资源简介

Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
维度一：基础题型练
用适当的连接词填空。
1.It doesn’t look 　　　　　　it’s going to rain tomorrow.
2.Chongqing is 　　　　　　my grandpa and grandma were born and brought up.
3.The question is 　　　　　　the food and clothes can be delivered to them in time or not.
4.Obeying the traffic rules is 　　　　　　all of us should pay attention to particularly.
5.The most exciting moment was 　　　　　　I was given the first prize.
维度二：语法与写作
用表语从句完成下列句子。
1.The reality is 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　because of the storm.
现实情况是，由于暴风雨，聚会必须取消。
2.I have a good command of spoken English and that’s 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我精通英语口语，那就是我能够与游客流畅交流的原因。
3.This is 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
这是我曾经住过的地方。
4.What I want to know is 　　　　　　　.
我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。
维度三：语法与语篇
阅读下面对话，用适当的连接词填空。
—Tom， why do you look so upset？
—It is 1.　　　　　　 I can’t watch the football match tomorrow. The match is 2.　　　　　　 I have been looking forward to for a long time.
—Is there anything wrong？
—Yes. The problem is 3.　　　　　　 my parents want me to have my piano class tomorrow.
—It sounds as 4.　　　　　　 you don’t like it.
—No， I don’t like it at all. That is 5.　　　　　　 I don’t want to go there tomorrow.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　Fossilized （化石的） footprints found on a beach in southern Spain reveal what may have been a nursery for an extinct species of elephant.
　　The track-rich coastal site is typically covered by sand.Storm surges （风暴潮） in the spring of 2020 washed away much of that sand and exposed the preserved footprints of ancient elephants， cattle， deer， pigs， and so on.The sandy-clay sediments （沉积物） hosting this treasure of tracks were probably laid down about 106，000 years ago， previous studies suggest.
　　Among the newly uncovered tracks are the first-of-their-kind footprints of newborn straight-tusked elephants， an extinct species that probably died out during the last ice age.The teeny tracks — which measure 9.6 centimetres across， about the size of a drink coaster — suggest that the petite， possibly 2-month-old elephants stood about 66 centimetres tall at their shoulders and weighed around 70 kilogrammes， slightly heavier than a Newfoundland dog.Based on previous finds elsewhere of actual bones， adult straight-tusked elephants may have weighed 5.5 metric tons for females and 13 tons for males.
　　“The mix of elephant tracks at the site suggests that family groups including newborns， youngsters and adult females frequented the area and possibly used it as a nursery，” the researchers say.Other fossils found at the site， including those preserving traces of ancient roots， indicate that the area was rich in vegetation and lakes and ponds.
　　“The team’s findings are a thrilling study，” says Anthony Martin， a trace fossil expert at Emory University in Atlanta.“Series of footprints show how the ancient elephants were moving， offer insight into their social structure and even provide a sight of their reproductive ecology，” he says.“If newborns were part of the family group and if they were acting anything like modern elephants， the mother had to be nearby.”
　　“What’s more， the presence of preserved Neanderthal footprints at the site suggests that the ancient people hunted young elephants or other creatures，” Martin says.“The Neanderthals probably were not foolish enough to take on a full-sized elephant.”
1.What helped the discovery of elephants’ footprints in southern Spain？（　　）
A.People’s farming.
B.The researchers’ efforts.
C.The bad weather.
D.Records about the place.
2.What does Paragraph 3 mainly tell us？（　　）
A.The extinction of the elephants.
B.Inference about the elephants.
C.The course of the new discovery.
D.Weight of straight-tusked elephants.
3.What can we know about the mix of elephant tracks？（　　）
A.The site was suitable for animals’ living.
B.Volcanic eruption must have happened in the site.
C.These tracks indicated the danger of the site.
D.Elephants’ enemies must have lived in the site.
4.What can the preserved Neanderthal footprints show to us？（　　）
A.The slow growth of the elephants.
B.The movements of the elephants here.
C.The development of elephant species.
D.The living style of the local people.
B
　　Many ancient populations used inscriptions （铭文） to document different parts of their lives.But the objects containing such inscriptions have been damaged over the centuries.
　　The researchers， led by Alphabet’s AI company DeepMind， developed a new AI-based method which serves as a technological tool to help researchers repair missing inscriptions and estimate the true origins of the records.They call their tool Ithaca.The system is the first deep neural （神经的） network that can restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions.The researchers said they trained Ithaca on the largest collection of data containing Greek inscriptions from the non-profit Packard Humanities Institute in California.Feeding this data into the system is designed to help the tool use past writings to predict missing letters and words in damaged inscriptions.
　　The researchers reported that in experiments with damaged writings， Ithaca was able to correctly predict missing inscription elements 62％ of the time.In addition， the tool was 71％ correct in identifying where the inscriptions first came from.And when historians work on their own， the success rate for restoring damaged inscriptions is about 25％.But when humans teamed up with Ithaca to assist in their work， the success rate jumped to 72％.
　　Then Sommerschield from Ca’Foscari University of Venice said the system had already provided new information to help researchers re-examine important periods in Greek history.In one case， Ithaca confirmed new evidence presented by historians about the dating of a series of important Greek decrees （法令）.The decrees were first thought to have been written before 446/445 BCE.But the new evidence suggested a date in the 420s BCE.Ithaca predicted a date of 421 BCE.The date change may seem small but it has significant implications for our understanding of the political history of Classical Athens.
　　The team is currently working on other versions of Ithaca trained on other ancient languages.DeepMind has launched a free， interactive tool based on the system for use by researchers， educators， museum workers and the public.
5.What is the function of Ithaca？（　　）
A.Restoring and identifying damaged inscriptions.
B.Interpreting and protecting historical documents.
C.Exploring and tracing the origins of Greek letters.
D.Collecting and translating past writings into English.
6.What do the numbers in Paragraph 3 mainly indicate？（　　）
A.The inscriptions are of great value to human.
B.Ithaca helps researchers work more effectively.
C.The demand for reading ancient records is increasing.
D.The process of repairing damaged writings is complicated.
7.Why does the author mention the case in Paragraph 4？（　　）
A.To show the limitations of Ithaca.
B.To support Sommerschield’s statement.
C.To explain the history of Greek decrees.
D.To prove the importance of dates to historians.
8.What is the passage mainly about？（　　）
A.The achievements of Greek historians.
B.The disappearance of ancient Greek culture.
C.A rising trend of studying ancient languages.
D.An AI system for repairing missing writings.
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
　　As an art historian with a strong interest in different cultures of the world， I have been to some fascinating places， but never anywhere quite as dramatic and surprising as China， where I spent almost three months working on BBC Four’s art history documentary： Art of China.
　　I’d never been there before， so this was a real journey of discovery for me.9.（　　）.So much digging is taking place and the Chinese have made a huge number of astonishing archaeological discoveries.
　　I first visited Sanxingdui in Sichuan Province where surprisingly unusual and wonderful three-thousand-year-old relics （遗物） were uncovered by accident.10.（　　）， but now it’s suddenly risen from the dead！
　　Next， in neighbouring Shaanxi Province I visited the famous Terracotta Warriors （兵马俑）.They’re probably the most complicated objects ever made from bronze （青铜） to survive from the ancient world.
　　11.（　　）.Here I visited the impressive cave complex at Dunhuang， painted by generations of artists over a thousand years and more.
　　Finally， I travelled south to the Yellow Mountain， where you can stand above the cloud line and imagine that you’re actually standing inside the scene of some beautiful Chinese scroll painting.12.（　　）.To many painters， they symbolised the mighty order of nature， but also the social scales back then.To others， the mountain was a place of retreat （隐居）.
　　I started doing the “Art of ...” series more than 10 years ago.13.（　　）， it’s been to showcase a wider range of art forms than what is typically shown on television and provide a more varied artistic experience for the audience.Where next？ Suggestions gratefully received ...
A.Speaking of the work of art that has touched me the most
B.If there’s a single driving purpose behind the project as a whole
C.I’ll never forget reaching the great deserts of the Silk Road afterwards
D.The civilisation that produced all these wonders had been almost forgotten
E.The art of China has always been full of surprises， especially in recent years
F.It seeks to explore art beyond the popular and widely celebrated art movements
G.The mountain inspired different generations of Chinese artists in different ways
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　Les Brown was a city sanitation worker （环卫工人）.But he had a 　14　 of being a disc jockey （电台的音乐节目主持人）.He 　15　 an imaginary radio station in his tiny room.A hairbrush served as his microphone as he 　16　 his patter （说辞）， introducing records to his 　17　 listeners.
　　One day Les went to the local radio station， and told the station manager he wanted to be a disc jockey.
　　The manager asked，“Do you have any 　18　 in broadcasting？”
　　Les replied，“No， sir， I don’t.”
　　“Well， I’m afraid we don’t have a job for you.”Les thanked him politely and left.
　　The station manager 　19　 the depth of Les Brown’s commitment to his goal.Les had a higher 　20　 than simply wanting to be a disc jockey.He wanted to buy a nicer house for his mother.The disc jockey job was only a（n） 　21　 toward his goal.He felt sure that he would get a job at that radio station despite what the manager had 　22　.
　　From then on， Les 　23　 every day for a week.Finally the manager 　24　 and took him on as an errand boy （跑腿男孩）.Les did whatever was asked of him but he learned 　25　 how to work the controls in the studio.
　　One day， a jockey named Rock suddenly didn’t feel well.Les was the only other person at the station.Because of his 　26　， Les was ready.He 　27　 the audience and his manager.From that decisive 　28　， Les went on to a successful career in broadcasting， public speaking and television.
14.（　）A.role　　　　　　B.reputation
C.chance D.dream
15.（　）A.refused B.created
C.discovered D.shared
16.（　）A.practiced B.translated
C.taught D.simplified
17.（　）A.curious B.previous
C.imaginary D.fashionable
18.（　）A.interest B.memory
C.doubt D.background
19.（　）A.measured B.forgot
C.underestimated D.mistook
20.（　）A.education B.purpose
C.praise D.income
21.（　）A.step B.excuse
C.risk D.test
22.（　）A.found B.dropped
C.said D.achieved
23.（　）A.adjusted B.returned
C.spread D.relaxed
24.（　）A.stayed up B.set off
C.showed off D.gave in
25.（　）A.poorly B.secretly
C.safely D.normally
26.（　）A.preparation B.explanation
C.contribution D.appreciation
27.（　）A.ignored B.comforted
C.recalled D.surprised
28.（　）A.adaptation B.introduction
C.beginning D.requirement
Ⅳ.语法填空
　　As a world-famous ancient city， Xi’an has been known as the capital of 13 ancient Chinese dynasties， during which the city was 29.　　　　 booming large urban centre.However， after the decline of the Tang Dynasty， the city’s political and cultural significance 30.　　　　　　 （gradual） weakened.
　　It was not until 1974， following the chance discovery of the Terracotta Warriors by well-digging farmers， 31.　　　　　　 Xi’an was once again put back onto the international map.Three decades later， the city has become a major industrial base and a popular tourist destination.Historical sites are being restored 32.　　　　　 （help） Chinese tourists rediscover their national heritage.One of those ancient sites is the Dayan Pagoda， which 33.　　　　　　　 （build） in 652 by Xuanzang， who travelled across India for over a decade and returned with a precious 34.　　　　　 （collect） of Buddhist （佛教的） texts.
At the heart of Xi’an， the Xi’an City Wall， one of the largest ancient military defence systems in the world， surrounds 35.　　　　　　 （it） harmoniously with the modern city.Started during the Tang Dynasty and later 36.　　　　　　 （expand） in the Ming Dynasty， the stone wall extends more than 13.7 kilometres.Constant restoration work keeps it 37.　　　　　　 good shape.You can climb up the high stone steps and walk or cycle along the wall， 38.　　　　　　 （enjoy） wide-ranging views of the both ancient and modern city.
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
基础知识自测
维度一
1.as if　2.where　3.whether　4.what　5.when
维度二
1.that the party must be cancelled　2.why I can communicate with visitors smoothly　3.where I once lived
4.which road we should take
维度三
1.because　2.what　3.that　4.if/though　5.why
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在西班牙南部海滩上发现了大量大象的化石脚印，研究人员由此推测那里也许曾是大象的主要活动场所，并且曾经可能森林茂密，有许多猎人在那里打猎。
1.C　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，风暴潮这种恶劣的天气冲走了西班牙南部海滩上的大量沙子，使大象的脚印暴露出来。
2.B　段落大意题。根据第三段中的an extinct species that probably died out during the last ice age和adult straight-tusked elephants may have weighed 5.5 metric tons可知，本段主要介绍了关于大象的一些推论。
3.A　推理判断题。根据第四段第一句可推知，混杂的大象足迹表明曾经大象们经常到这个地方，即这个地方适合动物居住。
4.D　细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句可知，保存下来的尼安德特人脚印可以向我们展示当地人的生活方式。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种AI系统，它可以帮助研究人员修复和识别受损铭文。
5.A　细节理解题。根据第二段首尾两句可知，Ithaca的主要作用是修复和识别受损的铭文。
6.B　推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句可知，历史学家使用Ithaca协助工作后，复原受损铭文的准确率从25％提高到了72％。由此可知，Ithaca能帮助研究人员更高效地工作。
7.B　推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，该段第一句提到Sommerschield说该系统能提供新的信息来帮助研究人员重新审视希腊历史上的重要时期，接着就给出了具体的事例，是为了佐证这一观点。
8.D　主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第二段可知，本文主要介绍了一种可以帮助研究人员修复和识别受损铭文的AI系统——Ithaca。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位艺术史学家的中国探索之旅。
9.E　设空处前一句介绍了作者之前从未来过中国，所以这次旅行对他来说是一次真正的发现之旅。设空处后一句则说明了中国正在开展大量的挖掘工作，收获了许多令人惊叹的考古发现，且下文紧接着以近期的三星堆考古发现为例进行解释说明。E项符合语境。
10.D　设空处前一句讲述了作者首先来到了位于四川省的三星堆遗址，这里出土了很多令人称奇的三千年遗物。D项紧承上文，符合语境，且与设空处后的内容构成转折关系。D项中的The civilisation指代三星堆文明， all these wonders指代上文中的surprisingly unusual and wonderful three-thousand-year-old relics。
11.C　下文讲述了作者在这里参观了敦煌的石窟建筑群。C项符合语境。C项中的the great deserts of the Silk Road与下文中的Dunhuang相呼应，C项中的afterwards说明了事件发生的先后顺序，符合上下文的叙事逻辑。
12.G　上文指出作者的最后一站是黄山，站在山顶的云雾之中，他仿佛置身于美丽的中国卷轴画的场景中。下文则说明了不同画家笔下的黄山有着不同的象征意义，G项符合语境。G项中的The mountain与设空处前一句中的the Yellow Mountain所指相同，G项中的Chinese artists与下文中的many painters和others相呼应。
13.B　设空处前一句讲述了作者十多年前便开始创作这个纪录片系列。设空处后的内容指出：展示更为广泛的艺术形式，为观众提供更加多样化的艺术体验。B项符合语境，对设空处后的内容作出概括总结，即这个项目背后的目标。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。机会是留给有准备的人的。Les通过他的坚持和努力，最终实现了他的梦想。
14.D　根据下文and told the station manager he wanted to be a disc jockey可知，Les梦想着成为一名电台音乐节目主持人。
15.B　根据an imaginary radio station in his tiny room可知，Les在他狭小的房间里创造了一个想象中的广播电台。
16.A　根据语境可知，一个发刷就成了他的麦克风，他练习着自己的说辞，向他虚构的听众介绍唱片。
17.C　参见上题解析。
18.D　根据下文I’m afraid we don’t have a job for you可知，Les没有任何播音方面的背景。
19.C　根据下文He wanted to buy a nicer house for his mother.可知，电台经理低估了Les对自己目标的执着程度。Les有着比单纯想成为一名电台音乐节目主持人更高的目标。他想为母亲买一所更好的房子，成为电台音乐节目主持人仅是实现他目标的其中一步。
20.B　参见上题解析。
21.A　参见第19题解析。
22.C　根据上文Well， I’m afraid we don’t have a job for you.可知，尽管经理说电台里没有Les能干的工作，Les还是对自己能在那家电台找到工作充满了信心。
23.B　根据下文took him on as an errand boy可知，Les连续一周每天都去电台，电台经理最终屈服了，给Les安排了一个跑腿的活儿。
24.D　参见上题解析。
25.B　根据上文took him on as an errand boy （跑腿男孩）.Les did whatever was asked of him but可知，Les偷偷学会了操作演播室的控制台。
26.A　根据上文he learned 　25　 how to work the controls in the studio和下文Les was ready可知，因为准备充分，Les表现出色，惊艳了听众和经理。
27.D　参见上题解析。
28.C　根据语境可知，从那个决定性的开始，Les在广播、公共演讲和电视领域都取得了成功。
Ⅳ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了西安古城的兴衰历史。
29.a　考查冠词。设空处表泛指，且booming的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
30.gradually　考查副词。设空处作状语，修饰weakened，应用副词，故填gradually。
31.that　考查固定句式。It is/was not until ...that ...是强调句，意为“直到……才……”，故填that。
32.to help　考查非谓语动词。设空处在句中作目的状语，应用动词不定式，故填to help。
33.was built　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据in 652可知，设空处描述的是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时，又因从句主语which （指代the Dayan Pagoda）与build之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，故填was built。
34.collection　考查名词。设空处前有冠词a和形容词precious修饰，设空处后为介词of， 应用名词形式，故填collection。
35.itself　考查代词。设空处作动词surrounds的宾语，且设空处和主语the Xi’an City Wall所指相同，故填itself。
36.expanded　考查非谓语动词。设空处在句中作状语，说明主语the stone wall的情况，又因为the stone wall 与expand之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故填expanded。
37.in　考查固定搭配。keep ...in good shape是固定搭配，意为“使……保持良好的状态”。故填in。
38.enjoying　考查非谓语动词。设空处与wide-ranging views of the both ancient and modern city一起作状语，且You与enjoy之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故填enjoying。
6 / 6Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
表语从句
阅读下列句子并思考加黑部分的用法。
1.His father’s dream was that one day he could write a great masterpiece recording what had happened in history.
2.His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently.
3.Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a historian.
4.I got six books from the library.The question is which one I should read first！
【我的发现】
　句1－4中的加黑部分均为表语从句。
（1）当从句不缺成分且意义完整时，我们可以用　　　　　　引导表语从句，如句　　　；
（2）当从句不缺成分但语义不明确时，我们可以用　　　　　　　　引导表语从句，如句　　　；
（3）当从句缺少成分且意义不完整时，我们可以用　　　　　　　　等引导表语从句，如句　　　　。
一、表语从句的定义
　在主从复合句中用作表语的从句叫作表语从句。它常位于连系动词之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。基本结构是“主语＋连系动词＋引导词＋简单句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有：
二、表语从句引导词的用法
类别 引导词 说明
从属连词 that、whether 两者在从句中均不作成分，只起连接作用；that无实义，whether意为“是否”
连接代词 what、which、 who、whoever、 whatever、whom whichever等 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分
连接副词 when、where、 why、how等 在从句中作时间、地点、原因、方式状语等成分
【点津】　（1）that引导表语从句时不能省略；
（2）if不能引导表语从句；
（3）除that外的所有引导词都有自己的意义；
（4）除that、 whether外的所有引导词都须在从句中充当相应的成分；
（5）表语从句中，从句用陈述句语序；
（6）what 在表语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，表示“什么；什么样子；或所……的人或事”；
（7）because引导表语从句常用句型是this/that/it is/was because ...；主句主语为reason时，一般不用because引导的表语从句，常使用the reason why ...is/was that ...；
（8）as if/though引导的表语从句表示的情况如果是事实，就用陈述语气；如果与事实不符，就用虚拟语气（从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式；从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用had＋过去分词；从句表示将来的可能性不大，用would/might/could＋动词原形）。
The fact was that he didn’t really work hard.
事实是他没有真正地努力工作。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.
问题还是他们能否帮我们。
The actual question is who should be responsible for the accident.
真正的问题是谁应该为这次事故负责。
He is no longer what he was ten years ago.
他已经不再是十年前的他了。
That’s where you are wrong.
那就是你不对的地方。
The problem is how we can get the raw material.
问题是我们怎样才能得到原材料。
I felt as if my heart had stopped.
我觉得好像我的心都不跳了。
I didn’t phone her， and that’s because I got angry with her.
我没有给她打电话，那是因为我生她的气了。
The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill.
汤姆开会迟到的原因是他病了。
【即时演练1】　单句语法填空
　①The most important thing is 　　　　　we finish the final task.
②The question is 　　　　　　we can finish it in such a short time.
③The reason why he was late was 　　　　　he got up late.
④Go and get your coat. It’s 　　　　　　you left it.
⑤What concerns me most is 　　　　　　will be my English teacher next term.
⑥I stayed up too late last night.That’s 　　　　　　I was late for school this morning.
⑦What made me confused was 　　　　　he did it without any help.
⑧The trouble is 　　　　　　most of the students think their uniforms are ugly.
⑨A ship in harbor is safe， but that’s not 　　　　　　ships are built for.
⑩The question is 　　　　　　the film is worth seeing.
三、表语从句中的虚拟语气
在表语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是advice、 suggestion、 proposal、 request、 order等时，从句谓语动词用“（should＋）动词原形”，should可以省略。
My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
My request is that you （should） go to apologize to him.
我的要求是你应该去向他道歉。
The students’ request is that the school library （should） provide more books on popular science.
学生们的请求是学校的图书馆应该提供更多关于大众科学的书。
【即时演练2】　单句语法填空
①My advice is that you 　　　　　　　　（think） it over before you make a decision.
②My suggestion is that we all 　　　　　　　　（take） an active part in the coming sports meet.
③His proposal was that the work 　　　　　　　　　　（finish） in five hours.
sort out理顺，整理；把……安排好
【教材原句】　However， his work proved difficult， because sorting out all the available resources and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts.但是，他的工作其实很艰难，因为整理所有可利用的资源并核查史料的事实需要付出艰辛的努力。
【用法】
（1）sort n.　　　　种类；类别；品种 vt.& vi. 把……分类；整理；安排妥当 （2）a sort of ... 一种…… all sorts of 各种各样的 sort of 有几分 of this/that sort＝this/that sort of 这种/那种
【佳句】　Let’s try to sort out the mess.
我们来收拾一下残局吧。
I need to sort out the mess on my desk.
我需要把我书桌上乱糟糟的东西整理一下。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①Let’s collect some more articles 　　　　　this sort.
②She sort 　　　　　　pretends that she doesn’t really care.
③My mother suffered all 　　　　　　（sort） of hardships throughout her life.
【写美】　翻译句子
④请整理一下我们所知道的情况。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
（1）that　1　（2）whether　2　（3）what、 which　3、4
即时演练1
①that　②whether　③that　④where　⑤who　⑥why　⑦how　⑧that　⑨what　⑩whether
即时演练2
①（should） think　②（should） take
③（should） be finished
【核心知识·巧突破】
　①of　②of　③sorts
④Please sort out what we have known.
4 / 4(共74张PPT)
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
1
重难语法·要攻克
目 录
3
课时检测·提能力
2
核心知识·巧突破
重难语法·要攻克
掌握核心语法
1
表语从句
阅读下列句子并思考加蓝部分的用法。
1. His father’s dream was that one day he could write a great
masterpiece recording what had happened in history.
2. His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively
and efficiently.
3. Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later
career as a historian.
4. I got six books from the library.The question is which one I should
read first！
【我的发现】
　句1－4中的加蓝部分均为表语从句。
（1）当从句不缺成分且意义完整时，我们可以用 引导表语
从句，如句 ；
（2）当从句不缺成分但语义不明确时，我们可以用 引
导表语从句，如句 ；
（3）当从句缺少成分且意义不完整时，我们可以用
等引导表语从句，如句 。
that　
1　
whether　
2　
what、
which　
3、4　
一、表语从句的定义
　在主从复合句中用作表语的从句叫作表语从句。它常位于连系动词
之后，用来说明主语是什么或怎么样。基本结构是“主语＋连系动词
＋引导词＋简单句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有：
二、表语从句引导词的用法
类别 引导词 说明
从属
连词 that、
whether 两者在从句中均不作成分，只起连接作用；that无实义，whether意为“是否”
连接
代词 what、which、 who、whoever、whatever、whom
whichever等 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分
连接
副词 when、where、 why、how等 在从句中作时间、地点、原因、方式状语等成分
【点津】　（1）that引导表语从句时不能省略；
（2）if不能引导表语从句；
（3）除that外的所有引导词都有自己的意义；
（4）除that、 whether外的所有引导词都须在从句中充当相应的成
分；
（5）表语从句中，从句用陈述句语序；
（6）what 在表语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，表示“什么；什么
样子；或所……的人或事”；
（7）because引导表语从句常用句型是this/that/it is/was because ...；
主句主语为reason时，一般不用because引导的表语从句，常使用
the reason why ...is/was that ...；
（8）as if/though引导的表语从句表示的情况如果是事实，就用陈述语
气；如果与事实不符，就用虚拟语气（从句表示与现在事实相
反，谓语动词用一般过去式；从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语
动词用had＋过去分词；从句表示将来的可能性不大，用
would/might/could＋动词原形）。
The fact was that he didn’t really work hard.
事实是他没有真正地努力工作。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.
问题还是他们能否帮我们。
The actual question is who should be responsible for the accident.
真正的问题是谁应该为这次事故负责。
He is no longer what he was ten years ago.
他已经不再是十年前的他了。
That’s where you are wrong.
那就是你不对的地方。
The problem is how we can get the raw material.
问题是我们怎样才能得到原材料。
I felt as if my heart had stopped.
我觉得好像我的心都不跳了。
I didn’t phone her， and that’s because I got angry with her.
我没有给她打电话，那是因为我生她的气了。
The reason why Tom came late for the meeting was that he was ill.
汤姆开会迟到的原因是他病了。
【即时演练1】　单句语法填空
①The most important thing is we finish the final task.
②The question is we can finish it in such a short time.
③The reason why he was late was he got up late.
④Go and get your coat. It’s you left it.
⑤What concerns me most is will be my English teacher next
term.
⑥I stayed up too late last night.That’s I was late for school this
morning.
⑦What made me confused was he did it without any help.
that　
whether　
that　
where　
who　
why　
how　
⑧The trouble is most of the students think their uniforms are
ugly.
⑨A ship in harbor is safe， but that’s not ships are built for.
⑩The question is the film is worth seeing.
that　
what　
whether　
三、表语从句中的虚拟语气
在表语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句
中的主语通常是advice、 suggestion、 proposal、 request、 order等时，
从句谓语动词用“（should＋）动词原形”，should可以省略。
My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
My request is that you （should） go to apologize to him.
我的要求是你应该去向他道歉。
The students’ request is that the school library （should） provide
more books on popular science.
学生们的请求是学校的图书馆应该提供更多关于大众科学的书。
【即时演练2】　单句语法填空
①My advice is that you （think） it over before
you make a decision.
②My suggestion is that we all （take） an active
part in the coming sports meet.
③His proposal was that the work （finish）
in five hours.
（should） think　
（should） take　
（should） be finished　
核心知识·巧突破
探究课堂重点
2
sort out理顺，整理；把……安排好
【教材原句】　However， his work proved difficult， because sorting
out all the available resources and checking facts of historical materials
required painstaking efforts.
但是，他的工作其实很艰难，因为整理所有可利用的资源并核查史料
的事实需要付出艰辛的努力。
【用法】
（1）sort n.　　　　种类；类别；品种
vt.& vi. 把……分类；整理；安排妥当
（2）a sort of ... 一种……
all sorts of 各种各样的
sort of 有几分
of this/that sort＝this/that sort of 这种/那种
【佳句】　Let’s try to sort out the mess.
我们来收拾一下残局吧。
I need to sort out the mess on my desk.
我需要把我书桌上乱糟糟的东西整理一下。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①Let’s collect some more articles this sort.
②She sort pretends that she doesn’t really care.
③My mother suffered all （sort） of hardships throughout her
life.
【写美】　翻译句子
④请整理一下我们所知道的情况。

of　
of　
sorts　
Please sort out what we have known.　
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
3
维度一：基础题型练
用适当的连接词填空。
1. It doesn’t look it’s going to rain tomorrow.
2. Chongqing is my grandpa and grandma were born and
brought up.
3. The question is the food and clothes can be delivered to
them in time or not.
as if　
where　
whether　
4. Obeying the traffic rules is all of us should pay attention to
particularly.
5. The most exciting moment was I was given the first prize.
what　
when　
维度二：语法与写作
用表语从句完成下列句子。
1. The reality is because of the
storm.
现实情况是，由于暴风雨，聚会必须取消。
2. I have a good command of spoken English and that’s
.
我精通英语口语，那就是我能够与游客流畅交流的原因。
3. This is .
这是我曾经住过的地方。
4. What I want to know is .
我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。
that the party must be cancelled　
why I can
communicate with visitors smoothly　
where I once lived　
which road we should take　
维度三：语法与语篇
阅读下面对话，用适当的连接词填空。
—Tom， why do you look so upset？
—It is 1. I can’t watch the football match tomorrow. The
match is 2. I have been looking forward to for a long time.
—Is there anything wrong？
—Yes. The problem is 3. my parents want me to have my piano
class tomorrow.
—It sounds as 4. you don’t like it.
—No， I don’t like it at all. That is 5. I don’t want to go
there tomorrow.
because　
what　
that　
if/though　
why　
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
　　Fossilized （化石的） footprints found on a beach in southern Spain
reveal what may have been a nursery for an extinct species of elephant.
　　The track-rich coastal site is typically covered by sand.Storm surges
（风暴潮） in the spring of 2020 washed away much of that sand and
exposed the preserved footprints of ancient elephants， cattle， deer，
pigs， and so on.The sandy-clay sediments （沉积物） hosting this
treasure of tracks were probably laid down about 106，000 years ago，
previous studies suggest.
　　Among the newly uncovered tracks are the first-of-their-kind
footprints of newborn straight-tusked elephants， an extinct species that
probably died out during the last ice age.The teeny tracks — which
measure 9.6 centimetres across， about the size of a drink coaster —
suggest that the petite， possibly 2-month-old elephants stood about 66
centimetres tall at their shoulders and weighed around 70 kilogrammes，
slightly heavier than a Newfoundland dog.Based on previous finds
elsewhere of actual bones， adult straight-tusked elephants may have
weighed 5.5 metric tons for females and 13 tons for males.
　　“The mix of elephant tracks at the site suggests that family groups
including newborns， youngsters and adult females frequented the area
and possibly used it as a nursery，” the researchers say.Other fossils
found at the site， including those preserving traces of ancient roots，
indicate that the area was rich in vegetation and lakes and ponds.
　　“The team’s findings are a thrilling study，” says Anthony
Martin， a trace fossil expert at Emory University in Atlanta.“Series of
footprints show how the ancient elephants were moving， offer insight into
their social structure and even provide a sight of their reproductive
ecology，” he says.“If newborns were part of the family group and if
they were acting anything like modern elephants， the mother had to be
nearby.”
　　“What’s more， the presence of preserved Neanderthal footprints
at the site suggests that the ancient people hunted young elephants or other
creatures，” Martin says.“The Neanderthals probably were not foolish
enough to take on a full-sized elephant.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在西班牙南部海滩上发现了大量大
象的化石脚印，研究人员由此推测那里也许曾是大象的主要活动场
所，并且曾经可能森林茂密，有许多猎人在那里打猎。
本文是一篇说明文。在西班牙南部海滩上发现了大量大
象的化石脚印，研究人员由此推测那里也许曾是大象的主要活动场
所，并且曾经可能森林茂密，有许多猎人在那里打猎。
1. What helped the discovery of elephants’ footprints in southern
Spain？（　　）
A. People’s farming.
B. The researchers’ efforts.
C. The bad weather.
D. Records about the place.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，风暴潮这种恶
劣的天气冲走了西班牙南部海滩上的大量沙子，使大象的脚印
暴露出来。
2. What does Paragraph 3 mainly tell us？（　　）
A. The extinction of the elephants.
B. Inference about the elephants.
C. The course of the new discovery.
D. Weight of straight-tusked elephants.
解析：　段落大意题。根据第三段中的an extinct species that
probably died out during the last ice age和adult straight-tusked
elephants may have weighed 5.5 metric tons可知，本段主要介绍了关
于大象的一些推论。
3. What can we know about the mix of elephant tracks？（　　）
A. The site was suitable for animals’ living.
B. Volcanic eruption must have happened in the site.
C. These tracks indicated the danger of the site.
D. Elephants’ enemies must have lived in the site.
解析：　推理判断题。根据第四段第一句可推知，混杂的大象足
迹表明曾经大象们经常到这个地方，即这个地方适合动物居住。
4. What can the preserved Neanderthal footprints show to us？（　　）
A. The slow growth of the elephants.
B. The movements of the elephants here.
C. The development of elephant species.
D. The living style of the local people.
解析：　细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句可知，保存下来的尼
安德特人脚印可以向我们展示当地人的生活方式。
B
　　Many ancient populations used inscriptions （铭文） to document
different parts of their lives.But the objects containing such inscriptions
have been damaged over the centuries.
　　The researchers， led by Alphabet’s AI company DeepMind，
developed a new AI-based method which serves as a technological tool to
help researchers repair missing inscriptions and estimate the true origins of
the records.They call their tool Ithaca.The system is the first deep neural
（神经的） network that can restore the missing text of damaged
inscriptions.The researchers said they trained Ithaca on the largest
collection of data containing Greek inscriptions from the non-profit
Packard Humanities Institute in California.Feeding this data into the
system is designed to help the tool use past writings to predict missing
letters and words in damaged inscriptions.
　　The researchers reported that in experiments with damaged writings，
Ithaca was able to correctly predict missing inscription elements 62％ of
the time.In addition， the tool was 71％ correct in identifying where the
inscriptions first came from.And when historians work on their own， the
success rate for restoring damaged inscriptions is about 25％.But when
humans teamed up with Ithaca to assist in their work， the success rate
jumped to 72％.
　　Then Sommerschield from Ca’Foscari University of Venice said the
system had already provided new information to help researchers re-
examine important periods in Greek history.In one case， Ithaca
confirmed new evidence presented by historians about the dating of a series
of important Greek decrees （法令）.The decrees were first thought to
have been written before 446/445 BCE. But the new evidence suggested a
date in the 420s BCE. Ithaca predicted a date of 421 BCE. The date
change may seem small but it has significant implications for our
understanding of the political history of Classical Athens.
　　The team is currently working on other versions of Ithaca trained on
other ancient languages.DeepMind has launched a free， interactive tool
based on the system for use by researchers， educators， museum workers
and the public.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种AI系统，它可以帮
助研究人员修复和识别受损铭文。
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种AI系统，它可以帮
助研究人员修复和识别受损铭文。
5. What is the function of Ithaca？（　　）
A. Restoring and identifying damaged inscriptions.
B. Interpreting and protecting historical documents.
C. Exploring and tracing the origins of Greek letters.
D. Collecting and translating past writings into English.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第二段首尾两句可知，Ithaca的主要
作用是修复和识别受损的铭文。
6. What do the numbers in Paragraph 3 mainly indicate？（　　）
A. The inscriptions are of great value to human.
B. Ithaca helps researchers work more effectively.
C. The demand for reading ancient records is increasing.
D. The process of repairing damaged writings is complicated.
解析：　推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句可知，历史学家使用
Ithaca协助工作后，复原受损铭文的准确率从25％提高到了72％。
由此可知，Ithaca能帮助研究人员更高效地工作。
7. Why does the author mention the case in Paragraph 4？（　　）
A. To show the limitations of Ithaca.
B. To support Sommerschield’s statement.
C. To explain the history of Greek decrees.
D. To prove the importance of dates to historians.
解析：　推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，该段第一句提到
Sommerschield说该系统能提供新的信息来帮助研究人员重新审视
希腊历史上的重要时期，接着就给出了具体的事例，是为了佐证这
一观点。
8. What is the passage mainly about？（　　）
A. The achievements of Greek historians.
B. The disappearance of ancient Greek culture.
C. A rising trend of studying ancient languages.
D. An AI system for repairing missing writings.
解析：　主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第二段可知，本文主要介
绍了一种可以帮助研究人员修复和识别受损铭文的AI系统——
Ithaca。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
　　As an art historian with a strong interest in different cultures of the
world， I have been to some fascinating places， but never anywhere quite
as dramatic and surprising as China， where I spent almost three months
working on BBC Four’s art history documentary： Art of China.
　　I’d never been there before， so this was a real journey of discovery
for me.9.（　　）.So much digging is taking place and the Chinese have
made a huge number of astonishing archaeological discoveries.
　　I first visited Sanxingdui in Sichuan Province where surprisingly
unusual and wonderful three-thousand-year-old relics （遗物） were
uncovered by accident.10.（　　）， but now it’s suddenly risen from
the dead！
　　Next， in neighbouring Shaanxi Province I visited the famous
Terracotta Warriors （兵马俑）.They’re probably the most complicated
objects ever made from bronze （青铜） to survive from the ancient
world.
　　11. （　　）.Here I visited the impressive cave complex at
Dunhuang， painted by generations of artists over a thousand years and
more.
　　Finally， I travelled south to the Yellow Mountain， where you can
stand above the cloud line and imagine that you’re actually standing
inside the scene of some beautiful Chinese scroll painting.12.
（　　）.To many painters， they symbolised the mighty order of
nature， but also the social scales back then.To others， the mountain was
a place of retreat （隐居）.
　　I started doing the “Art of ...” series more than 10 years ago.13.
（　　）， it’s been to showcase a wider range of art forms than what is
typically shown on television and provide a more varied artistic experience
for the audience.Where next？ Suggestions gratefully received ...
A. Speaking of the work of art that has touched me the most
B. If there’s a single driving purpose behind the project as a whole
C. I’ll never forget reaching the great deserts of the Silk Road afterwards
D. The civilisation that produced all these wonders had been almost
forgotten
E. The art of China has always been full of surprises， especially in recent
years
F. It seeks to explore art beyond the popular and widely celebrated art
movements
G. The mountain inspired different generations of Chinese artists in
different ways
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位艺术史学家的中国
探索之旅。
本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位艺术史学家的中国
探索之旅。
9. E　设空处前一句介绍了作者之前从未来过中国，所以这次旅行对
他来说是一次真正的发现之旅。设空处后一句则说明了中国正在开展
大量的挖掘工作，收获了许多令人惊叹的考古发现，且下文紧接着以
近期的三星堆考古发现为例进行解释说明。E项符合语境。
10. D　设空处前一句讲述了作者首先来到了位于四川省的三星堆遗
址，这里出土了很多令人称奇的三千年遗物。D项紧承上文，符合语
境，且与设空处后的内容构成转折关系。D项中的The civilisation指代
三星堆文明， all these wonders指代上文中的surprisingly unusual and
wonderful three-thousand-year-old relics。
11. C　下文讲述了作者在这里参观了敦煌的石窟建筑群。C项符合语
境。C项中的the great deserts of the Silk Road与下文中的Dunhuang相呼
应，C项中的afterwards说明了事件发生的先后顺序，符合上下文的叙
事逻辑。
12. G　上文指出作者的最后一站是黄山，站在山顶的云雾之中，他
仿佛置身于美丽的中国卷轴画的场景中。下文则说明了不同画家笔下
的黄山有着不同的象征意义，G项符合语境。G项中的The mountain与
设空处前一句中的the Yellow Mountain所指相同，G项中的Chinese
artists与下文中的many painters和others相呼应。
13. B　设空处前一句讲述了作者十多年前便开始创作这个纪录片系
列。设空处后的内容指出：展示更为广泛的艺术形式，为观众提供更
加多样化的艺术体验。B项符合语境，对设空处后的内容作出概括总
结，即这个项目背后的目标。
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　Les Brown was a city sanitation worker （环卫工人）.But he had
a 　14　 of being a disc jockey （电台的音乐节目主持人）.He 　15　
an imaginary radio station in his tiny room.A hairbrush served as his
microphone as he 　16　 his patter （说辞）， introducing records to
his 　17　 listeners.
　　One day Les went to the local radio station， and told the station
manager he wanted to be a disc jockey.
　　The manager asked，“Do you have any 　18　 in broadcasting？”
　　Les replied，“No， sir， I don’t.”
　　“Well， I’m afraid we don’t have a job for you.”Les thanked
him politely and left.
　　The station manager 　19　 the depth of Les Brown’s commitment
to his goal.Les had a higher 　20　 than simply wanting to be a disc
jockey.He wanted to buy a nicer house for his mother.The disc jockey job
was only a（n） 　21　 toward his goal.He felt sure that he would get a
job at that radio station despite what the manager had 　22　.
　　From then on， Les 　23　 every day for a week.Finally the
manager 　24　 and took him on as an errand boy （跑腿男孩）.Les did
whatever was asked of him but he learned 　25　 how to work the controls
in the studio.
　　One day， a jockey named Rock suddenly didn’t feel well.Les was
the only other person at the station.Because of his 　26　， Les was
ready.He 　27　 the audience and his manager.From that
decisive 　28　， Les went on to a successful career in broadcasting，
public speaking and television.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。机会是留给有准备的人的。Les通过
他的坚持和努力，最终实现了他的梦想。
本文是一篇记叙文。机会是留给有准备的人的。Les通过
他的坚持和努力，最终实现了他的梦想。
14. A. role B. reputation
C. chance D. dream
解析：　根据下文and told the station manager he wanted to be a
disc jockey可知，Les梦想着成为一名电台音乐节目主持人。
15. A. refused B. created
C. discovered D. shared
解析：　根据an imaginary radio station in his tiny room可知，Les
在他狭小的房间里创造了一个想象中的广播电台。
16. A. practiced B. translated
C. taught D. simplified
解析：　根据语境可知，一个发刷就成了他的麦克风，他练习
着自己的说辞，向他虚构的听众介绍唱片。
17. A. curious B. previous
C. imaginary D. fashionable
解析：　参见上题解析。
18. A. interest B. memory
C. doubt D. background
解析：　根据下文I’m afraid we don’t have a job for you可知，
Les没有任何播音方面的背景。
19. A. measured B. forgot
C. underestimated D. mistook
解析：　根据下文He wanted to buy a nicer house for his mother.
可知，电台经理低估了Les对自己目标的执着程度。Les有着比单
纯想成为一名电台音乐节目主持人更高的目标。他想为母亲买一
所更好的房子，成为电台音乐节目主持人仅是实现他目标的其中
一步。
20. A. education B. purpose
C. praise D. income
解析：　参见上题解析。
21. A. step B. excuse C. risk D. test
解析：　参见第19题解析。
22. A. found B. dropped
C. said D. achieved
解析：　根据上文Well， I’m afraid we don’t have a job for
you.可知，尽管经理说电台里没有Les能干的工作，Les还是对自
己能在那家电台找到工作充满了信心。
23. A. adjusted B. returned
C. spread D. relaxed
解析：　根据下文took him on as an errand boy可知，Les连续一
周每天都去电台，电台经理最终屈服了，给Les安排了一个跑腿的
活儿。
24. A. stayed up B. set off
C. showed off D. gave in
解析：　参见上题解析。
25. A. poorly B. secretly
C. safely D. normally
解析：　根据上文took him on as an errand boy （跑腿男孩）.Les
did whatever was asked of him but可知，Les偷偷学会了操作演播室
的控制台。
26. A. preparation B. explanation
C. contribution D. appreciation
解析：　根据上文he learned 　25　 how to work the controls in
the studio和下文Les was ready可知，因为准备充分，Les表现出
色，惊艳了听众和经理。
27. A. ignored B. comforted
C. recalled D. surprised
解析：　参见上题解析。
28. A. adaptation B. introduction
C. beginning D. requirement
解析：　根据语境可知，从那个决定性的开始，Les在广播、公
共演讲和电视领域都取得了成功。
Ⅳ.语法填空
　　As a world-famous ancient city， Xi’an has been known as the
capital of 13 ancient Chinese dynasties， during which the city was
29. 　　　　　　 booming large urban centre.However， after the
decline of the Tang Dynasty， the city’s political and cultural
significance 30. 　　　　　　 （gradual） weakened.
　　It was not until 1974， following the chance discovery of the
Terracotta Warriors by well-digging farmers， 31. 　　　　　　 Xi’an
was once again put back onto the international map.Three decades later，
the city has become a major industrial base and a popular tourist
destination.Historical sites are being restored 32. 　　　　　　 （help）
Chinese tourists rediscover their national heritage.One of those ancient
sites is the Dayan Pagoda， which 33. 　　　　　　 （build） in 652 by
Xuanzang， who travelled across India for over a decade and returned with
a precious 34. 　　　　　　 （collect） of Buddhist （佛教的） texts.
　　At the heart of Xi’an， the Xi’an City Wall， one of the largest
ancient military defence systems in the world， surrounds
35. 　　　　　　 （it） harmoniously with the modern city.Started
during the Tang Dynasty and later 36. 　　　　　　 （expand） in the
Ming Dynasty， the stone wall extends more than 13.7
kilometres.Constant restoration work keeps it 37. 　　　　　　 good
shape.You can climb up the high stone steps and walk or cycle along the
wall， 38. 　　　　　　 （enjoy） wide-ranging views of the both
ancient and modern city.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了西安古城的兴衰历史。
29. a　考查冠词。设空处表泛指，且booming的发音以辅音音素开
头，故填a。
30. gradually　考查副词。设空处作状语，修饰weakened，应用副
词，故填gradually。
31. that　考查固定句式。It is/was not until ...that ...是强调句，意为
“直到……才……”，故填that。
32. to help　考查非谓语动词。设空处在句中作目的状语，应用动词
不定式，故填to help。
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了西安古城的兴衰历史。
33. was built　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据in 652可知，
设空处描述的是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时，又因从句主语
which （指代the Dayan Pagoda）与build之间为被动关系，应用被动语
态，故填was built。
34. collection　考查名词。设空处前有冠词a和形容词precious修饰，
设空处后为介词of， 应用名词形式，故填collection。
35. itself　考查代词。设空处作动词surrounds的宾语，且设空处和主
语the Xi’an City Wall所指相同，故填itself。
36. expanded　考查非谓语动词。设空处在句中作状语，说明主语the
stone wall的情况，又因为the stone wall 与expand之间是逻辑上的动宾
关系，故填expanded。
37. in　考查固定搭配。keep ...in good shape是固定搭配，意为
“使……保持良好的状态”。故填in。
38. enjoying　考查非谓语动词。设空处与wide-ranging views of the
both ancient and modern city一起作状语，且You与enjoy之间是逻辑上
的主谓关系，故填enjoying。
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