资源简介

Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
维度一：基础题型练
用省略结构改写下列句子。
1.Who is the man whom you were talking to？
→Who is the man 　　　　　　　　　　　　？
2.Someone has used my mobile phone， but I don’t know who has used it.
→Someone has used my mobile phone， but I 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
3.Although he was hard-working， he couldn’t earn enough to support himself.
→　　　　　　　　　　　　， he couldn’t earn enough to support himself.
4.They don’t use more water than it is necessary.
→They don’t use more water 　　　　　　　　.
维度二：语法与写作
用省略结构完成下列句子。
1.He has made a lot of films， 　　　　　　　　　　.
他拍了很多电影，但很少拍出好的。
2.I don’t like the way 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我不喜欢她对待她的学生的方式。
3.She wants to learn English well， but she 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
她想学好英语，但不知道怎么学。
4.The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
司机想把他的车停在路边，但警察要求他不要这样做。
5.He doesn’t get up early 　　　　　　　　.
他不像过去那样早早起床了。
维度三：语法与语篇
阅读下面对话，补全对话中被省略的部分。
James：How was your day？
Alex：It was good but busy at the same time.How was yours？
James：Mine was the same.But I felt relaxed when 1.　　　　　　 having an ice cream.
Alex： Me， too！ It’s so hot these days.What are you looking for？
James： A dustbin.Do you know where one is？
Alex： No， I don’t know 2.　　　　　　.Why do you need one？
James： I need to throw the ice cream stick away.
Alex： Oh！ It’s just a stick and you can throw it anywhere you want.
James： No， I can’t 3.　　　　　　　　　　　　.It will cause environmental pollution.
Alex： Throwing a small stick away won’t harm the environment.
James：You’re wrong.Every piece of garbage can harm the environment.If we care for the environment and 4.　　　　　　 work hard to protect it， changes will come.
Alex： Your words make sense.But it is not enough to maintain a clean environment by our actions alone.Many people around us are indifferent to environmental pollution and 5.　　　　　　 unwilling to change their lifestyles.
James：It’s true.I plan to set up an organization to call for action to be taken.
Alex：It sounds great！ Let’s do it together.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　Last summer， staff at the San Diego Zoo welcomed 41 baby turtles （海龟） from the Indian narrow-headed soft-shell turtle species， which is native to South Asia.It makes the zoo the first officially recognized organization in North America to hatch （孵化） and raise the species.
　　Three Indian narrow-headed soft-shell turtles have been at the zoo for over 20 years.All that time， zoo staff had been hoping they would one day reproduce.“This is a thrilling moment for us， and a big step forward in the protection of this species，” said Kim Gray， director of the zoo.
　　The eggs were found in two separate nests.Some of the turtles hatched in their habitat， while most of the eggs were stored in an artificial box to create the best conditions for survival.Turtle experts at the zoo say eggs in the habitat are often difficult to find， as the turtles like to lay their eggs overnight and cover them with dirt.
　　The species is listed as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List， though it’s unclear how many remain in the wild.Environmental pollution， habitat destruction， the international pet trade and human food harvesting have all led to the species’ reduction over the years.
　　“We have been caring for these turtles for a very long time， and part of that care is to gain a greater understanding of the species’ natural history，” Kim Gray added.“With the knowledge we gain here at the zoo， we can better assist our partners in India to help this essential species develop and grow in their native habitat.”
1.Why did Kim Gray feel excited at this reproduction？（　　）
A.The zoo got officially recognized. B.It was a breakthrough in turtle protection.
C.A great many turtles were hatched at once. D.An endangered turtle species was saved.
2.What made the turtle eggs in the habitat hard to find？（　　）
A.Their dark colour. B.The artificial box.
C.Their being dirt-covered. D The low light at night.
3.What does Paragraph 4 focus on about the turtles？（　　）
A.The time when listed as endangered. B.Human activities to save them.
C.Their existing number in the wild. D.Factors endangering them.
4.Who might be most interested in the text according to the last paragraph？（　　）
A.Pet lovers.　　　　　　 B.Zoologists.
C.Environmentalists. D.Zoo visitors.
B
　　By 2100， cities around the world could warm by 4 ℃ on average， exposing the growing urban population to conditions that will damage humans’ lives.Cities are in the front line， dealing daily with the impacts of climate change.
　　At the 27th United Nations Climate Change Conference， the UN Environment Programme （UNEP） announced a new initiative — the Nature for Cool Cities Challenge， which encourages cities to use the cooling power of nature.Solutions such as forests， green belts and parks in and around cities can deliver cooling services， without damaging emissions （排放物）.The cooling benefits of such solutions are well-documented， but they need to be better understood and managed to bring about changes at a global level.
　　Cities across the world that are already too hot in summer are taking a variety of measures from insisting new buildings have gardens on their roofs， painting existing roofs white， to colouring roads light grey and planting trees in streets and open spaces.The good news is that all these measures work，mitigating land surface temperatures by 2 ℃ to 3 ℃ in the areas where they are applied.
　　Qatar， host country of 2022 World Cup， surprises the world with an open mind about using technological innovation to deal with the environmental challenges of living in the desert.The government has implemented （实施） a pilot “cool pavement” project in the capital， Doha， which involves the use of a cooling material to decrease the temperature of the asphalt （沥青） on roads.Unlike conventional asphalt， which contributes to increased temperatures by absorbing up to 95 per cent of sunlight， the so-called “cool pavement” reflects UV rays and absorbs solar radiation to a lesser extent， contributing to overall temperature reduction in a greener way.The government， using the World Cup event as a platform， is seeking for partnership with more countries in addressing global environmental issues.
　　Many hands make light work.Just as Sheila Aggarwal-Khan， Director of UNEP’s Economy Division put it， “Truly effective solutions require partnership between governments， the private sectors， experts， and practitioners， nationally and internationally.It is decisive that the joint efforts from financial institutions，investors and businesses help make this vision a reality.”
5.What does UNEP’s new initiative aim to do？（　　）
A.Cool cities with nature-based methods.
B.Cut down the emissions in public places.
C.Document the benefits of living in the city.
D.Decrease urban population to improve living.
6.What does the underlined word “mitigating” in Paragraph 3 probably mean？（　　）
A.Reducing. B.Increasing.
C.Maintaining. D.Adjusting.
7.How does the new material work in Qatar’s “cool pavement” project？（　　）
A.It takes in much of the sunlight.
B.It enlarges the exposure to solar radiation.
C.It helps improve the air quality of Doha effectively.
D.It absorbs less and reflects more than conventional materials.
8.What did Sheila stress？（　　）
A.Finance. B.Cooperation. C.Professionalism. D.Management.
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
　　Let’s discover some of the benefits that forests provide and consider protecting them by reducing your carbon footprint！
　　Forests provide necessary resources
　　Just look around your house — how many things are made from wood or other forest products？ Many common household items such as furniture and books are also made from forest resources.Timber （木材） is the primary material used to build homes in many parts of the world.9.（　　）.
　　Forests provide food and nutrition
　　10.（　　）.Forests are an excellent place to search for wild foods such as berries， mushrooms， leaves， tubers， and nuts； and the wild animals that live in forests are an important source of protein.
　　11.（　　）
　　Forests also provide income for millions of people worldwide.Many types of jobs depend on forests and their resources， from woodcutters to trekking （徒步旅行） guides to forest rangers who take care of forests.
　　Forests protect us from natural disasters
　　Trees and other plants help prevent landslides （滑坡） by holding the soil in place and lessening the force of rain on the ground.12.（　　）.As such， they act as a natural buffer （缓冲物）， protecting coastal communities from the damaging effects of storms.
　　Forests are playgrounds for recreation （娱乐）
　　13.（　　）.Each year， about 8 billion visitors explore the world’s national parks and other protected areas， many of which are forested.From trekking to mountain biking， forests are an ideal place for adventures.
A.Forests support jobs
B.Forests help people stay healthy
C.Forests are a natural carbon solution
D.Forests are also a source of fun， excitement， and inspiration
E.Not to mention， many families use wood to heat their homes
F.Similarly， forests along the coastline can help reduce the power of waves
G.For many communities in the countryside， forests are their neighborhood “grocery stores”
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　When Laney Rogers met Howard Kitchen， Howard was just 4 years old.He was cute.But soon Rogers found he was a 　14　 kid.He easily became angry and often 　15　 things.And he was unwilling to obey.
　　Rogers， who was Howard’s special education teacher， and other teachers studied behavior management and tried many methods， but they 　16　 totally.What finally 　17　 him wasn’t anything learned in a book.It was 　18　.
　　“I feel so 　19　 to have teachers who care so much about me and 　20　 me，” said Howard Kitchen， now a 17-year-old high schooler.Last month， he started mentoring （指导） “　21　 Howards” at the school where his schooling 　22　.His efforts there are already 　23　.Christian Scates， 5， said， “Howard is my best friend.When I get mad， he teaches me how to get 　24　.”
　　Rogers， now an administrator （管理人员） for the school district， happened to 　25　 Howard， now a man， in the same hallways where she used to chase him down as a child.Today， many kids 　26　 him there.In great excitement， Rogers took a photo of Howard with her.
　　Rogers and her colleagues never 　27　 the badly-behaved student.They tried to let him 　28　 they always love him.“What really worked was just good old basic love and kindness from a whole lot of amazing people，” Rogers said.
14.（　）A.lonely B.troubled
C.shy D.proud
15.（　）A.damaged B.lost
C.wasted D.hid
16.（　）A.agreed B.forgot
C.failed D.missed
17.（　）A.challenged B.pleased
C.protected D.changed
18.（　）A.love B.knowledge
C.hope D.confidence
19.（　）A.worried B.lucky
C.eager D.ashamed
20.（　）A.recognize B.test
C.need D.support
21.（　）A.little B.poor
C.curious D.great
22.（　）A.struggled B.continued
C.began D.ended
23.（　）A.getting ready B.paying off
C.coming back D.making sense
24.（　）A.slow B.cheerful
C.polite D.calm
25.（　）A.meet B.save
C.prevent D.mention
26.（　）A.understand B.respect
C.surprise D.impress
27.（　）A.kept track of B.took advantage of
C.gave up on D.caught up with
28.（　）A.confirm B.expect
C.accept D.know
Ⅳ.语法填空
　　Did you know that seahorses are going extinct？ These little fish struggle 29.　　　　　　 （survive） against traps （捕捉器）， habitat loss， and more.
　　To fix this problem， many Australian government departments are working at Project Seahorse， a project 30.　　　　　　 （design） to repopulate seahorse communities and rebuild their habitat.The project was inspired by the observation of throwaway fishing traps left in the sea.Seahorses 31.　　　　　　 （attract） to these throwaway traps， which had begun to grow sea vegetation and coral （珊瑚）， which is home 32.　　　　　　 the animals that seahorses feed on.
　　SEA LIFE Sydney Aquarium is building seahorse hotels to give both the seahorses and their habitat a 33.　　　　　　 （help） hand.The hotels are metal cages 34.　　　　　　 come in different shapes.Underwater， the hotels will begin to grow sea vegetation and coral.These hotels are being used in Australia’s Sydney harbor， and at least three 35.　　　　　　 （success） groups of seahorses have been set free into them.
　　However， there are a few 36.　　　　　　 （concern）.Seahorses raised by human beings haven’t learned how to hunt in 37.　　　　　　 wild， or how to avoid their enemies.These are things they will have to learn if they are going to survive.
38.　　　　　　 （hopeful）， this project will help to rebuild seahorse populations and their habitats.
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
基础知识自测
维度一
1.you were talking to　2.don’t know who　3.Although hard-working　4.than necessary
维度二
1.but few good ones　2.she treats her students　3.doesn’t know how to　4.asked by the police not to　5.as he used to
维度三
1.I was　2.where one is　3.throw it anywhere I want　4.we
5.they are
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。圣迭戈动物园孵化了41只印度小头鳖，动物园园长金·格雷一直致力于保护这一物种。
1.B　细节理解题。根据第二段中Kim Gray所说的话可知，印度小头鳖的成功繁殖标志着在海龟保护方面取得了突破。
2.C　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，海龟蛋难找的原因是海龟会在上面盖上泥土。
3.D　段落大意题。根据第四段中的Environmental pollution， habitat destruction ...led to the species’ reduction over the years.可知，本段主要讲述的是这种海龟濒危的原因。
4.B　推理判断题。通读全文可知，圣迭戈动物园孵化了41只印度小头鳖，在海龟保护方面取得了重大突破。根据最后一段可知，通过照顾这一濒危物种，他们对其有了更好的了解。由此推断，对本文最感兴趣的人应该是动物学家。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了由联合国环境规划署宣布的一项新倡议——“运用自然的力量使城市降温”，并以卡塔尔为例介绍了这种方法的实用性。
5.A　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，联合国环境规划署宣布的新倡议的目的是用大自然的力量给城市降温。
6.A　词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句可知，世界各地夏天特别热的城市正采取各种降温措施，所以第二句，即画线词所在句应表明这些措施的结果：所有这些措施都起到了给城市降温的作用，在实施这些措施的地区，地表温度降低了2℃到3℃，mitigating与reducing意思相近，均有“减少”之意。
7.D　细节理解题。根据第四段中的Unlike conventional asphalt ...the so-called “cool pavement” reflects UV rays and absorbs solar radiation to a lesser extent， contributing to overall temperature reduction in a greener way.可知，与传统的沥青相比，“凉爽路面”这个项目的材料吸收较少的太阳辐射，还能反射紫外线，从而降低了整体温度。
8.B　细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，希拉强调了各国政府、私营企业、专家和从业人员在国内和国际上的合作。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了森林带来的五个好处。
9.E　根据本部分小标题可知，森林提供给我们必要的资源。上文指出我们生活中的很多物品都由木材制成，并且木材在世界上很多地方也是建造房屋的基本材料。E项（更不用说，许多家庭使用木材来取暖）与上文形成递进关系，符合语境。
10.G　根据本部分小标题及下文内容可知，森林提供给我们食物和营养。G项（对许多农村社区来说，森林就是他们街区的“杂货店”）符合语境。
11.A　根据下文内容可知，森林为全世界数百万人创造收入，因为很多工作都与森林资源相关。A项中的support jobs呼应下文中的provide income，且jobs与下文中的jobs为原词复现。故A项适合作本段小标题。
12.F　根据本部分小标题可知，森林保护我们免受自然灾害。上文指出树木和其他植物通过稳固土壤和减少雨水对地面的影响来帮助防止滑坡。由此推断，设空处应该与森林有助于抵抗自然灾害相关。F项符合语境。下文中的they指代F项中的forests along the coastline。
13.D　根据本部分小标题可知，森林是休闲娱乐的场所。下文指出森林是游客探索和冒险的理想之地。D项（森林也是乐趣、刺激和灵感的源泉）符合语境。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。小时候的Howard是一个控制不住情绪、不服管教的孩子，老师的爱让他成长为一名优秀的学生。
14.B　根据第一段中的He easily became angry和he was unwilling to obey以及最后一段首句中的the badly-behaved student可知，Howard是个爱制造麻烦的孩子，他很容易发怒，经常破坏东西。
15.A　参见上题解析。
16.C　根据第一段最后一句和空前的but可知，Howard不服管束，Rogers和其他老师想办法管教他，但是彻底失败了。
17.D　根据最后一段中they always love him以及尾句可知，最终改变了Howard的不是从书上学到的东西，而是来自很多人的爱。
18.A　参见上题解析。
19.B　根据have teachers who care so much about me可知，有老师这么关心她，他感到很幸运。
20.D　根据and可知，空处应和care为相同感彩的词，support（支持）符合语境。
21.A　根据本段中he started mentoring、Christian Scates， 5和When I get mad可知，Howard开始指导那些像童年的他一样不好管理的小孩子。
22.C　根据文章首句和空前的at the school where his schooling可知，Howard四岁时在这所学校开始接受教育，目前他在该校指导这些小孩。
23.B　根据空后两句可知，五岁的Christian Scates把Howard当成自己最好的朋友，当他情绪失控时，Howard教他如何冷静下来，这也表明Howard对小孩子的指导取得了成功，他在那里的努力已经得到了回报。
24.D　参见上题解析。
25.A　根据句中in the same hallways where she used to chase him down as a child和尾句中Rogers took a photo of Howard with her可知，Rogers老师碰巧在同一个走廊里遇到了Howard，她曾在那里追赶孩提时代的Howard。
26.B　根据上段中的Christian Scates， 5， said， “Howard is my best friend.When I get mad， he teaches me how to get 　24　.”可知，今天，有很多孩子在那里（指同样的走廊里）对他很尊敬。
27.C　根据第二段内容可知，Rogers老师和她的同事从未放弃过这个表现不好的学生（指Howard）。
28.D　根据they always love him以及Rogers所说的话可知，老师们努力让Howard知道他们永远是爱他的。
Ⅳ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。澳大利亚为濒危的海马修建水下酒店，旨在增加海马的数量和重建它们的栖息地。
29.to survive　考查非谓语动词。struggle to do sth努力做某事。
30.designed　考查非谓语动词。设空处作后置定语，修饰名词project，且design与project之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。故填designed。
31.were attracted　考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境可知，设空处描述发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时，又因主语Seahorses与attract之间是被动关系。故填were attracted。
32.to　考查介词。be home to ...是……的栖息地。
33.helping　考查非谓语动词。a helping hand帮忙。
34.that/which　考查关系代词。设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词cages，且在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
35.successful　考查词形转换。设空处作定语，修饰groups，意为“成功的”，用形容词。故填successful。
36.concerns　考查名词复数。concern意为“令人担忧的事”时，是可数名词，因设空处前有a few修饰，此处表示复数意义。故填concerns。
37.the　考查冠词。in the wild在野生环境中。
38.Hopefully　考查词形转换。设空处作状语，修饰整个句子，应用副词，又因位于句首。故填Hopefully。
6 / 6Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
省 略
阅读下列句子并思考加黑部分的用法。
1.Jack：Hi， Henry！ Did you watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday？
Henry：No， I didn’t （watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday）.
2.You can watch it online if you want to （watch it）.
3.You’d better not take medicine unless your doctor told you to （take medicine）.
4.I felt worried when （I was） watching the documentary.
5.Some call for the application of modern technology， and others （call for） a change of lifestyle.
6.（Have you） Got any ideas？
7.（It/That） Sounds great！
【我的发现】
（1）由句　　可以看出，在简短对话中，答句常保留主语和助动词，省略其后的　　　　　　以及上句中出现过的其他内容。
（2）由句　　　　可以看出，动词不定式作宾语或宾语补足语时，在后句的动词不定式结构中，常省略与前句重复的　　　　　　后面的内容。
（3）由句　　可以看出，若从句的主语与主句的主语相同，且从句谓语中有be动词时，常省略从句的　　　　和　　　　　。本句是　　　　从句的省略。
（4）由句　　可以看出，在并列句结构中，常省略与前面相同的主语、　　　　或其他成分。
（5）由句　　　　可以看出，在非正式场合，如果语境清晰，常省略　　　　或“主语＋谓语的一部分”。
　　在英语中，为了使语言简洁或避免重复，在一些句子中常常省去一个或某几个成分，这种语法现象称为省略。
一、词法上的省略
（一）动词不定式的省略
1.当动词不定式在某些形容词 afraid、 anxious、 eager、 glad、 happy、 ready、 willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。
You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not willing to （answer the question）.
如果他不愿意回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。
2.当动词不定式在某些使役动词（make、 let、 have等）和感官动词（see、 watch、 notice、 observe、 hear等）后作宾语补足语时须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不能省略。
While watching television， we heard the doorbell ring just now.
＝While watching television， the doorbell was heard to ring just now.
刚才在看电视时，我们听到门铃响了。
3.当动词不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，to后的内容常可省略。常见的动词有agree、 afford、 expect、 forget、 hope、 manage、 pretend、 refuse、 remember、 want、 wish等。
He asked me to help him lock the door， but I forgot to （lock the door）.
他让我帮他锁门，但是我忘了。
4.作介词but、 except （除了）、 besides的宾语，且前面有实义动词do的任何形式时，后面的动词不定式常省略 to。
All he could do was nothing but wait and see.他所能做的就是静观其变。
5.当动词不定式在be going to、 be able to、 have to、 ought to、 used to等后作复合谓语时，动词不定式可省略，但要保留动词不定式符号 to。
They didn’t visit their parents as much as they ought to （visit their parents）.
他们应该多看望父母，但他们没有。
名师点津
（1）在to be或to have done结构中，省略时往往保留be或have。
（2）类似这种用法的动词短语有ought to、 be going to、 be about to、 be supposed to、 have to、 used to及形容词glad、 happy、 pleased、 delighted等。
He didn’t come， but he ought to have.
他没来，但他应该来。
—Are you a farmer？
—No， but I used to be （a farmer）.
——你是个农民吗？
——不是，但我过去是。
（二）使用so、 not等的替代性省略
1.在think、 believe、 expect、 suppose和it appears/seems之后，表示同意前面说过的话时，可以用so代替单词（形容词、副词）、词组或句子；表示对前面说过的话加以否定时，可以用not或not ...so。
—Can you finish your work today？
—I think so./I don’t think so./I think not.
——你今天能完成工作吗？
——我觉得可以。/我觉得完不成。
2.if not可视为一个否定的条件状语从句省略；if so的意思是“如果是那样的话”。
Get up early tomorrow.If not （If you don’t get up early）， you will miss the first bus.
明天要早起，如果不早起，你就赶不上头班公共汽车了。
He may not be at home.If so （If he is not at home then）， leave him a note.
他可能不在家。如果他不在家的话，给他留个便条。
【即时演练1】　完成句子
①The boy was made 　　　　　　　　　　.
这个男孩被迫早睡。
②We have nothing to do now 　　　　　　.
除了等，我们现在没有别的事可做。
③Some people suggested that she reconsider the matter， but 　　　　　　　　.
有人建议她重新考虑这件事，但她拒绝了。
④You may have finished your homework.　　　　　　， you can go out to play football.
你可能已经完成了作业。如果是那样的话，你可以出去踢足球了。
二、句法上的省略
（一）简单句中的省略
1.省略主语：一般情况下，主语是不能省略的，但在祈使句和其他不容易引起歧义的情况下，特别是在口语中，主语常常省略，主要是祈使句中的you和疑问句中的主语。
（You） Shut up！
住嘴！（省略了主语You）
（You） Want a hand？
需要帮忙吗？（省略了主语You）
（I） Beg your pardon.
请再说一遍。（省略了主语I）
（It） Doesn’t matter.
没关系。（省略了主语It）
2.省略谓语（或谓语的一部分）：在某些具体的场合下，主语和谓语都很明确，此时为了简化或显得亲切，可将谓语或谓语的一部分省略。
We went through the tests on Monday.Jenny had hers during the day， and I （had） mine after work.
我们在星期一进行了检查。詹妮在白天，我是在下班之后。（省略了谓语had）
I like her sincerely， as I would （like） a child of my own.
我真心地喜欢她，就像喜欢我自己的孩子一样。（省略了谓语的一部分like）
3.省略主语和谓语（或主语和谓语的一部分）：有时可将主语和谓语（或主语和谓语的一部分）同时省略。
（You come） This way， please.
请这边走。（省略了主语和谓语You come）
（Have you） Got any ink？
你有墨水吗？（省略了主语和谓语的一部分Have you）
4.省略宾语：当上下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时，下句或后句常省略宾语。
—Do you know Miss Gao？
—I don’t know （her）.
——你认识高女士吗？
——不认识。（省略了宾语her）
I borrowed from Peter but I paid （Peter） the money soon.
我向彼得借了钱，但我很快就还（彼得）钱了。（省略了宾语Peter）
She washed （the dress）， ironed （the dress）， folded （the dress）， and put the dress into a cupboard.
她洗完了衣服，把它熨好、折叠好放到一个柜子里。（省略了宾语the dress）
【即时演练2】　补全下列省略句
①What a hot day today！
→What a hot day 　　　　　　today！
②Anything else to say？
→　　　　　　 anything else to say？
③Understand？
→　　　　　　 understand？
④Some of us study Japanese； others English.
→Some of us study Japanese； others 　　　　English.
⑤I run much faster than before.
→I run much faster than 　　　　　　before.
⑥Let’s do the cases.I’ll read and you’ll type.
→Let’s do the cases.I’ll read 　　　　　　and you’ll type 　　　　　　.
（二）并列句中的省略
在由and或but连接的并列句中，常省略一些重复的词或词组。
1.如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的部分。
John must have been playing football and Mary （must have been） doing her homework.
约翰一定在踢足球，而玛丽一定在做作业。
2.主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则可以省略后面的主语和谓语。
His suggestions made John happy， but （his suggestions made） Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，但使玛丽生气。
3.主语相同，而谓语动词不同，则可省略主语。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while， but （he） soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳只戒了一阵子烟就很快回到了原来的状态。
4.在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that 从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。
Jack will sing at the party， but I know John won’t （sing at the party）.
杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会。
【即时演练3】　完成句子
①Lin’s father was not at home， but 　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
林的爸爸不在家，但他的妈妈在家。
②John won the first race and 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
约翰赢了第一场赛跑，吉米赢了第二场。
③Mike said that he would come to school to see me， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
迈克说他会来学校看我，但他没来。
④He has a knowledge of first aid but 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
他具备急救知识，但他朋友不具备。
（三）复合句中的省略
1.状语从句中的省略
（1）在when、 while、 if、 as if、 though、 although、 as、 until、 once、 unless、 whenever等引导的状语从句中，当状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且从句谓语中含有be动词的某种形式，或从句的主语为it时，则从句中的主语和be动词常被省略。
While （you are） cycling， don’t forget the traffic lights.
骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
When （the grapes are） ripe， the grapes will be delicious.
等（葡萄）熟了，葡萄会很好吃的。
If （it is） possible， I wish to go there next summer.
如果可能的话，我希望明年夏天去那儿。
（2）在than、 as等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。
He runs as fast as Bob （runs）.
他和鲍勃跑得一样快。
The film is more interesting than （it was） expected.
这部电影比预想的有趣。
名师点津
并非所有的状语从句都可以省略主语和be动词，由after、 before、 because等词引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语，用动词-ing形式代替be动词。
Because he was ill， he didn’t attend the meeting.
→Because of being ill， he didn’t attend the meeting.
由于生病，他没有出席会议。
2.定语从句中的省略
（1）在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom、 which、 that可以省略（但whom、 which紧跟在介词后时不能省略）。
Where is the book （which/that） I bought this morning？
今天上午我买的那本书在哪里？
He’s the man （whom/who/that） you can safely depend on.
他是你能放心信赖的人。
（2）修饰way的关系词that/in which可以省略。
The way （that/in which） he speaks to us is really annoying.
他对我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。
3.宾语从句中的省略
（1）及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后连接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时，那么只有第一个that可以省略。
We believe （that） if we put our heart into it， we will succeed sooner or later.
我们相信如果我们全力以赴，我们终有一天会成功。
He said （that） the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记于心。
（2）在由when、 where、 how、 why等引导的宾语从句中，有时引导词后的从句可全部或部分省略。
I know that a movie star will come to our city but I don’t know when （he will come to our city）.
我知道一个电影明星将要来我们的城市，但我不知道他什么时候来。
【即时演练4】　把下列句子改为省略句
①If it is so， I hope you will have a wonderful time.
→　　　　　　， I hope you will have a wonderful time.
②The winters in Hangzhou are not so mild as they are in Guangzhou.
→The winters in Hangzhou are not 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
③Wood gives off much smoke while it is burning.
→Wood gives off much smoke 　　　　　　.
④Though they were tired， they went on working.
→　　　　　　　　　　　　， they went on working.
⑤Here is the man whom you’ve been looking for.
→Here is the man 　　　　　　　　　　.
⑥She said that she had finished her homework.
→She said 　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
come up with 想出，想到
【教材原句】　All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems.
他们所有人都想出了关于如何解决这些问题的创造性的想法。
【用法】
come about 　　 发生；产生 come across （偶然）遇见；发现；被理解 come up 被提出；出现；发芽 come out 出来；长出；出版，发行；结果是 come to 共计；达到 when it comes to （doing） ... 当谈到（做）……时
【佳句】　When you have finished， try to come up with two more cases for each category.
当你完成后，每一类尽量再想出两个例子。
【点津】　come up的主语是物，表示“（计划、建议、方案等）被提出”，为不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态；而come up with的主语是人或团体组织，表示“（某人）提出”，为及物动词短语。
【练透】　用come的相关短语填空
①Specialists can 　　　　　　　　new ways to solve the problem of air pollution.
②As soon as the project 　　　　　　at the meeting， it attracted many people’s attention.
③I will try my best to overcome the barriers I 　　　　　　and I will never give up.
④We are told that his new works will 　　　　　　　　next week.
⑤How did it 　　　　　　？Tell me about it in detail.
【写美】　完成句子
⑥　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， I know nothing.
当谈到修电脑时，我一无所知。
call for （公开）要求；需要
【教材原句】　Some call for the application of modern technology， and others a change of lifestyle.
一些人要求运用现代科学技术，而另一些人则要求改变生活方式。
【用法】
call at 　　　 拜访（某个地点）；（火车等）停靠 call off 取消；停止进行 call on/upon 拜访（某人）；号召；要求（某人讲话等）；正式邀请 call in 请来；收回 call up 给……打电话；使回忆起，使想起 call back 回电话；收回
【佳句】　The problem is that studying those species calls for a lot of patience.
问题是，研究那些物种需要有很大的耐心。
We intended to visit the theme park but ended up calling on Professor Zhang.
我们原打算参观主题公园，但最后却拜访了张教授。
【练透】　用call的相关短语填空
①The public are 　　　　　　an end to air pollution.
②This picture 　　　　　　memories of my taking part in that half-marathon.
③The council announces that the conference is 　　　　　　so that we can go home now.
④I’m going to 　　　　　　one of my former classmates.
⑤Twenty volunteers were 　　　　　　to set up shelters for the survivors.
【写美】　完成句子
⑥The present situation 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
目前的形势需要立即采取行动。
application n.应用，运用；申请
【用法】
（1）apply vt.& vi. 　　　　应用；申请；涂；有关 apply （to ...） for ... （向……）申请…… apply to 适用于；与……有关 apply oneself to ... 专心于…… apply ...to ... 把……运用到……；把……涂到…… （2）applicant n. 申请人
【佳句】　The applicants must hand in their applications first if they want to apply for the job.
申请人如果想申请这份工作，就必须先上交他们的申请书。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①It was announced that they had received 500 　　　　　　（apply） for the post.
②After a short holiday， he applied 　　　　（he） to his work again.
③In this way， we can better apply theory 　　　　　　practice.
【写美】　完成句子
④I wish 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　advertised in the Daily News on 30 June.我想应聘6月30日《每日新闻》上刊登的当地导游的职位。
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）1　主要动词　（2）2、3　to　（3）4　主语　be动词
状语　（4）5　谓语　（5）6、7　主语
即时演练1
①to go to bed early　②but wait　③she refused to
④If so
即时演练2
①it is　②Is there　③Do you　④study　⑤I ran
⑥the cases； the cases
即时演练3
①his mother was （at home）　②Jimmy （won） the second （race）　③but he didn’t （come to school to see me）
④his friend doesn’t （have a knowledge of first aid）
即时演练4
①If so　②so mild as in Guangzhou　③while burning
④Though tired　⑤you’ve been looking for　⑥she had finished her homework
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①come up with　②came up　③come across　④come out
⑤come about　⑥When it comes to repairing a computer
2.①calling for　②called up　③called off　④call on/upon　⑤called in　⑥calls for immediate action
3.①applications　②himself　③to
④to apply for the position of a local tour guide
8 / 8(共103张PPT)
Section Ⅱ
Grammar and usage
1
重难语法·要攻克
目 录
2
核心知识·巧突破
3
课时检测·提能力
重难语法 · 要攻克
掌握核心语法
1
省 略
阅读下列句子并思考加蓝部分的用法。
1. Jack：Hi， Henry！ Did you watch the documentary about
environmental protection on TV yesterday？
Henry：No， I didn’t （watch the documentary about
environmental protection on TV yesterday）.
2. You can watch it online if you want to （watch it）.
3. You’d better not take medicine unless your doctor told you to （take
medicine）.
4. I felt worried when （I was） watching the documentary.
5. Some call for the application of modern technology， and others （call for） a change of lifestyle.
6. （Have you） Got any ideas？
7. （It/That） Sounds great！
【我的发现】
（1）由句 可以看出，在简短对话中，答句常保留主语和助动
词，省略其后的 以及上句中出现过的其他内容。
（2）由句 可以看出，动词不定式作宾语或宾语补足语时，
在后句的动词不定式结构中，常省略与前句重复的 后面的
内容。
（3）由句 可以看出，若从句的主语与主句的主语相同，且从句
谓语中有be动词时，常省略从句的 和 。本
句是 从句的省略。
1　
主要动词　
2、3　
to　
4　
主语　
be动词　
状语　
（4）由句 可以看出，在并列句结构中，常省略与前面相同的主
语、 或其他成分。
（5）由句 可以看出，在非正式场合，如果语境清晰，常省
略 或“主语＋谓语的一部分”。
5　
谓语　
6、7　
主语　
　　在英语中，为了使语言简洁或避免重复，在一些句子中常常省去
一个或某几个成分，这种语法现象称为省略。
一、词法上的省略
（一）动词不定式的省略
1. 当动词不定式在某些形容词 afraid、 anxious、 eager、 glad、
happy、 ready、 willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。
You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not willing to
（answer the question）.
如果他不愿意回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。
2. 当动词不定式在某些使役动词（make、 let、 have等）和感官动词
（see、 watch、 notice、 observe、 hear等）后作宾语补足语时须省
略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不能省略。
While watching television， we heard the doorbell ring just now.
＝While watching television， the doorbell was heard to ring just
now.
刚才在看电视时，我们听到门铃响了。
3. 当动词不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，to后的内容常可省略。常见
的动词有agree、 afford、 expect、 forget、 hope、 manage、
pretend、 refuse、 remember、 want、 wish等。
He asked me to help him lock the door， but I forgot to （lock the
door）.
他让我帮他锁门，但是我忘了。
4. 作介词but、 except （除了）、 besides的宾语，且前面有实义动词
do的任何形式时，后面的动词不定式常省略 to。
All he could do was nothing but wait and see.
他所能做的就是静观其变。
5. 当动词不定式在be going to、 be able to、 have to、 ought to、 used
to等后作复合谓语时，动词不定式可省略，但要保留动词不定式符
号 to。
They didn’t visit their parents as much as they ought to （visit their
parents）.
他们应该多看望父母，但他们没有。
名师点津
（1）在to be或to have done结构中，省略时往往保留be或have。
（2）类似这种用法的动词短语有ought to、 be going to、 be about to、
be supposed to、 have to、 used to及形容词glad、 happy、
pleased、 delighted等。
He didn’t come， but he ought to have.
他没来，但他应该来。
—Are you a farmer？
—No， but I used to be （a farmer）.
——你是个农民吗？
——不是，但我过去是。
（二）使用so、 not等的替代性省略
1. 在think、 believe、 expect、 suppose和it appears/seems之后，表示
同意前面说过的话时，可以用so代替单词（形容词、副词）、词组
或句子；表示对前面说过的话加以否定时，可以用not或
not ...so。
—Can you finish your work today？
—I think so./I don’t think so./I think not.
——你今天能完成工作吗？
——我觉得可以。/我觉得完不成。
2. if not可视为一个否定的条件状语从句省略；if so的意思是“如果是
那样的话”。
Get up early tomorrow.If not （If you don’t get up early）， you
will miss the first bus.
明天要早起，如果不早起，你就赶不上头班公共汽车了。
He may not be at home.If so （If he is not at home then）， leave
him a note.
他可能不在家。如果他不在家的话，给他留个便条。
【即时演练1】　完成句子
①The boy was made .
这个男孩被迫早睡。
②We have nothing to do now .
除了等，我们现在没有别的事可做。
③Some people suggested that she reconsider the matter， but
.
有人建议她重新考虑这件事，但她拒绝了。
to go to bed early　
but wait　
she
refused to　
④You may have finished your homework. ， you can go out to
play football.
你可能已经完成了作业。如果是那样的话，你可以出去踢足球了。
If so　
二、句法上的省略
（一）简单句中的省略
1. 省略主语：一般情况下，主语是不能省略的，但在祈使句和其他不
容易引起歧义的情况下，特别是在口语中，主语常常省略，主要是
祈使句中的you和疑问句中的主语。
（You） Shut up！
住嘴！（省略了主语You）
（You） Want a hand？
需要帮忙吗？（省略了主语You）
（I） Beg your pardon.
请再说一遍。（省略了主语I）
（It） Doesn’t matter.
没关系。（省略了主语It）
2. 省略谓语（或谓语的一部分）：在某些具体的场合下，主语和
谓语都很明确，此时为了简化或显得亲切，可将谓语或谓语的
一部分省略。
We went through the tests on Monday.Jenny had hers during the day，
and I （had） mine after work.
我们在星期一进行了检查。詹妮在白天，我是在下班之后。（省略
了谓语had）
I like her sincerely， as I would （like） a child of my own.
我真心地喜欢她，就像喜欢我自己的孩子一样。（省略了谓语的一
部分like）
3. 省略主语和谓语（或主语和谓语的一部分）：有时可将主语和谓语
（或主语和谓语的一部分）同时省略。
（You come） This way， please.
请这边走。（省略了主语和谓语You come）
（Have you） Got any ink？
你有墨水吗？（省略了主语和谓语的一部分Have you）
4. 省略宾语：当上下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时，下句或后句常省
略宾语。
—Do you know Miss Gao？
—I don’t know （her）.
——你认识高女士吗？
——不认识。（省略了宾语her）
I borrowed from Peter but I paid （Peter） the money soon.
我向彼得借了钱，但我很快就还（彼得）钱了。（省略了宾语
Peter）
She washed （the dress）， ironed （the dress）， folded （the
dress）， and put the dress into a cupboard.
她洗完了衣服，把它熨好、折叠好放到一个柜子里。（省略了宾语
the dress）
【即时演练2】　补全下列省略句
①What a hot day today！
→What a hot day today！
②Anything else to say？
→ anything else to say？
③Understand？
→ understand？
④Some of us study Japanese； others English.
→Some of us study Japanese； others English.
it is　
Is there　
Do you　
study　
⑤I run much faster than before.
→I run much faster than before.
⑥Let’s do the cases.I’ll read and you’ll type.
→Let’s do the cases.I’ll read and you’ll type
.
I ran　
the cases　
the
cases　
（二）并列句中的省略
在由and或but连接的并列句中，常省略一些重复的词或词组。
1. 如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相
同的部分。
John must have been playing football and Mary （must have been）
doing her homework.
约翰一定在踢足球，而玛丽一定在做作业。
2. 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则可以省略后面的主语和谓语。
His suggestions made John happy， but （his suggestions made）
Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，但使玛丽生气。
3. 主语相同，而谓语动词不同，则可省略主语。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while， but （he） soon
returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳只戒了一阵子烟就很快回到了原来的状态。
4. 在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动
词和宾语等其他成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that 从句通常可
以省略这些相同的部分。
Jack will sing at the party， but I know John won’t （sing at the
party）.
杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会。
【即时演练3】　完成句子
①Lin’s father was not at home， but .
林的爸爸不在家，但他的妈妈在家。
②John won the first race and .
约翰赢了第一场赛跑，吉米赢了第二场。
③Mike said that he would come to school to see me，
.
迈克说他会来学校看我，但他没来。
his mother was （at home）　
Jimmy （won） the second （race）　
but he didn’t
（come to school to see me）　
④He has a knowledge of first aid but
.
他具备急救知识，但他朋友不具备。
his friend doesn’t （have a
knowledge of first aid）　
（三）复合句中的省略
1. 状语从句中的省略
（1）在when、 while、 if、 as if、 though、 although、 as、
until、 once、 unless、 whenever等引导的状语从句中，
当状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且从句谓语中含有
be动词的某种形式，或从句的主语为it时，则从句中的主
语和be动词常被省略。
While （you are） cycling， don’t forget the traffic lights.
骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
When （the grapes are） ripe， the grapes will be delicious.
等（葡萄）熟了，葡萄会很好吃的。
If （it is） possible， I wish to go there next summer.
如果可能的话，我希望明年夏天去那儿。
（2）在than、 as等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。
He runs as fast as Bob （runs）.
他和鲍勃跑得一样快。
The film is more interesting than （it was） expected.
这部电影比预想的有趣。
名师点津
并非所有的状语从句都可以省略主语和be动词，由after、 before、
because等词引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语，用动词-ing形式
代替be动词。
Because he was ill， he didn’t attend the meeting.
→Because of being ill， he didn’t attend the meeting.
由于生病，他没有出席会议。
2. 定语从句中的省略
（1）在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom、 which、
that可以省略（但whom、 which紧跟在介词后时不能省
略）。
Where is the book （which/that） I bought this morning？
今天上午我买的那本书在哪里？
He’s the man （whom/who/that） you can safely depend on.
他是你能放心信赖的人。
（2）修饰way的关系词that/in which可以省略。
The way （that/in which） he speaks to us is really annoying.
他对我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。
3. 宾语从句中的省略
（1）及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果
及物动词后连接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时，那么
只有第一个that可以省略。
We believe （that） if we put our heart into it， we will succeed
sooner or later.
我们相信如果我们全力以赴，我们终有一天会成功。
He said （that） the text was very important and that we should
learn it by heart.
他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记于心。
（2）在由when、 where、 how、 why等引导的宾语从句中，有时
引导词后的从句可全部或部分省略。
I know that a movie star will come to our city but I don’t know when
（he will come to our city）.我知道一个电影明星将要来我们的城
市，但我不知道他什么时候来。
【即时演练4】　把下列句子改为省略句
①If it is so， I hope you will have a wonderful time.
→ ， I hope you will have a wonderful time.
②The winters in Hangzhou are not so mild as they are in Guangzhou.
→The winters in Hangzhou are not .
③Wood gives off much smoke while it is burning.
→Wood gives off much smoke .
④Though they were tired， they went on working.
→ ， they went on working.
If so　
so mild as in Guangzhou　
while burning　
Though tired　
⑤Here is the man whom you’ve been looking for.
→Here is the man .
⑥She said that she had finished her homework.
→She said .
you’ve been looking for　
she had finished her homework　
核心知识·巧突破
探究课堂重点
2
come up with 想出，想到
【教材原句】　All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve
these problems.
他们所有人都想出了关于如何解决这些问题的创造性的想法。
【用法】
come about 　　 发生；产生
come across （偶然）遇见；发现；被理解
come up 被提出；出现；发芽
come out 出来；长出；出版，发行；结果是
come to 共计；达到
when it comes to （doing） ... 当谈到（做）……时
【佳句】　When you have finished， try to come up with two more
cases for each category.
当你完成后，每一类尽量再想出两个例子。
【点津】　come up的主语是物，表示“（计划、建议、方案等）被
提出”，为不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态；而come up with的
主语是人或团体组织，表示“（某人）提出”，为及物动词短语。
【练透】　用come的相关短语填空
①Specialists can new ways to solve the problem of air
pollution.
②As soon as the project at the meeting， it attracted many
people’s attention.
③I will try my best to overcome the barriers I and I will
never give up.
④We are told that his new works will next week.
⑤How did it ？Tell me about it in detail.
come up with　
came up　
come across　
come out　
come about　
【写美】　完成句子
⑥ ， I know nothing.
当谈到修电脑时，我一无所知。
When it comes to repairing a computer　
call for （公开）要求；需要
【教材原句】　Some call for the application of modern technology，
and others a change of lifestyle.
一些人要求运用现代科学技术，而另一些人则要求改变生活方式。
【用法】
call at 　　拜访（某个地点）；（火车等）停靠
call off 取消；停止进行
call on/upon 拜访（某人）；号召；要求（某人讲话等）；正式邀请
call in 请来；收回
call up 给……打电话；使回忆起，使想起
call back 回电话；收回
【佳句】　The problem is that studying those species calls for a lot of
patience.
问题是，研究那些物种需要有很大的耐心。
We intended to visit the theme park but ended up calling on Professor
Zhang.
我们原打算参观主题公园，但最后却拜访了张教授。
【练透】　用call的相关短语填空
①The public are an end to air pollution.
②This picture memories of my taking part in that half-
marathon.
③The council announces that the conference is so that we
can go home now.
④I’m going to one of my former classmates.
⑤Twenty volunteers were to set up shelters for the
survivors.
calling for　
called up　
called off　
call on/upon　
called in　
【写美】　完成句子
⑥The present situation .
目前的形势需要立即采取行动。
calls for immediate action　
application n.应用，运用；申请
【用法】
（1）apply vt.& vi. 　　 应用；申请；涂；有关
apply （to ...） for ... （向……）申请……
apply to 适用于；与……有关
apply oneself to ... 专心于……
apply ...to ... 把……运用到……；把……涂到……
（2）applicant n. 申请人
【佳句】　The applicants must hand in their applications first if they
want to apply for the job.申请人如果想申请这份工作，就必须先上交
他们的申请书。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①It was announced that they had received 500
（apply） for the post.
②After a short holiday， he applied （he） to his work
again.
③In this way， we can better apply theory practice.
applications　
himself　
to　
【写美】　完成句子
④I wish advertised in
the Daily News on 30 June.
我想应聘6月30日《每日新闻》上刊登的当地导游的职位。
to apply for the position of a local tour guide　
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
3
维度一：基础题型练
用省略结构改写下列句子。
1. Who is the man whom you were talking to？
→Who is the man ？
2. Someone has used my mobile phone， but I don’t know who has used
it.
→Someone has used my mobile phone， but I .
you were talking to　
don’t know who　
3. Although he was hard-working， he couldn’t earn enough to support
himself.
→ ， he couldn’t earn enough to support
himself.
4. They don’t use more water than it is necessary.
→They don’t use more water .
Although hard-working　
than necessary　
维度二：语法与写作
用省略结构完成下列句子。
1. He has made a lot of films， .
他拍了很多电影，但很少拍出好的。
2. I don’t like the way .
我不喜欢她对待她的学生的方式。
3. She wants to learn English well， but she .
她想学好英语，但不知道怎么学。
but few good ones　
she treats her students　
doesn’t know how to　
4. The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was
.
司机想把他的车停在路边，但警察要求他不要这样做。
5. He doesn’t get up early .
他不像过去那样早早起床了。
asked by
the police not to　
as he used to　
维度三：语法与语篇
阅读下面对话，补全对话中被省略的部分。
James：How was your day？
Alex：It was good but busy at the same time.How was yours？
James：Mine was the same.But I felt relaxed when 1. having
an ice cream.
Alex： Me， too！ It’s so hot these days.What are you looking for？
James： A dustbin.Do you know where one is？
Alex： No， I don’t know 2. .Why do you need one？
James： I need to throw the ice cream stick away.
I was　
where one is
Alex： Oh！ It’s just a stick and you can throw it anywhere you want.
James： No， I can’t 3. .It will cause
environmental pollution.
Alex： Throwing a small stick away won’t harm the environment.
James：You’re wrong.Every piece of garbage can harm the
environment.If we care for the environment and 4. work hard to
protect it， changes will come.
throw it anywhere I want
we　
Alex： Your words make sense.But it is not enough to maintain a clean
environment by our actions alone.Many people around us are indifferent to
environmental pollution and 5. unwilling to change their
lifestyles.
James：It’s true.I plan to set up an organization to call for action to be
taken.
Alex：It sounds great！ Let’s do it together.
they are　
　　
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　Last summer， staff at the San Diego Zoo welcomed 41 baby turtles
（海龟） from the Indian narrow-headed soft-shell turtle species， which
is native to South Asia.It makes the zoo the first officially recognized
organization in North America to hatch （孵化） and raise the species.
　　Three Indian narrow-headed soft-shell turtles have been at the zoo for
over 20 years.All that time， zoo staff had been hoping they would one
day reproduce.“This is a thrilling moment for us， and a big step
forward in the protection of this species，” said Kim Gray， director of
the zoo.
　　The eggs were found in two separate nests.Some of the turtles
hatched in their habitat， while most of the eggs were stored in an artificial
box to create the best conditions for survival.Turtle experts at the zoo say
eggs in the habitat are often difficult to find， as the turtles like to lay their
eggs overnight and cover them with dirt.
　　The species is listed as endangered on the International Union for
Conservation of Nature’s Red List， though it’s unclear how many
remain in the wild.Environmental pollution， habitat destruction， the
international pet trade and human food harvesting have all led to the
species’ reduction over the years.
　　“We have been caring for these turtles for a very long time， and
part of that care is to gain a greater understanding of the species’ natural
history，” Kim Gray added.“With the knowledge we gain here at the
zoo， we can better assist our partners in India to help this essential
species develop and grow in their native habitat.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。圣迭戈动物园孵化了41只印度小
头鳖，动物园园长金·格雷一直致力于保护这一物种。
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。圣迭戈动物园孵化了41只印度小
头鳖，动物园园长金·格雷一直致力于保护这一物种。
1. Why did Kim Gray feel excited at this reproduction？（　　）
A. The zoo got officially recognized.
B. It was a breakthrough in turtle protection.
C. A great many turtles were hatched at once.
D. An endangered turtle species was saved.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第二段中Kim Gray所说的话可知，印
度小头鳖的成功繁殖标志着在海龟保护方面取得了突破。
2. What made the turtle eggs in the habitat hard to find？（　　）
A. Their dark colour.
B. The artificial box.
C. Their being dirt-covered.
D The low light at night.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，海龟蛋难找的
原因是海龟会在上面盖上泥土。
3. What does Paragraph 4 focus on about the turtles？（　　）
A. The time when listed as endangered.
B. Human activities to save them.
C. Their existing number in the wild.
D. Factors endangering them.
解析：　段落大意题。根据第四段中的Environmental pollution，
habitat destruction ...led to the species’ reduction over the years.可
知，本段主要讲述的是这种海龟濒危的原因。
4. Who might be most interested in the text according to the last
paragraph？（　　）
A. Pet lovers. B. Zoologists.
C. Environmentalists. D. Zoo visitors.
解析：　推理判断题。通读全文可知，圣迭戈动物园孵化了41只
印度小头鳖，在海龟保护方面取得了重大突破。根据最后一段可
知，通过照顾这一濒危物种，他们对其有了更好的了解。由此推
断，对本文最感兴趣的人应该是动物学家。
B
　　By 2100， cities around the world could warm by 4 ℃ on average，
exposing the growing urban population to conditions that will damage
humans’ lives.Cities are in the front line， dealing daily with the
impacts of climate change.
　　At the 27th United Nations Climate Change Conference， the UN
Environment Programme （UNEP） announced a new initiative — the
Nature for Cool Cities Challenge， which encourages cities to use the
cooling power of nature.Solutions such as forests， green belts and parks
in and around cities can deliver cooling services， without damaging
emissions （排放物）.The cooling benefits of such solutions are well-
documented， but they need to be better understood and managed to bring
about changes at a global level.
　Cities across the world that are already too hot in summer are taking a
variety of measures from insisting new buildings have gardens on their
roofs， painting existing roofs white， to colouring roads light grey and
planting trees in streets and open spaces.The good news is that all these
measures work，mitigating land surface temperatures by 2 ℃ to 3 ℃ in
the areas where they are applied.
　　Qatar， host country of 2022 World Cup， surprises the world with
an open mind about using technological innovation to deal with the
environmental challenges of living in the desert.The government has
implemented （实施） a pilot “cool pavement” project in the capital，
Doha， which involves the use of a cooling material to decrease the
temperature of the asphalt （沥青） on roads.Unlike conventional
asphalt， which contributes to increased temperatures by absorbing up to
95 per cent of sunlight， the so-called “cool pavement” reflects UV rays
and absorbs solar radiation to a lesser extent， contributing to overall
temperature reduction in a greener way.The government， using the
World Cup event as a platform， is seeking for partnership with more
countries in addressing global environmental issues.
　　Many hands make light work.Just as Sheila Aggarwal-Khan，
Director of UNEP’s Economy Division put it， “Truly effective
solutions require partnership between governments， the private sectors，
experts， and practitioners， nationally and internationally.It is decisive
that the joint efforts from financial institutions，investors and businesses
help make this vision a reality.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了由联合国环境规划署宣
布的一项新倡议——“运用自然的力量使城市降温”，并以卡塔尔
为例介绍了这种方法的实用性。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了由联合国环境规划署宣
布的一项新倡议——“运用自然的力量使城市降温”，并以卡塔尔
为例介绍了这种方法的实用性。
5. What does UNEP’s new initiative aim to do？（　　）
A. Cool cities with nature-based methods.
B. Cut down the emissions in public places.
C. Document the benefits of living in the city.
D. Decrease urban population to improve living.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，联合国环境规划
署宣布的新倡议的目的是用大自然的力量给城市降温。
6. What does the underlined word “mitigating” in Paragraph 3 probably
mean？（　　）
A. Reducing. B. Increasing.
C. Maintaining. D. Adjusting.
解析：　词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句可知，世界各地夏天特
别热的城市正采取各种降温措施，所以第二句，即画线词所在句应
表明这些措施的结果：所有这些措施都起到了给城市降温的作用，
在实施这些措施的地区，地表温度降低了2℃到3℃，mitigating与
reducing意思相近，均有“减少”之意。
7. How does the new material work in Qatar’s “cool pavement”
project？（　　）
A. It takes in much of the sunlight.
B. It enlarges the exposure to solar radiation.
C. It helps improve the air quality of Doha effectively.
D. It absorbs less and reflects more than conventional materials.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第四段中的Unlike conventional
asphalt ...the so-called “cool pavement” reflects UV rays and
absorbs solar radiation to a lesser extent， contributing to overall
temperature reduction in a greener way.可知，与传统的沥青相比，
“凉爽路面”这个项目的材料吸收较少的太阳辐射，还能反射紫外
线，从而降低了整体温度。
8. What did Sheila stress？（　　）
A. Finance. B. Cooperation.
C. Professionalism. D. Management.
解析：　细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，希拉强调了各国政
府、私营企业、专家和从业人员在国内和国际上的合作。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
　　Let’s discover some of the benefits that forests provide and consider
protecting them by reducing your carbon footprint！
　　Forests provide necessary resources
　　Just look around your house — how many things are made from wood
or other forest products？ Many common household items such as
furniture and books are also made from forest resources.Timber （木材）
is the primary material used to build homes in many parts of the world.9.
（　　）.
　　
　　Forests provide food and nutrition
10. （　　）.Forests are an excellent place to search for wild foods
such as berries， mushrooms， leaves， tubers， and nuts； and the wild
animals that live in forests are an important source of protein.
　　11. （　　）
　　Forests also provide income for millions of people worldwide.Many
types of jobs depend on forests and their resources， from woodcutters to
trekking （徒步旅行） guides to forest rangers who take care of forests.
　　Forests protect us from natural disasters
　　Trees and other plants help prevent landslides （滑坡） by holding
the soil in place and lessening the force of rain on the ground.12.
（　　）.As such， they act as a natural buffer （缓冲物）， protecting
coastal communities from the damaging effects of storms.
　　Forests are playgrounds for recreation （娱乐）
　　13. （　　）.Each year， about 8 billion visitors explore the
world’s national parks and other protected areas， many of which are
forested.From trekking to mountain biking， forests are an ideal place for
adventures.
A. Forests support jobs
B. Forests help people stay healthy
C. Forests are a natural carbon solution
D. Forests are also a source of fun， excitement， and inspiration
E. Not to mention， many families use wood to heat their homes
F. Similarly， forests along the coastline can help reduce the power of
waves
G. For many communities in the countryside， forests are their
neighborhood “grocery stores”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了森林带来的五个好处。
9. E　根据本部分小标题可知，森林提供给我们必要的资源。上文指
出我们生活中的很多物品都由木材制成，并且木材在世界上很多地方
也是建造房屋的基本材料。E项（更不用说，许多家庭使用木材来取
暖）与上文形成递进关系，符合语境。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了森林带来的五个好处。
10. G　根据本部分小标题及下文内容可知，森林提供给我们食物和
营养。G项（对许多农村社区来说，森林就是他们街区的“杂货
店”）符合语境。
11. A　根据下文内容可知，森林为全世界数百万人创造收入，因为
很多工作都与森林资源相关。A项中的support jobs呼应下文中的
provide income，且jobs与下文中的jobs为原词复现。故A项适合作本
段小标题。
12. F　根据本部分小标题可知，森林保护我们免受自然灾害。上文指
出树木和其他植物通过稳固土壤和减少雨水对地面的影响来帮助防止
滑坡。由此推断，设空处应该与森林有助于抵抗自然灾害相关。F项
符合语境。下文中的they指代F项中的forests along the coastline。
13. D　根据本部分小标题可知，森林是休闲娱乐的场所。下文指出
森林是游客探索和冒险的理想之地。D项（森林也是乐趣、刺激和灵
感的源泉）符合语境。
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　When Laney Rogers met Howard Kitchen， Howard was just 4 years
old.He was cute.But soon Rogers found he was a 　14　 kid.He easily
became angry and often 　15　 things.And he was unwilling to obey.
　　Rogers， who was Howard’s special education teacher， and other
teachers studied behavior management and tried many methods， but
they 　16　 totally.What finally 　17　 him wasn’t anything learned in
a book.It was 　18　.
　　“I feel so 　19　 to have teachers who care so much about me
and 　20　 me，” said Howard Kitchen， now a 17-year-old high
schooler.Last month， he started mentoring （指导） “ 　21　
Howards” at the school where his schooling 　22　.His efforts there are
already 　23　.Christian Scates， 5， said， “Howard is my best
friend.When I get mad， he teaches me how to get 　24　.”
　　Rogers， now an administrator （管理人员） for the school
district， happened to 　25　 Howard， now a man， in the same
hallways where she used to chase him down as a child.Today， many
kids 　26　 him there.In great excitement， Rogers took a photo of
Howard with her.
　　Rogers and her colleagues never 　27　 the badly-behaved
student.They tried to let him 　28　 they always love him.“What really
worked was just good old basic love and kindness from a whole lot of
amazing people，” Rogers said.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。小时候的Howard是一个控制不住情
绪、不服管教的孩子，老师的爱让他成长为一名优秀的学生。
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。小时候的Howard是一个控制不住情
绪、不服管教的孩子，老师的爱让他成长为一名优秀的学生。
14. A. lonely B. troubled
C. shy D. proud
解析：　根据第一段中的He easily became angry和he was
unwilling to obey以及最后一段首句中的the badly-behaved student
可知，Howard是个爱制造麻烦的孩子，他很容易发怒，经常破坏
东西。
15. A. damaged B. lost C. wasted D. hid
解析：　参见上题解析。
16. A. agreed B. forgot
C. failed D. missed
解析：　根据第一段最后一句和空前的but可知，Howard不服管
束，Rogers和其他老师想办法管教他，但是彻底失败了。
17. A. challenged B. pleased
C. protected D. changed
解析：　根据最后一段中they always love him以及尾句可
知，最终改变了Howard的不是从书上学到的东西，而是来自
很多人的爱。
18. A. love B. knowledge
C. hope D. confidence
解析：　参见上题解析。
19. A. worried B. lucky
C. eager D. ashamed
解析：　根据have teachers who care so much about me可知，有老
师这么关心她，他感到很幸运。
20. A. recognize B. test
C. need D. support
解析：　根据and可知，空处应和care为相同感彩的词，
support（支持）符合语境。
21. A. little B. poor C. curious D. great
解析：　根据本段中he started mentoring、Christian Scates， 5和
When I get mad可知，Howard开始指导那些像童年的他一样不好
管理的小孩子。
22. A. struggled B. continued
C. began D. ended
解析：　根据文章首句和空前的at the school where his schooling
可知，Howard四岁时在这所学校开始接受教育，目前他在该校指
导这些小孩。
23. A. getting ready B. paying off
C. coming back D. making sense
解析：　根据空后两句可知，五岁的Christian Scates把Howard当
成自己最好的朋友，当他情绪失控时，Howard教他如何冷静下
来，这也表明Howard对小孩子的指导取得了成功，他在那里的努
力已经得到了回报。
24. A. slow B. cheerful
C. polite D. calm
解析：　参见上题解析。
25. A. meet B. save
C. prevent D. mention
解析：　根据句中in the same hallways where she used to chase
him down as a child和尾句中Rogers took a photo of Howard with her
可知，Rogers老师碰巧在同一个走廊里遇到了Howard，她曾在那
里追赶孩提时代的Howard。
26. A. understand B. respect
C. surprise D. impress
解析：　根据上段中的Christian Scates， 5， said， “Howard is
my best friend.When I get mad， he teaches me how to
get 　24　.”可知，今天，有很多孩子在那里（指同样的走廊
里）对他很尊敬。
27. A. kept track of B. took advantage of
C. gave up on D. caught up with
解析：　根据第二段内容可知，Rogers老师和她的同事从未放弃
过这个表现不好的学生（指Howard）。
28. A. confirm B. expect
C. accept D. know
解析：　根据they always love him以及Rogers所说的话可知，老
师们努力让Howard知道他们永远是爱他的。
Ⅳ.语法填空
　　Did you know that seahorses are going extinct？ These little fish
struggle 29. 　　　　　　 （survive） against traps （捕捉器），
habitat loss， and more.
　　To fix this problem， many Australian government departments are
working at Project Seahorse， a project 30. 　　　　　　 （design） to
repopulate seahorse communities and rebuild their habitat.The project was
inspired by the observation of throwaway fishing traps left in the
sea.Seahorses 31. 　　　　　　 （attract） to these throwaway traps，
which had begun to grow sea vegetation and coral （珊瑚）， which is
home 32. 　　　　　　 the animals that seahorses feed on.
SEA LIFE Sydney Aquarium is building seahorse hotels to give both
the seahorses and their habitat a 33. 　　　　　　 （help） hand.The
hotels are metal cages 34. 　　　　　　 come in different
shapes.Underwater， the hotels will begin to grow sea vegetation and
coral.These hotels are being used in Australia’s Sydney harbor， and at
least three 35. 　　　　　　 （success） groups of seahorses have been
set free into them.
　　However， there are a few 36. 　　　　　　 （concern）.
Seahorses raised by human beings haven’t learned how to hunt in 37. 　　　　　　 wild， or how to avoid their enemies.These are
things they will have to learn if they are going to survive.
　　38. 　　　　　　 （hopeful）， this project will help to rebuild
seahorse populations and their habitats.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。澳大利亚为濒危的海马修建水下酒
店，旨在增加海马的数量和重建它们的栖息地。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。澳大利亚为濒危的海马修建水下酒
店，旨在增加海马的数量和重建它们的栖息地。
29. to survive　考查非谓语动词。struggle to do sth努力做某事。
30. designed　考查非谓语动词。设空处作后置定语，修饰名词
project，且design与project之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。故填designed。
31. were attracted　考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境可知，设空处
描述发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时，又因主语Seahorses与
attract之间是被动关系。故填were attracted。
32. to　考查介词。be home to ...是……的栖息地。
33. helping　考查非谓语动词。a helping hand帮忙。
34. that/which　考查关系代词。设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先
行词cages，且在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
35. successful　考查词形转换。设空处作定语，修饰groups，意为
“成功的”，用形容词。故填successful。
36. concerns　考查名词复数。concern意为“令人担忧的事”时，是
可数名词，因设空处前有a few修饰，此处表示复数意义。故填
concerns。
37. the　考查冠词。in the wild在野生环境中。
38. Hopefully　考查词形转换。设空处作状语，修饰整个句子，应用
副词，又因位于句首。故填Hopefully。
谢谢观看！

展开更多......

收起↑