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语法专项--定语从句
The Attributive Clause
观察：
a rainy day
a beautiful girl
three students
a girl called Alice
some places to live
一.定语从句：
1.定义：在复合句中作定语，修饰某一名词或代词且作定语的从句叫定语从句。
2.位置：定语从句位于被修饰的名词或代词之后。
The foods that Australians like most are hams and grapes.
澳大利亚人最喜欢的食物是火腿和葡萄。
定语
二、两个重要概念：
1.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，位于定语从句之前。
We all like music that is quiet and light.
The foods that Australians like most are hams and grapes.
2.关系词：引导定语从句的词，也叫引导词。
先行词
先行词
that
I have some photos that I took in Australia last year.
先行词
关系词
I like music that I can dance to.
先行词：
关系词：
定语：
定语
4.关系代词that：
作用：① 既可指有生命的动物或人，也可指代物。
②在定语从句中可以充当主语 and 宾语。
It is a beautiful girl that is wearing a blouse and skirt.
如何判断先行词that做主语还是宾语？
看定语部分，
that后是动词 →就做主语，
that后是人或物→做宾语
做主语
I have some photos that I took in Australia last year.
The foods that Australians like most are hams and grapes.
做宾语
This is the book that I want to buy.这就是我想要买的那本书。
(关系代词 that 指代物，在定语从句 that I want to buy 中充当宾语。)
He is the gentleman that wants to help us.
他就是那位想帮我们的先生。
(关系词 that 指代人，在定语从句 that wants to help us 中充当主语。)
-What are they talking about
-They're talking about the greatest invention ____________have made a big difference to our daily life.
A.which B.who C.that
The girl _________ is dancing over there is my cousin .
A.it B.she C. this D.that
- Have you seen the photos_______ I took on my trip
-Yes ，I have. They are fantastic.
A. that B.who C.what D.whom
I still remember the school and the teachers _________I visited in Shanghai years ago.
A.which B.that C.who D.whom
This is the book _________in the bookshop last Sunday.
A. I bought it B. I bought that
C. that I bought D. that I bought it
注意:
关系代词 that 在定语从句中作宾语时可省略。
(that：做主保留，做宾略)
Have you got everything ( that ) you need
你需要的东西都有了吗
-- What are you looking for
-The book_____I borrowed from the library the day before yesterday.
A. who B.不填 D. whom C whose
I have some photos (that) I took in Australia last year.
做主保留，做宾略
Friendship is a very difficult thing. It is hard to handle. It creates many different problems. In fact I would say that friendship is as hard to handle as love is, or even marriage. Of course I am not talking about easy come easy go friendship. I'm talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living. I'm talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.
找出先行词和关系词
友谊是很难处理的，有时还会带来许多各种各样的麻烦。事实上，我想说的是，友谊与爱情甚至婚姻一样难以应付。当然了，我这里所说的友谊不是那种“来得快去得也快”的泛泛之交，而是那种彼此之间能真正互相关心的朋友，能够互相支持的朋友，能够让你的人生更有意义的朋友，是那种你和他们几乎可以分享一切的朋友。
There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool. 幸福与智慧区别于此：认为自己是最幸福的，他真的就最幸福；而认为自己是最有智慧的，他却往往是最大的傻瓜。
He is the best grammar teacher who I have ever seen.
他是我见过的最好的语法老师。
It's hard to have a friend who you can trust completely.
很难有一个你能完全信任的朋友。
请判断下列句子是否正确，错误的请改正。
1. He is the man who he is teaching us English.
2. I'd really like to find a friend that I can trust him completely.
3. I'd really like to find a friend I can share almost everything with him.
请将下列每一组中的两个简单句合并为一个定语从句，用第二个句子作定语。
1. The girl is happy. She won the race.
2.The student is from America. He sits next to me.
3. The boy was not badly hurt. The boy fell from a tree.
4. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.
5. I can't remember the name of the person. I gave the money to him.
6. The employees had to retire. They had reached the age of sixty five.
7. The teacher spoke to the boys. Their work was below standard.
8. The people were friendly. I rented their houses.
9. He is the professor. I am taking his grammar course.
10. That is the man. His son died in that air crash.
11. The man called the police. His car was stolen.
12. The man is famous. His picture is in the newspaper.
13. I have a neighbor. His dog barks all day long.
14. The girl is a good friend of mine. I borrowed her camera.
15. The church was built in 1400. We were married in the church.
16. She told me her address. I wrote it down on a piece of paper.
17. We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.
18. The exhibition was not very interesting. My friend took me to see it.
19. John isn't home yet. That worried me.
20. Jack was fired from his job. That surprised all of his co workers.
21. My roommate always plays music at the dorm. That really gets on my nerves.
请判断下列句子是否正确，错误的请改正。
22. I enjoy the music that we are listening to it.
23. The people which live next to me are friendly.
24. He is the man who he taught me English.
25. I gave the book to him that he needed it.
26. The airline has a booklet who will tell you most of the important things about a trip to Europe.
27. The man which told me the news refused to give me his name.
28. The book which I bought it at the bookstore was very useful.
29. The woman was nice that I met yesterday.
30. I met a woman who her husband is a famous lawyer.
31. Let ABC be a triangle which sides are of unequal length.
32. Do you know the people who lives in that house
33. The people who I met them at the party last night were interesting.
34. He dropped in on an old friend that day where he visited his club.
35. The day, when began brightly, ended with a violent storm.
8 1） I'll never forget the time which I spent on campus.
2） I'll never forget the day when we first met in the park.
3) The day may soon come when we don't bother to go to office but just work at home.
when
where
一、where的先行词指地点
where引导定语从句，其先行词一般是表示地点的名词，如place和house等。请看例句：
1 A: Since you work in the theater, can't you get me a free ticket now and then
B: Certainly if you bring me a few notes now and then from the bankwhere you work!
二、关系副词where在从句中作地点状语
与when类似，并非凡是先行词表示地点的名词，都得由where来引导定语从句，这得看关系词在从句中充当的成分。若定语从句缺主语或宾语，则要用which或that引导定语从句。请比较：
1） This is the town where I spent my childhood.
2） This is the town which I told you about before.
1） The library where students often study was on fire last night.
2） The library, which was built in the 1930's, needs to be renovated.
在例句1）中，定语从句不缺少主语或宾语，而是缺少地点状语，故关系词用where。这里where作地点状语，修饰study。在例句2）中，由于定语从句缺少主语，因此填入的关系词要充当这一宾语，故要用which。
译文　1）学生们常常上自习的那个图书馆昨晚着火了。
2）这个图书馆建于20世纪30年代，现在需要翻修了。
I've never been to Beijing, but it's the place ______.
A. where I'd like to visit
B. in which I'd like to visit
C. I most want to visit
D. that I want to visit it most
why的用法
why用来表示原因，只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。
This is the reason why I didn't come here.
妙语点睛　此处的why=for which
译文　这就是我没来的原因。
C
请将下列每一组中的两个简单句合并为一个定语从句，用第二个句子作定语。
1. Monday is the day. We will come on that day.
2. He arrived in Shanghai that day. On the same day I left.
3. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest in that month.
4. April Fool's Day is that special day of the year. On the day you should play a joke on someone!
5. March 10, 1876 was the day. On the day the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone.
非限制性定语从句
二、类指名词
一、专有名词
如果定语从句修饰一个专有名词，一般要用逗号分隔先行词与定语从句，也就是说要使用非限制性定语从句。这是因为专有名词本身的意思已经很完整，不需要限制，用定语从句只是对它进行补充说明。请看例句：
1 My mother, who is 50 this year, lives with me now.
普通名词若是用来表示类指，即表示的是一类事物，而非具体的某一个事物，此时，其后也宜用非限制性定语从句。请比较下列例句：
例句1）用了非限制性定语从句which is the earth's largest land mammal，而例句2）却用了限制性定语从句which we saw at the zoo，原因就是因为两句中的elephant的意义是不一样的。例句1）中的an elephant是类指或泛指，即表示“大象”这类动物，而不是指称具体的某一头大象。例句2）中的elephants则不是类指概念，而是具体指代某一头大象，即“我们在动物园看到的那头大象”。
1） An elephant, which is the earth's largest land mammal, has few natural enemies other than human beings.
大象作为陆地上体型最大的哺乳类动物，很少有天敌，除了人类之外。
2） One of the elephants which we saw at the zoo had only one tusk.我们在动物园看到一头大象只有一颗象牙。
1,
在英文中，还有一类句子，用限制性或非限制性定语从句都可以，但强调的意义不一样，即句义不同。请比较：
1 1） He has a daughter who works in a hospital.
2） He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.
妙语点睛　例句1）表示他有多个女儿，其中有一个在医院工作。例句2）强调他有一个女儿，不是儿子，“在医院工作”纯粹是补充信息。
译文　1）他有一个在医院工作的女儿。
2）他有个女儿，是在医院工作的。
1） The food which wasn't in the fridge all went off.
2） The food, which wasn't in the fridge, all went off.
妙语点睛　例句1）表示部分食物坏了，即没有放在冰箱里的那部分食物坏了。例句2）表示食物都坏了，因为没有放在冰箱里。此时定语从句补充说明了食物变质的原因，是因为没有放在冰箱里。
译文　1）没有放在冰箱里的那些食物坏了。
2）食物都坏了，因为没有放在冰箱里。
非限制性定语从句的翻译
最后，我们讨论一下上述两种定语从句在翻译上的差别。限制性定语从句一般翻译成定语的形式“……的”，而非限制性定语从句往往会译成各种状语形式。例如：
1 The food, which wasn't in the fridge, all went off.
精品译文　食物都坏了，因为没有放在冰箱里（译成原因状语从句）。
2 The Ambassador gave a dinner to the scientists, with whom he especially wished to talk.
精品译文　大使宴请了那些科学家，因为他特别想与他们交谈一下（译成原因状语从句）。
3 The people were desperate for work, any work, which could support their family.
精品译文　人们急于找到工作，什么工作都行，只要能养家糊口（译成条件状语从句）。
4 The millionaire had another house built, which he didn't need at all.
精品译文　那位百万富翁又建了一幢房子，尽管他并不需要（译成让步状语从句）。
定语从句是英文造句规则中的一个难点，也是重点。它有两个重要概念：先行词和关系词，定语从句的核心内容都是围绕着这两者之间的关系展开的。本章重点讨论了先行词和关系词之间的搭配关系，比如若先行词指“人”，关系词就要用who或that；若先行词指“物”，关系词就要用which或that；指时间一般用关系词when（只作状语）等等。读者只需要抓住关系词与先行词的各个用法特点，就可以把握定语从句的核心内容。
本章重点及难点
1. 关系代词的用法；
2. 关系副词的用法，特别需要提醒读者注意的是关系副词只能作状语；
3. 灵活运用限制性和非限制性定语从句。比如在写文章时，一定要真正会判断何时该用限制性定语从句，何时该用非限制性定语从句。这两种形式上不同的定语从句其实是它们在思维上的差异的反映。
4. 区分that引导的定语从句和同位语从句。
对于某些读者来说，灵活判断和使用限制性和非限制性定语从句或许比较难，其次是熟练判断that引导的定语从句和同位语从句，这两点既是重点也是难点。
11. The professor and her achievement ______ you told me about are admired by us all.
A. who B. which C. that D. whom
12. I don't suppose anything happens ______ he doesn't foresee.
A. that B. which C. what D. as
13. They shouted with the loudest voice ______ they could.
A. when B. that C. which D. what
14. This is the best book ______ on the subject.
A. which there is B. that there is C. which is D. what is
15. He's written a book ______ name I've completely forgotten.
A. whose B. which C. of which D. that
16. The meeting was postponed, ______ was exactly what I wanted.
A. that B. which it C. and that D. this
A. which cover B. of which cover
C. the cover which D. from the cover of which
20. This kind of solar cooker can be used only in the daytime ______ the sun is shining.
A. when B. as C. while D. since
21. Solomon was diligent, responsible and hardworking, ______ he was promoted from a clerk to a manager.
A. for which B. which C. for D. that
17. Mr. Jones, ______ John was working, was very generous about overtime payment.
A. for whom B. for who C. whom D. for that
18. There is not much ______ can be done now.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
19. He showed me a book, ______ I could tell that it was pretty old.
22. What is ______ ordered the English book
A. the lady's address in Beijing who
B. the lady's address in Beijing which
C. the address of the lady in Beijing who
D. the address of the lady in Beijing which
23. There comes a time in every man's life ______.
A. then he has to think
B. which he needs
C. when he has to think
D. therefore he has to work hard
24. No sample ______ we have received is satisfactory.
A. which B. what C. that D. who
25. Obviously there was little certainty ______ the chairman would agree to this proposal.
A. which B. why C. what D. that
26. There can't be any life on Venus, ______ the temperature is as high as 900F.
A. which B. when C. where D. there
27. The reason ______ he died was lack of medical care.
A. which B. for that C. as D. why
28. This is the shop ______ I often buy foodstuff.
A. where B. which C. of which D. to which
29. The reason ______ he gave for his being late was unacceptable.
A. why B. that C. who D. for which
30. The shop ______ I told you about before has closed down.
A. where B. in which C. at which D. which

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