story.They
thought that victory had taken place on the field that day in the public eye.I
knew it happened months before in the privacy of my own head.Beating
Air Force was a much easier challenge than overcoming （战胜）
myself.As the saying goes， “We have met the enemy and he is us.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者在受到教练的批评后，没有气
馁，而是战胜内心的恐惧和怀疑，更加刻苦地训练。最后他取得了
非常优异的成绩。
本文是一篇记叙文。作者在受到教练的批评后，没有气
馁，而是战胜内心的恐惧和怀疑，更加刻苦地训练。最后他取得了
非常优异的成绩。
1. Why did the coach become angry？
A. The author lost a match.
B. The author was very lazy.
C. The author didn’t listen to him.
D. The author didn’t take practice seriously.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第二段可知，作者的主要问题是不够
专注和认真。
2. What did the author do to improve the situation？
A. He took part in some matches.
B. He trained harder than before.
C. He turned to his coach for help.
D. He asked for some suggestions.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，面对教练的批评，作者
的选择是更加专注和刻苦的训练。
3. How did the author feel after he left the coach’s office？
A. Very excited.
B. Very worried.
C. Very confident.
D. Very disappointed.
解析：　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，教练告诉作者他将
作为四分卫首发出场，这正是作者一直期待的。由此判断，作者非
常激动。
4. What does the author mainly want to tell us by writing the text？
A. The power of working hard.
B. The power of having a dream.
C. The importance of a good coach.
D. The importance of beating yourself.
解析：　主旨大意题。根据最后一段可知，作者通过写这篇文
章，主要想告诉我们战胜自我的重要性。
B
Scientists predict that most polar bears will die out by the year 2100
because of global warming.
　　Polar bears are found in the far north， inside the Arctic
Circle.Scientists believe there are about 25，000 polar bears left.Polar
bears spend most of their lives on the ice which covers the Arctic seas.
　　As the world gets hotter because of man-made climate change， the
Arctic is warming about twice as quickly as other places.This is making the
ice cap smaller and thinner.For polar bears， that’s a matter of life and
death.Polar bears rely on the sea ice to travel and hunt.
　　Seals are polar bears’ main food.Polar bears usually catch seals in
places where the ice meets the water.To catch seals， the bears need to be
able to walk and run across the ice.Polar bears are strong swimmers， but
they’re not fast enough to catch seals in the water.
　　Summers are the hardest time for polar bears.With less ice to travel
on， they’re forced to spend more time on land， where there isn’t much
food.Polar bears are known to go as long as six months without food.But
rising temperatures in the Arctic are causing ice-free times to come sooner
and last longer， and the bears have less area for hunting.That means the
bears need to go without food for longer.
　　The scientists believe that by 2040， polar bears will start dying out
in southern areas of the Arctic， like Canada.In places like Alaska and
Russia， the bears may start to die out by 2080.
　　To help save polar bears， rapid action is needed to reduce the effect
of global heating.Though that may not seem likely， it is still possible.As
researcher Peter Molnar says， “There is hope that they are not completely
doomed， if we change our behaviour.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。科学家预言，由于全球变暖，大部
分北极熊将在2100年面临灭绝。
本文是一篇说明文。科学家预言，由于全球变暖，大部
分北极熊将在2100年面临灭绝。
5. What do we learn about the Arctic？
A. It’s getting colder slowly.
B. It’s getting warmer slowly.
C. It’s getting warmer quickly.
D. Its temperature keeps the same.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，由于气候变化，北极地
区升温的速度是其他地区的两倍。
6. Which is TRUE about polar bears？
A. They are eaten by seals.
B. They swim slower than seals.
C. They aren’t as strong as seals.
D. They aren’t good at swimming.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第四段可知，北极熊主要捕食海豹；
虽然北极熊也擅长游泳，但是它在水里的速度不如海豹。
7. What is the result of climate change in the Arctic？
A. Ice caps become thicker.
B. Ice-free times come later.
C. Ice seasons become longer.
D. Polar bears will face hunger.
解析：　推理判断题。根据第五段可知，由于温度不断升高，北
极地区无冰期来得早、持续时间长，其结果是北极熊没有足够的捕
食区域从而缺乏食物。
8. Peter Molnar’s attitude to the protection of polar bears can be described
as 　　　　.
A. hopeful B. worried
C. doubtful D. surprised
解析：　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Peter Molnar认为，如
果我们人类改变自己的行为，北极熊并非注定要灭绝。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
　　The fires in many parts of Brazil’s Amazon area have brought an
international outcry to save the world’s largest rainforest.
　9　 Actor Leonardo DiCaprio also offered $5 million for efforts to
save the forest.
The World Wildlife Foundation （WWF） says the world’s largest
rainforest contains millions of species of plants and animals. 　10　
Among the best known animals are jaguars， eagles， pink river
dolphins， parrots， large snakes and many butterflies.
The WWF says the forests contain over 40，000 kinds of plants and
the 6，500 kilometers of rivers contain 3，000 kinds of freshwater
fish.More than 30 million people live in the Amazon area and depend on
the forests for food and shelter.
The rainforest is often called the “lungs of the planet”. 　11　 Carlos
Nobre is a University of Sao Paulo climate scientist.He said a better way to
think about the Amazon’s role is as a sink， taking CO2 from the
atmosphere.
Currently， the world is releasing around 36 billion metric tons of
CO2 into the atmosphere every year.And the Amazon absorbs about five
percent of the CO2， making it important in preventing climate change.
　12　 They are mostly set illegally by people who are clearing the
forest to raise cattle and crops.
People clear the land by cutting down the trees during the rainy
season. 　13　 Fully clearing the thick forest for agricultural use can take
several years of cutting and burning.
A. Many of them are still unknown.
B. The fire led to international concern.
C. The current fires in the Amazon are not wildfires.
D. The Amazon rainforest is important to rainfall in the area.
E. Then they let the trees dry out and burn them during the dry season.
F. But that might not be the best way to describe the area’s importance.
G. Wealthy nations have offered Brazil at least $22 million to fight the
fires.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。2019年发生在南美的亚马孙森林大
火，对当地的动植物资源都带来了巨大破坏。
本文是一篇说明文。2019年发生在南美的亚马孙森林大
火，对当地的动植物资源都带来了巨大破坏。
9. G　下句暗示本段在说明人们为亚马孙森林大火捐款这一话题，故
G项符合语境。
10. A　本段主要说明亚马孙雨林拥有丰富的动植物资源，故A项符合
语境。
11. F　上句指出亚马孙雨林有“地球之肺”这一称谓，F项是对这一说
法的补充说明，符合语境。
12. C　下句指出这次亚马孙森林大火的真实原因，C项也是对大火原
因的解释，符合语境。
13. E　上句指出人们在雨季砍伐树木，下文则是对人们破坏森林的进
一步说明，故E项符合语境。
Ⅲ.语法填空
　　A Nepalese official says that we should examine the rules on
who 　14　 （permit） to climb Mount Everest， the world’s tallest
mountain.
　　Yagya Raj Sunuwar told The New York Times， “It is time to review
all the old 　15　 （law）.” The parliament member’s comment comes
after the deaths of at least 11 climbers this year.
　　Climbing Everest 　16　 （be） a dream for many people ever since
Edmund Hillary and his guide， Tenzing Norgay， reached the top of the
mountain in 1953.
　　Nepal is one of the world’s 　17　 （poor） countries.The climbing
industry brings in $300 million each year.Officials do not limit 　18　
number of permits the country issues to climbers.
　　This year， the government of Nepal issued Everest permits to 381
people， the highest number ever.Anyone can get a permit for an $11，
000 fee.
　　A picture 　19　 （take） on 22 May shows a long line of climbers
wearing colorful winter clothes as they make 　20　 （they） way up the
mountain.The climbers are standing on a snow-covered ridge （山脊）
with a 2，000-meter drop on either side.They are hanging on 　21　 a
single line of rope.
　　“There were more people on Everest than there should be，” said Kul
Bahadur Gurung， the general secretary of the Nepal Mountaineering
Association.He added， “We lack the rules 　22　 say how many people
can 　23　 （actual） go up and when.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。如今越来越多的人选择攀登珠穆朗
玛峰，可是，由于规则的不完善，很多攀登者丧生。
14. is permitted　考查语态。这里表示“被允许”攀登珠穆朗玛峰，因此
用被动语态。
15. laws　考查名词。本空前面的all the暗示这里应用可数名词law的复
数形式。
16. has been　考查时态。本句时间状语由ever since引起，暗示这里应
用现在完成时。
本文是一篇说明文。如今越来越多的人选择攀登珠穆朗
玛峰，可是，由于规则的不完善，很多攀登者丧生。
17. poorest　考查形容词。这里表示“全世界最贫穷的国家之一”，因此
用形容词的最高级形式。
18. the　考查冠词。a number of ...表示“许多”，the number of ...表示
“……的数量”，这里属于后者。
19. taken　考查非谓语动词。这里表示“被拍摄于5月22日的照片”，因
此用过去分词作后置定语。
20. their　考查代词。make one’s way是固定短语，表示“行走，前
进”。
21. to　hang on to sth是固定短语，表示“抓紧某物”。
22. which/that　考查定语从句。本空前面的rules为先行词，这里应用
关系代词which或that引导一个定语从句。
23. actually　考查词形转换。本空后面是动词go，因此这里应用副词
来修饰它。
谢谢观看！

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