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Section Ⅳ　Extended reading & Project & Assessment
维度一：品句填词
根据所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式。
1.Her proposal got r　　　　　　， which made her quite disappointed.
2.Each child was told to r　　　　　　 a poem to the class before class.
3.Pay more attention to your h　　　　　　 and you will make much progress in your study.
4.My teacher approved of me taking part in the speech c　　　　　　 to be held by my school next Friday.
5.By the age of two， a child will have a v　　　　　 of about two hundred words.
6.It seems that these ants can 　　　　　　（忍受） temperatures which would kill other species.
7.They appeared surprisingly 　　　　　　（悲观的） about their chances of winning.
8.According to the survey， most of the local residents 　　　　　　（反对） closing the hospital.
9.The two criminals 　　　　　　（溜） out of the diamond shop， disappearing in the darkness.
10.These shirts are comfortable to wear because they are made from 100％ 　　　　　　（完全的） cotton.
维度二：词形转换
用括号内单词的正确形式填空。
1.She said she couldn’t speak English 　　　　　（fluent） as before.
2.The medical experts say there is a 　　　　　　（tend） for this disease to run in rural villages.
3.We 　　　　　　（sincere） hope that you will soon be restored to health.
4.I came with the 　　　　　　（intend） of staying， but now I’ve decided to leave.
5.But for your close 　　　　　　（cooperate）， we wouldn’t have done the work so well.
6.The amount of sugar you add will depend on personal 　　　　　　（prefer）.
7.Sometimes， I feel a little 　　　　　　（embarrass） by my improper manner at table.
8.I must say I thought your 　　　　　　（behave） at the party was a bit out of line.
维度三：固定搭配和句式
根据汉语及括号内提示完成下列句子。
1.考虑到外面在下雨，我们最好待在室内。（given that ...）
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， we’d better stay indoors.
2.这栋房子融合了中西方的建筑风格。（integrate ...and ...）
The house 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
3.你越小心，犯的错误就越少。（the＋比较级 ...， the＋比较级 ...）
The more careful you are， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
4.尽管我们对自己很自信，我们还是应该意识到别人的长处并向他们表示尊敬。（让步状语从句）
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， we should recognize strengths in others and show respect for them.
5.直到第二天，我才得知事情的真相。 （强调句）
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 I learned the truth.
维度四：课文语法填空
阅读课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
　　1.　　　　　　 （borrow） words can be found in almost all languages.Word borrowing 2.　　　　　　 （happen） when two cultures interact with different languages.But it will take a long time for borrowed words 3.　　　　　　 （integrate） into daily speech.
　　At first， borrowed words are only used by bilingual 4.　　　　　　 （speak）.It then spreads to people 5.　　　　　　 do not know the original language.Now some language communities oppose 6.　　　　　　 （adopt） words from other cultures and make interventions to keep the 7.　　　　　 （pure） of native languages.While some people are against borrowed words， there are others 8.　　　　 （welcome） it.
　　Although there exist people who are pessimistic 9.　　　　　　 it， the 10.　　　　　　 （tend） to borrow words has never gone out of style.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
　　Have you ever been in mid-conversation with someone， when you look over and find them standing in the same position as you or holding the same facial expression？ It may seem like they have consciously （有意识地） copied you， but it is much more likely that it is the chameleon （变色龙） effect at play.
　　The chameleon effect is the unconscious imitation of another person’s gestures or behaviour.Just as a chameleon attempts to match any environment’s colours， people acquire the behaviour of others to bring them closer together and help make their interactions smooth.
　　The chameleon effect was confirmed in an experiment by psychologists John Bargh and Tanya Chartrand in 1999.The first part of their experiment included 78 people， who each spoke with an experimenter.During the test， Bargh and Chartrand studied whether participants would copy the actions of someone they hadn’t met before， like moving the foot and touching the face.The second part measured the impact that copying someone has on the person being imitated.
　　In the first stage， participants increased their face touching by 20％ and their foot movement by 50％ while in conversation about a photograph with the experimenter.The individuals weren’t aware of what they were being studied for， and the photograph was used to catch their attention to ensure unconscious acts.The second stage involved half of the participants being copied， and then rating the likeability of the experimenter.The results showed that those who were imitated scored the experimenter higher.It has shown that when someone copies our behaviour， we develop more positive feelings about them.These interactions could be a person unconsciously willing to be liked， and forming a moment of connection.
　　The main reasons behind humans’ imitation are positive.However， when people carry this chameleon effect to the extreme， they can lose their sense of self.Those who change their entire personalities in different groups often go undetected.But more common signs of the chameleon effect are easier to notice.Next time you are in a social gathering， take a look around and you might just see some chameleons for yourself.
1.Why do people acquire others’ behaviour？（　　）
A.To match the environment’s colours.
B.To attract others’ attention.
C.To establish a connection with others.
D.To adapt to the surroundings.
2.How did the experimenter guarantee participants’ unconscious behaviour？（　　）
A.By directing their attention to a photo.
B.By keeping a close eye on their actions.
C.By telling them the purpose of the study.
D.By evaluating the impacts of their imitation.
3.What conclusion can be drawn from the experiment？（　　）
A.Too much of the chameleon effect can be beneficial.
B.People tend to like those who imitate their behaviour.
C.People imitating others are not easy to be detected.
D.The copied movements help people to feel relaxed.
4.Which of the following shows the chameleon effect according to the passage？（　　）
A.A comedian copies a celebrity vividly on stage.
B.Students adopt teachers’ accents for fun after class.
C.People change their habits to please others on purpose.
D.A husband and his wife share similar behaviour over time.
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
How to Keep a Relationship Healthy and Strong
　　Are you new to experiencing relationships？ Well， let me give you advice on having a healthy and possibly long-term relationship.
　　5.（　　） Do not hide things from them； do not lie.Don’t be afraid to say things that aren’t very flattering about yourself.Getting them to trust you is the most important element in any relationship.If there’s no trust， there’s nothing there.So please be honest and they’ll learn to open up to you.
　　Make sure you give them respect.Now respect isn’t just simply treating her or him nicely.There’s a lot more to it.You have to learn to adjust to their liking.6.（　　） Don’t just think about yourself； think about what your partner needs out of it as well.
　　 7.（　　） Always be willing to help them and give them positivity at the same time.Make them feel you are someone they can really depend on and build a future with.This is an important step in a relationship.Your partner has to be able to count on you when you are needed.
　　Make sure you have a good sense of humour with them.Laughter is the key to happiness.Laugh a lot with them； joke with them.Laughter may seem silly， but it’s the secret to a lot in life.It will keep the sparks alive.8.（　　）
　　Make sure the communication is good.This goes along with trust， but always communicate how you feel， even if it’s something that upsets you.Instead of screaming， talk to them.9.（　　） It’s important to communicate this to them， instead of keeping it bottled up.
A.Be an honest person with them.
B.Show them your personality.
C.Laughter keeps the relationship strong and lasting.
D.Make sure you are encouraging to your partner.
E.Don’t start to neglect them and make them feel unwanted.
F.Basically， learn to study your partners’ moods， wants and needs.
G.If they did something that made you unhappy， tell them about it in a respectful manner.
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　Julia Jarman’s family was upset when she was diagnosed （诊断） with cancer.But soon， her grandson Vigil made a plan to fill Jarman’s last days with an unforgettable 　10　.
　　When Vigil’s high school prom （舞会） was 　11　， his sister said， “Why don’t you just take Grandma to the prom？” Hearing his sister’s 　12　， the 17-year-old immediately remembered that Jarman had 　13　 been to a prom.But his school had a（n） 　14　 that students could only have partners under 20， so Vigil first 　15　 the principal of his school to ask him if he could bring his grandmother.Luckily， the principal gave him 　16　.Excited， the teenager asked his granny if she would like to 　17　 the first prom of her life， and she 　18　 the invitation.
　　 While other teenagers walked into the venue with girls of their 　19　， Vigil entered with his grandmother on his arm.At first， Vigil wasn’t sure how his schoolmates would 　20　 to watching him dance with Jarman.Later， he was 　21　 to see everyone welcomed her.
　　The DJ played Jarman’s favourite song.Vigil recalled the 　22　 moment， “She almost had me crying as she was singing it along with me while we were dancing.”
　　Vigil’s mother felt proud of him for putting in the 　23　 to please his grandmother.The teenager said，“My grandmother is my best friend； I just wanted to do something 　24　 for her.”
　　“That night was wonderful，” Jarman revealed.
10.（　）A.dream　　　　　　　B.memory
C.adventure D.performance
11.（　）A.behind the scenes B.in the way
C.around the corner D.out of sight
12.（　）A.suggestion B.comment
C.decision D.encouragement
13.（　）A.never B.frequently
C.sometimes D.once
14.（　）A.habit B.purpose
C.order D.policy
15.（　）A.begged B.contacted
C.persuaded D.thanked
16.（　）A.information B.permission
C.confirmation D.explanation
17.（　）A.organize B.reserve
C.observe D.attend
18.（　）A.declined B.accepted
C.considered D.expected
19.（　）A.age B.height
C.class D.family
20.（　）A.agree B.adapt
C.react D.stick
21.（　）A.puzzled B.amused
C.ashamed D.relieved
22.（　）A.hopeful　　　B.ideal
C.touching D.proud
23.（　）A.money B.effort
C.belief D.trouble
24.（　）A.special B.difficult
C.regular D.familiar
Ⅳ.读后续写
　　阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
　　Isabel Moreno sat carefully putting papers into a folder.She had been at the Gateway Nature Center’s office all morning and was tired of filing.She wanted desperately to work with the animals.She had been a weekend volunteer that whole school year and had done extensive research， reading books and websites on natural history.But her mom， who was the assistant director of the center， said Isabel was still too young.
　　Suddenly， the quiet was broken by Amy Jensen bursting in.She had been a volunteer a bit longer than Isabel and wandered around like she owned the place.“Hurry up， Isabel，” she ordered.Isabel willed herself to remain still and just smiled back.
　　Just then， Isabel’s mother rushed into the room with Mr Garza， the custodian （管理员）.“The hurricane is now approaching the Gulf Shore Preserve，” Mrs Moreno reported.“It needs help preparing for it.I have to go down there with the staff.We’ll take the bridge， so we shouldn’t be gone long.I need you girls to help Mr Garza get the storm shutters （护窗） down in the aviary （鸟舍）.Then， stay inside with Mr Garza.Call me on my cellphone if there’re any problems，” Mrs Moreno directed as she rushed out.Isabel was excited to have an opportunity to help the birds.
　　Amy announced she was now “in charge”. Isabel smiled again， saying nothing.Mr Garza and the girls worked quickly and were soon back inside.But when Mr Garza called Isabel’s mother， a worried expression crossed his face.“A storm has flooded the bridge， and they’re stuck there.Also， the storm is heading our way，” he said.Amy was frightened.After silently considering for a few seconds， Isabel said calmly， “We should move the birds to the reptile house （爬行动物馆）.It’s on higher ground.” Mr Garza and Amy nodded.They rushed out of the building.Once inside the aviary， Isabel watched Amy lunge （猛冲） from cage to cage.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
　　Isabel told Amy not to jump around so much because the birds would be scared by her sudden movements.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　After several hours， the storm stopped， and Mrs Moreno was able to return to the center.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Section Ⅳ　Extended reading & Project & Assessment
基础知识自测
维度一
1.rejected　2.recite　3.handwriting　4.contest
5.vocabulary　6.tolerate　7.pessimistic　8.oppose
9.slipped　10.pure
维度二
1.fluently　2.tendency　3.sincerely　4.intention
5.cooperation　6.preference 　7.embarrassed　8.behaviour
维度三
1.Given that it’s raining outside
2.integrates Chinese and Western architectural styles
3.the fewer mistakes you will make
4.While/Although/Though we are confident in ourselves
5.It was not until the next day that
维度四
1.Borrowed　2.happens　3.to integrate　4.speakers
5.who　6.adopting　7.purity　8.welcoming　9.about　10.tendency
素养能力提升
Ⅰ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于变色龙效应的研究，告诉我们人们通过习得他人的行为来拉近彼此之间的距离。
1.C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的people acquire the behaviour of others to bring them closer together and help make their interactions smooth可知，人们为了与他人建立联系，会习得他人的行为。
2.A　细节理解题。根据第四段中的The individuals weren’t aware of ... to ensure unconscious acts.可知，实验者用一张照片吸引参与者的注意力来保证他们的无意识行为。
3.B　推理判断题。根据第四段中的It has shown that when someone copies our behaviour， we develop more positive feelings about them.可推断出，实验表明，人们倾向于那些喜欢模仿自己行为的人。
4.D　推理判断题。根据第二段中对变色龙效应的定义可知，随着时间的推移，丈夫和妻子有相似的行为是变色龙效应，这是因为他们经常在一起相处，会无意识地互相模仿。
Ⅱ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何与他人拥有一段健康且长久的关系。
5.A　下文介绍的是要想与他人拥有一段健康且长久的关系，就不要向对方撒谎，要以诚相待，A项（对他们要诚实）与下文内容一致，符合语境。
6.F　根据空前后内容可知，本段内容告诉我们要尊重同伴，不要只考虑自己，要学会适应他们的喜好，F项（总的来说，学会研究同伴的情绪、需要和需求）能够承接上下文，符合语境。
7.D　根据下文可知，本段内容告诉我们要带给同伴积极的能量，让他们觉得我们是可以依赖的人，D项（确保你在鼓励你的同伴）能够概括段落主旨，符合语境。
8.C　上文告诉我们要想与他人拥有一段健康且长久的关系，笑很重要，C项（笑能让你们的关系更牢固、更持久）能够承接上文，进一步阐述笑的重要性。
9.G　根据上文可知，本段内容告诉我们要与同伴进行良好的沟通，即使是一些令你不快的事，也要与他们交谈，而不是尖叫，G项（如果他们做了让你不开心的事情，请以一种尊重的方式告诉他们）能够承接上文，继续讲述如何与同伴沟通。
Ⅲ.
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了高中生Vigil带他的奶奶参加的校园舞会。
10.B　根据下文对Vigil带Jarman去参加舞会的描述可知，他计划给自己的奶奶留下一个难忘的回忆。
11.C　根据下文Why don’t you just take Grandma to the prom？可知，Vigil学校的舞会即将来临。带奶奶去参加他的校园舞会是他的妹妹给他提的建议。
12.A　参见上题解析。
13.A　根据下文the teenager asked his granny if ...prom of her life可知，Jarman从未参加过舞会。
14.D　根据下文students ...under 20可知，这是学校的规定。
15.B　由于学校规定学生们只能带二十岁以下的舞伴，因此Vigil先联系了学校校长，问他自己能不能带奶奶去参加舞会。
16.B　根据下文Vigil把奶奶带到舞会现场可知，校长批准了他的请求。于是他询问奶奶是否愿意参加学校的舞会，奶奶接受了他的邀请。
17.D　参见上题解析。
18.B　参见第16题解析。
19.A　根据上文的students could only have partners under 20可知，其他学生都带着和自己年龄相仿的舞伴。
20.C　起初Vigil内心有点忐忑，不知道他的同学看到他带着自己的奶奶参加舞会作何反应。
21.D　之后看到同学们都很欢迎奶奶，他松了口气。
22.C　根据下文的She almost had me crying可知，Vigil的奶奶随着音乐一起唱这件事让他很受触动。
23.B　根据语境可知，Vigil的妈妈看到他努力想办法让奶奶开心，为他感到自豪。
24.A　根据语境可知，Vigil说：“奶奶是我最好的朋友，所以我想为她做一些特别的事情。”
Ⅳ.
　　Isabel told Amy not to jump around so much because the birds would be scared by her sudden movements.Amy calmed down， but she was shaking.Isabel asked Amy to just think about the birds.They carried each cage up to the reptile house.Some birds beat their wings when they felt the wind.Isabel spoke comfortingly to them， and they soon grew calmer.Amy watched in awe and tried to imitate Isabel.Finally， they finished relocating the birds and waited inside the reptile house for the storm to stop.
　　After several hours， the storm stopped， and Mrs Moreno was able to return to the center.She expressed concern that she’d left them alone for so long， but Mr Garza told her that Isabel’s cool thinking had saved the birds.Mrs Moreno looked at her daughter proudly.She asked Isabel how she could be so confident and courageous.Isabel said all she could think about was how scared the birds must have felt in their cages， and she just took charge.Isabel paused a second and added she felt proud of herself.
6 / 6Section Ⅳ　Extended reading & Project & Assessment
Borrowed words
　　“The restaurant’s fried tofu is delicious.” Is there anything special about this sentence？ Well， all the words except “the” and “is” are borrowed from other languages！[1]This comes as no surprise①， given② that English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages， including Latin， Greek， French and Chinese.However， English is not alone in borrowing words from other languages—borrowed words can be found in almost all languages. For example， English words that are borrowed into the Chinese language include “bacon③”， “tank④” and “golf⑤”.
　　Word borrowing comes about⑥ when two cultures with different languages interact⑦.This tends to happen when there is no suitable word for an object or idea in the native tongue⑧. [2]This phenomenon⑨ has been occurring for thousands of years. In the current age of globalization⑩， when communications technology brings different cultures closer together， words are even more likely to be borrowed straight from the source language at a faster pace than ever before， especially those related to technological developments， such as “email” and “Internet”.
　　[1]句中given that用作连词，引导状语从句，意为“考虑到，鉴于”。
　　[2]本句的时态为现在完成进行时。基本结构是“主语＋have/has＋been＋doing ...”，表示谓语动词所叙述的动作行为由过去开始，一直持续到说话之时且有可能还会继续。
　　Though borrowing words has become faster， the process is still complex， and it takes time before new words are integrated into everyday speech. At first， the borrowed word is only used by bilingual speakers.[3]It then spreads to people who do not know the original language， and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they speak， almost unknowingly .[4]An example of this is the word “kung fu ”， which refers to Chinese martial arts. This word comes from Chinese gongfu. Over time， the sounds that are difficult to pronounce have been replaced with more familiar ones.[5]The longer a borrowed word has been in use， the more it sounds and even looks like the native language.
　　Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided， but some language communities oppose adopting words from other cultures. There are countries that make interventions to keep their native language pure in order to defend their identity. The French specifically have an official organization that creates new words in order to avoid borrowed words.[6]Some languages have an extremely small number of speakers， such as the Native American Navajo language， used only by the members of the tribe .Under this circumstance， it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject outside influences.
　　[3]本句是and连接的并列句。前一个分句中含有who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词people；后一个分句中动词不定式短语to fit ... 作目的状语；定语从句they speak修饰先行词way。
　　[4]which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词kung fu。
　　[5]本句为“the＋比较级 ...， the＋比较级 ...”结构，意为“越……，就越……”。
　　[6]过去分词短语used only by ...作后置定语，修饰名词the Native American Navajo language。
　　[7]While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange between languages， there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words.English， especially， is based on a mix of Latin， Greek and Germanic languages. The English-speaking community does not hesitate about absorbing foreign words into its daily vocabulary. In fact， there have never been any formal academic restrictions on new borrowed words.[8]Borrowing words allows the language to continue to develop， enabling the community to have a more efficient language which makes it possible for them to share their experiences with new-found ease.[9]It is also through those words that novel ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly.
　　According to the linguist Edward Sapir， “It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated language ...” For better or for worse ， the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style .[10] The more international and globalized the world becomes， the more language characteristics will be shared between nations and cultures.
　　[7]While引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词communities。
　　[8]动词-ing短语enabling the ...作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。
　　[9]本句为强调句，句式结构为It is ...that ...，用来强调介词短语through those words。
　　[10]本句为“the＋比较级 ...， the＋比较级 ...”结构。
【读文清障】
①come as no surprise 不足为奇
②given prep.考虑到，鉴于 （后接名词或that从句）
③bacon n.咸猪肉，熏猪肉
④tank n.坦克；（贮放液体或气体的）罐
⑤golf n.高尔夫球运动
⑥come about 产生，发生
⑦interact v.互动；相互作用；交流
interaction n.
交流；相互影响
⑧native tongue母语
⑨phenomenon n.现象
⑩globalization n.全球化
integrate vt.& vi. （使）合并；（使）加入
bilingual adj.会说两种语言的；用两种语言（写）的
unknowingly adv.未意识到地，不知不觉地，无意中
kung fu n.功夫
refer to 指的是
oppose vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒
intervention n.干涉行为，干预
intervene vi.干预，介入
pure adj.纯净的；完全的
tribe n.部落
reject vt.拒绝接受，不予考虑；不录用；排斥，排异
rejection n.拒绝接受
（相信……）；否决
pessimistic adj.悲观的，悲观主义的
be pessimistic about 对……感到悲观
be based on以……为基础/根据
Germanic adj.日耳曼语的；德国的
restriction n.限制，约束
novel adj.新的，新颖的，新奇的
linguist n.语言学家；通晓数国语言的人
isolated adj.孤立的；单独的；偏远的
for better or for worse 不管是好是坏，不管结果如何
tendency n.趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好
go out of style 过时
【参考译文】
外来词
　　“The restaurant’s fried tofu is delicious.（这家餐厅的炸豆腐真美味。）”这句话有什么特别之处吗？好吧，除了“the ”和“is”之外，所有的单词都是从其他语言中借来的！这并不奇怪，因为英语已从 300 多种不同的语言中借用了词汇，包括拉丁语、希腊语、法语和汉语。然而，英语并不是唯一一种从其他语言引入外来词的语言——几乎所有语言中都可以找到外来词。例如，被借用到汉语中的英语词汇包括“培根 （bacon）”“坦克 （tank）”和“高尔夫 （golf）”。
　　当不同语言的两种文化相互交流时，外来词就产生了。这种情况往往发生在当母语中没有合适的词来表达某个物体或某种想法时。这一现象已经延续数千年。在如今的全球化时代中，当通信技术使得不同文化更加紧密地联系在一起时，词汇甚至更有可能会以前所未有的速度直接从原语言中被借用，特别是那些与技术发展相关的词汇，如“电子邮件 （email）”和“互联网 （Internet）”。
　　虽然借词已变得更快，但是过程仍然复杂，新词需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。起初，外来词只被双语者所使用，然后这个词会传播到不懂原语言的人那里，并且他们会在几乎不知不觉中改变外来词的发音，使之适应自己的语言习惯。这一过程的一个例子就是“功夫 （kung fu）”这个词，它指的是中国武术。这个词来源于汉语词汇“功夫 （gongfu）”。随着时间的推移，难以发音的部分被更为熟悉的发音所取代了。一个外来词使用的时间越长，它听起来甚至看起来就越像本土语言。
　　虽然外来词是语言发展几乎难以避免的结果，但是一些语言群体反对从其他文化中吸收词汇。有些国家为了捍卫自己的身份，对外来词采取干预措施以保持自己母语的纯正。法国人专门有一个创造新词的官方组织，以避免外来词。有些语言的使用者数量非常少，例如美洲印第安人的纳瓦霍语，只有这个部落的成员使用。在这种情况下，拒绝外来影响关系着母语的生存问题。
　　尽管有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，但是也有其他群体对外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。尤其是英语，它是基于拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语的混合体。英语群体毫不犹豫地将外语词汇吸收到自己的日常词汇中。事实上，他们对新的外来词从来没有任何正式的学术限制。借用外来词使英语得以继续发展，使得其群体拥有一种更为有效的语言，让他们能够以新发现的轻松状态分享他们的经历。也正是通过那些词，新思想的传播、不同观点的交流得以更加便捷。
　　语言学家爱德华·萨丕尔认为：“很难指出一种完全孤立的语言……”。不管是好是坏，借用外来词的趋势从未过时。世界越是变得国际化和全球化，不同民族和文化之间就会共享更多语言特征。
第一步：析架构，理文本脉络
Read the passage quickly and fill in the blanks with suitable words.
　
第二步：精读文，达明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer.
1.Why is the first sentence showed？（　　）
A.To show the sentence is indeed special.
B.To show English is difficult to understand.
C.To show that we had better not learn English.
D.To show that English is a language with many borrowed words.
2.Why does word borrowing happen all the time in the history？（　　）
A.It can meet the needs of mutual interaction.
B.It happens because of technological developments.
C.Words can be borrowed straight from the source language faster than before.
D.People in two different cultures like to communicate with each other.
3.What can we learn from Paragraphs 4 and 5？（　　）
A.The French are expert at creating new words.
B.Some languages with a small number of speakers will definitely die out.
C.Borrowing words are completely forbidden in some language communities.
D.In order to defend their identity， some language communities oppose borrowing words.
4.What is the author’s attitude towards borrowing words in English？（　　）
A.Pessimistic. B.Doubtful.
C.Optimistic. D.Indifferent.
5.Which column in the newspaper can you find the passage？（　　）
A.Economy. B.Culture.
C.Politics. D.Sports.
第三步：通词句，学语言表达
1.词汇学习——循规律，记单词
skateboard （n.滑板）是由动词（skate）＋名词（board）合成的名词。
合成名词构词法 例词
名词＋名词 weekend
名词＋动词 daybreak
名词＋动词-ing形式 handwriting
名词＋及物动词＋er/or painkiller
名词＋介词＋名词 editor-in-chief
动词＋名词 typewriter
动词-ing形式＋名词 reading room
形容词＋名词 gentleman
副词＋动词 outbreak
介词＋名词 afternoon
2.美句欣赏——赏佳句，品用法
举例子：举例子是通过列举有代表性的、恰当的事例来说明事物特征的说明方法。举例子的作用是使文章表达的意思更明确，更生动形象，使读者更明白，还可以增强说服力，引发读者思考。
请从课文第一段中找出此类用法的句子。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Part Ⅰ　核心词汇集释
integrate vt.& vi.（使）合并；（使）加入
【教材原句】　Though borrowing words has become faster， the process is still complex， and it takes time before new words are integrated into everyday speech.
虽然借词已变得更快，但是过程仍然复杂，新词需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。
【用法】
（1）integrate （sb/sth） into ...（使某人/物）融进/加入…… integrate A and/with B 将A和B合并/融合 （2）integrated adj. 各部分密切配合的；综合的 （3）integration n. 结合；整合；融合
【佳句】　Integrating the kids with the community is essential.
使孩子们融入这个社区是非常必要的。
His music is an integration of tradition and new technology.他的音乐结合了传统和新技术。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①It’s very difficult to integrate yourself 　　　　　　a society whose culture is so different from your own.
②The aim is to promote closer economic 　　　　　　（integrate）.
【写美】　翻译句子
③围绕某一题目写作有助于你将新知识和已有知识结合起来。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
oppose vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒
【教材原句】　Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided， but some language communities oppose adopting words from other cultures.
虽然外来词是语言发展几乎难以避免的结果，但是一些语言群体反对从其他文化中吸收词汇。
【用法】
（1）oppose （doing） sth　　反对（做）某事 oppose sb/sb’s doing sth 反对某人做某事 （2）opposed adj. 反对的；对立的 be opposed to （doing） sth反对（做）某事；与……对立 （3）opposing adj.　对立的；相竞争的；相反的 opposite adj. 对面的；相反的
【佳句】　Although we were opposed to littering， some visitors ignored us and behaved badly.尽管我们反对乱扔垃圾，但一些游客无视我们，行为恶劣。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①The local residents strongly oppose 　　　　（build） a chemical factory in this area.
②She seems very much opposed 　　　　　　your going abroad.
③The senior students are strongly opposed to 　　　　　　　　（treat） unfairly by others.
【写美】　句型转换
④In order to protect the environment， I firmly object to using disposable chopsticks.
→In order to protect the environment， I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
tendency n.趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好
【教材原句】　According to the linguist Edward Sapir， “It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated language ...” For better or for worse， the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style.语言学家爱德华·萨丕尔认为：“很难指出一种完全孤立的语言……”。不管是好是坏，借用外来词的趋势从未过时。
【用法】
（1）have a tendency to do sth　有做某事的倾向 there is a（n） ... tendency （for sb/sth） to do sth（某人/某物）有做某事的倾向/趋势 （2）tend vt. 　　　照顾；照料 vi. 倾向；趋于 tend to do sth 易于做某事，往往会发生某事 tend （to） sb 照顾某人 tend to/towards 倾向于，趋于
【佳句】　He has a tendency to be optimistic when faced with difficulties.
＝He tends to be optimistic when faced with difficulties.面对困难时，他有乐观的倾向。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①It means that more heat energy tends 　　　　　　　　（trap） in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.
②Personally， I tend 　　　　　　the second plan that you offered， because it is much easier than the first one.
【写美】　一句多译
③据报道房价在某些城市有下降的趋势。
→It is reported that housing prices 　　　　　　　　in some cities.（tend）
→It is reported that housing prices 　　　　　　　　　　　　in some cities.（tendency）
Part Ⅱ　中频词汇特训
pessimistic adj.悲观的，悲观主义的
【教材原句】　While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange between languages， there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words.
尽管有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，但是也有其他群体对外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。
【用法】
（1）（be） pessimistic about ...对……悲观的 a pessimistic view of life 对人生悲观的看法 （2）pessimism n. 悲观；悲观主义 pessimist n. 悲观主义者
【佳句】　He was pessimistic about his future， but since he got his new job， he has become very optimistic.他曾对未来感到悲观，但是自从找到新工作后，他变得很乐观。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①He was criticised for an excessively 　　　　　　（pessimism） view of life.
②You will never succeed unless you get rid of your 　　　　　　（pessimistic）.
【写美】　完成句子
③The doctors 　　　　　　　　　　　　　his chances of making a full recovery.
医生们对他完全康复的可能性持悲观的态度。
Part Ⅲ　重点句型解构
句型公式：“the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...”结构
【教材原句】　The longer a borrowed word has been in use， the more it sounds and even looks like the native language.一个外来词使用的时间越长，它听起来甚至看起来就越像本土语言。
【用法】
“the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...”意为“越……，就越……”，表示后者随着前者的变化而变化，前一个“the＋比较级 ...”通常相当于比较状语从句或条件状语从句，后一个“the＋比较级 ...”通常相当于主句。 （1）“the＋比较级 ... the＋比较级 ...”结构中，主句和从句的时态常用一般现在时或一般过去时。若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来。 （2）在意义明确的情况下，主从句都可以有所省略，特别是在谚语、俗语中。 The more， the better.多多益善。
【品悟】　The higher the ground is， the thinner the air becomes.
离地面越高，空气就越稀薄。
The more we do for the people， the happier we will be.
我们为人民做得越多，我们就会越幸福。
【写美】　完成句子
①Generally speaking， 　　　　　　　　an athlete trains before a match， 　　　　　　　he will win.
一般说来，一个运动员在赛前训练得越刻苦，他获胜的可能性就越大。
②　　　　　　　　　　 you read the book， 　　　　　　　　　　you’ll feel.
这本书你读得越多，你就越会觉得有趣。
③　　　　　　　　　　 the questions are， 　　　　　　　　he is able to answer them.
问题越难，他回答出来的可能性就越小。
④　　　　　　　 you read， 　　　　　　　you’ll gain.
你读的书越多，学到的知识就越多。
⑤　　　　　　　　 fish there are in the pond， 　　　　　　　　it is to catch one.
池塘里的鱼越少，就越难抓到一条鱼。
Section Ⅳ　Extended reading & Project & Assessment
【文本透析·剖语篇】
第一步
1.Borrowed words　2.reasons　3.process　4.attitudes
5.Welcoming　6.gone out of style
第二步
1－5　DADCB
第三步
2.For example， English words that are borrowed into the Chinese language include “bacon”， “tank” and “golf”.
【核心知识·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①into　②integration　③Writing about a topic helps you integrate new knowledge with what you already know.
2.①building　②to　③being treated　④firmly oppose/am firmly opposed to using disposable chopsticks
3.①to be trapped　②to/towards　③tend to decrease； have a tendency to decrease
Part Ⅱ
　①pessimistic　②pessimism　③are pessimistic about
Part Ⅲ
　①the harder； the more likely　②The more； the more interesting　③The more difficult； the less likely　④The more books； the more knowledge　⑤The fewer； the harder
6 / 8(共96张PPT)
Section Ⅳ　Extended reading & Project & Assessment
1
篇章助解·释疑难
目 录
2
文本透析·剖语篇
4
课时检测·提能力
3
核心知识·巧突破
篇章助解·释疑难
力推课前预习
1
Borrowed words
　　“The restaurant’s fried tofu is delicious.” Is there anything
special about this sentence？ Well， all the words except “the” and
“is” are borrowed from other languages！[1]This comes as no surprise
①， given② that English has borrowed words from more than 300 different
languages， including Latin， Greek， French and Chinese.However，
English is not alone in borrowing words from other languages—borrowed
words can be found in almost all languages. For example， English words
that are borrowed into the Chinese language include “bacon③”，
“tank④” and “golf⑤”.
　　Word borrowing comes about⑥ when two cultures with different
languages interact⑦.This tends to happen when there is no suitable word
for an object or idea in the native tongue⑧. [2]This phenomenon⑨ has
been occurring for thousands of years. In the current age of globalization
⑩， when communications technology brings different cultures closer
together， words are even more likely to be borrowed straight from the
source language at a faster pace than ever before， especially those related
to technological developments， such as “email” and “Internet”.
　　[1]句中given that用作连词，引导状语从句，意为“考虑到，鉴
于”。
　　[2]本句的时态为现在完成进行时。基本结构是“主语＋
have/has＋been＋doing ...”，表示谓语动词所叙述的动作行为由过
去开始，一直持续到说话之时且有可能还会继续。
【读文清障】
①come as no surprise 不足为奇
②given prep.考虑到，鉴于 （后接名词或that从句）
③bacon n.咸猪肉，熏猪肉
④tank n.坦克；（贮放液体或气体的）罐
⑤golf n.高尔夫球运动
⑥come about 产生，发生
⑦interact v.互动；相互作用；交流
interaction n.交流；相互影响
⑧native tongue母语
⑨phenomenon n.现象
⑩globalization n.全球化
　　Though borrowing words has become faster， the process is still
complex， and it takes time before new words are integrated into
everyday speech. At first， the borrowed word is only used by bilingual
speakers.[3]It then spreads to people who do not know the original
language， and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they
speak， almost unknowingly .[4]An example of this is the word “kung
fu ”， which refers to Chinese martial arts. This word comes from
Chinese gongfu. Over time， the sounds that are difficult to pronounce have been replaced with more familiar ones.[5]The longer a borrowed word has been in use， the more it sounds and even looks like the native language.
　　Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can
hardly be avoided， but some language communities oppose adopting
words from other cultures. There are countries that make interventions
to keep their native language pure in order to defend their identity. The
French specifically have an official organization that creates new words in
order to avoid borrowed words.[6]Some languages have an extremely
small number of speakers， such as the Native American Navajo
language， used only by the members of the tribe .Under this
circumstance， it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to
reject outside influences.
　　[3]本句是and连接的并列句。前一个分句中含有who引导的定语
从句，修饰先行词people；后一个分句中动词不定式短语to fit ... 作
目的状语；定语从句they speak修饰先行词way。
　　[4]which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词kung fu。
　　[5]本句为“the＋比较级 ...， the＋比较级 ...”结构，意为
“越……，就越……”。
　　[6]过去分词短语used only by ...作后置定语，修饰名词the
Native American Navajo language。
integrate vt.& vi. （使）合并；（使）加入
bilingual adj.会说两种语言的；用两种语言（写）的
unknowingly adv.未意识到地，不知不觉地，无意中
kung fu n.功夫
refer to 指的是
oppose vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒
intervention n.干涉行为，干预
intervene vi.干预，介入
pure adj.纯净的；完全的
tribe n.部落
reject vt.拒绝接受，不予考虑；不录用；排斥，排异
rejection n.拒绝接受（相信……）；否决
　　[7]While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange
between languages， there are also other communities that readily
welcome borrowed words.English， especially， is based on a mix of
Latin， Greek and Germanic languages. The English-speaking
community does not hesitate about absorbing foreign words into its daily
vocabulary.
In fact， there have never been any formal academic restrictions on new
borrowed words.[8]Borrowing words allows the language to continue to
develop， enabling the community to have a more efficient language
which makes it possible for them to share their experiences with new-
found ease.[9]It is also through those words that novel ideas are spread
and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly.
　　According to the linguist Edward Sapir， “It would be difficult to
point to a completely isolated language ...” For better or for worse ，
the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style .[10] The
more international and globalized the world becomes， the more language
characteristics will be shared between nations and cultures.
　　[7]While引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”；that引导定
语从句，修饰先行词communities。
　　[8]动词-ing短语enabling the ...作结果状语，表示自然而然
的结果。
　　[9]本句为强调句，句式结构为It is ...that ...，用来强调介词短
语through those words。
　　[10]本句为“the＋比较级 ...， the＋比较级 ...”结构。
pessimistic adj.悲观的，悲观主义的
be pessimistic about 对……感到悲观
be based on以……为基础/根据
Germanic adj.日耳曼语的；德国的
restriction n.限制，约束
novel adj.新的，新颖的，新奇的
linguist n.语言学家；通晓数国语言的人
isolated adj.孤立的；单独的；偏远的
for better or for worse 不管是好是坏，不管结果如何
tendency n.趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好
go out of style过时
【参考译文】
外来词
　　“The restaurant’s fried tofu is delicious.（这家餐厅的炸豆腐真
美味。）”这句话有什么特别之处吗？好吧，除了“the ”和“is”之
外，所有的单词都是从其他语言中借来的！这并不奇怪，因为英语已
从 300 多种不同的语言中借用了词汇，包括拉丁语、希腊语、法语和
汉语。然而，英语并不是唯一一种从其他语言引入外来词的语言——
几乎所有语言中都可以找到外来词。例如，被借用到汉语中的英语词
汇包括“培根 （bacon）”“坦克 （tank）”和“高尔夫 （golf）”。
　　当不同语言的两种文化相互交流时，外来词就产生了。这种情况
往往发生在当母语中没有合适的词来表达某个物体或某种想法时。这
一现象已经延续数千年。在如今的全球化时代中，当通信技术使得不
同文化更加紧密地联系在一起时，词汇甚至更有可能会以前所未有的
速度直接从原语言中被借用，特别是那些与技术发展相关的词汇，如
“电子邮件 （email）”和“互联网 （Internet）”。
　　虽然借词已变得更快，但是过程仍然复杂，新词需要一段时间才
能融入日常用语中。起初，外来词只被双语者所使用，然后这个词会
传播到不懂原语言的人那里，并且他们会在几乎不知不觉中改变外来
词的发音，使之适应自己的语言习惯。这一过程的一个例子就是“功
夫 （kung fu）”这个词，它指的是中国武术。这个词来源于汉语词
汇“功夫 （gongfu）”。随着时间的推移，难以发音的部分被更为熟
悉的发音所取代了。一个外来词使用的时间越长，它听起来甚至看起
来就越像本土语言。
　　虽然外来词是语言发展几乎难以避免的结果，但是一些语言群体
反对从其他文化中吸收词汇。有些国家为了捍卫自己的身份，对外来
词采取干预措施以保持自己母语的纯正。法国人专门有一个创造新词
的官方组织，以避免外来词。有些语言的使用者数量非常少，例如美
洲印第安人的纳瓦霍语，只有这个部落的成员使用。在这种情况下，
拒绝外来影响关系着母语的生存问题。
　　尽管有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，但是也有其他群体对
外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。尤其是英语，它是基于拉丁语、希腊语和
日耳曼语的混合体。英语群体毫不犹豫地将外语词汇吸收到自己的日
常词汇中。事实上，他们对新的外来词从来没有任何正式的学术限
制。借用外来词使英语得以继续发展，使得其群体拥有一种更为有效
的语言，让他们能够以新发现的轻松状态分享他们的经历。也正是通
过那些词，新思想的传播、不同观点的交流得以更加便捷。
　　语言学家爱德华·萨丕尔认为：“很难指出一种完全孤立的语
言……”。不管是好是坏，借用外来词的趋势从未过时。世界越是变
得国际化和全球化，不同民族和文化之间就会共享更多语言特征。
文本透析·剖语篇
助力语篇理解
2
第一步：析架构，理文本脉络
Read the passage quickly and
fill in the blanks with suitable
words.
第二步：精读文，达明察秋毫
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer.
1. Why is the first sentence showed？（　　）
A. To show the sentence is indeed special.
B. To show English is difficult to understand.
C. To show that we had better not learn English.
D. To show that English is a language with many borrowed words.
2. Why does word borrowing happen all the time in the history？（　　）
A. It can meet the needs of mutual interaction.
B. It happens because of technological developments.
C. Words can be borrowed straight from the source language faster than
before.
D. People in two different cultures like to communicate with each other.
3. What can we learn from Paragraphs 4 and 5？（　　）
A. The French are expert at creating new words.
B. Some languages with a small number of speakers will definitely die
out.
C. Borrowing words are completely forbidden in some language
communities.
D. In order to defend their identity， some language communities oppose
borrowing words.
4. What is the author’s attitude towards borrowing words in English？
（　　）
A. Pessimistic. B. Doubtful.
C. Optimistic. D. Indifferent.
5. Which column in the newspaper can you find the passage？（　　）
A. Economy. B. Culture.
C. Politics. D. Sports.
第三步：通词句，学语言表达
1. 词汇学习——循规律，记单词
skateboard （n.滑板）是由动词（skate）＋名词（board）合成
的名词。
合成名词构词法 例词
名词＋名词 weekend
名词＋动词 daybreak
名词＋动词-ing形式 handwriting
合成名词构词法 例词
名词＋及物动词＋er/or painkiller
名词＋介词＋名词 editor-in-chief
动词＋名词 typewriter
动词-ing形式＋名词 reading room
形容词＋名词 gentleman
副词＋动词 outbreak
介词＋名词 afternoon
2. 美句欣赏——赏佳句，品用法
举例子：举例子是通过列举有代表性的、恰当的事例来说明事物特
征的说明方法。举例子的作用是使文章表达的意思更明确，更生动
形象，使读者更明白，还可以增强说服力，引发读者思考。
请从课文第一段中找出此类用法的句子。


For example， English words that are borrowed into the Chinese
language include “bacon”， “tank” and “golf”.
核心知识·巧突破
探究课堂重点
3
Part Ⅰ　核心词汇集释
integrate vt.& vi.（使）合并；（使）加入
【教材原句】　Though borrowing words has become faster， the
process is still complex， and it takes time before new words are
integrated into everyday speech.
虽然借词已变得更快，但是过程仍然复杂，新词需要一段时间才能融
入日常用语中。
【用法】
（1）integrate （sb/sth） into ...（使某人/物）融进/加入……
integrate A and/with B 将A和B合并/融合
（2）integrated adj.　　各部分密切配合的；综合的
（3）integration n.　　结合；整合；融合
【佳句】　Integrating the kids with the community is essential.使孩子
们融入这个社区是非常必要的。
His music is an integration of tradition and new technology.他的音乐结
合了传统和新技术。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①It’s very difficult to integrate yourself a society whose culture
is so different from your own.
②The aim is to promote closer economic （integrate）.
into　
integration　
【写美】　翻译句子
③围绕某一题目写作有助于你将新知识和已有知识结合起来。


Writing about a topic helps you integrate new knowledge with what you
already know.
oppose vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒
【教材原句】　Borrowed words are an outcome of language
development that can hardly be avoided， but some language communities
oppose adopting words from other cultures.
虽然外来词是语言发展几乎难以避免的结果，但是一些语言群体反对
从其他文化中吸收词汇。
【用法】
（1）oppose （doing） sth　　反对（做）某事
oppose sb/sb’s doing sth　　反对某人做某事
（2）opposed adj.　　反对的；对立的
be opposed to （doing） sth 反对（做）某事；与……对立
（3）opposing adj.　对立的；相竞争的；相反的
opposite adj.　　对面的；相反的
【佳句】　Although we were opposed to littering， some visitors
ignored us and behaved badly.尽管我们反对乱扔垃圾，但一些游客无
视我们，行为恶劣。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①The local residents strongly oppose （build） a chemical
factory in this area.
②She seems very much opposed your going abroad.
③The senior students are strongly opposed to （treat）
unfairly by others.
building　
to　
being treated　
【写美】　句型转换
④In order to protect the environment， I firmly object to using disposable
chopsticks.
→In order to protect the environment，I
.
firmly oppose/am firmly
opposed to using disposable chopsticks　
tendency n.趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好
【教材原句】　According to the linguist Edward Sapir， “It would be
difficult to point to a completely isolated language ...” For better or for
worse， the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style.语言
学家爱德华·萨丕尔认为：“很难指出一种完全孤立的语言……”。
不管是好是坏，借用外来词的趋势从未过时。
【用法】
（1）have a tendency to do sth　有做某事的倾向
there is a（n） ... tendency （for sb/sth） to do sth（某人/某物）有做
某事的倾向/趋势
（2）tend vt. 　照顾；照料
vi.　　倾向；趋于
tend to do sth　　易于做某事，往往会发生某事
tend （to） sb　　照顾某人
tend to/towards　　倾向于，趋于
【佳句】　He has a tendency to be optimistic when faced with
difficulties.
＝He tends to be optimistic when faced with difficulties.面对困难时，他
有乐观的倾向。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①It means that more heat energy tends （trap） in the
atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.
②Personally， I tend the second plan that you offered，
because it is much easier than the first one.
to be trapped　
to/towards　
【写美】　一句多译
③据报道房价在某些城市有下降的趋势。
→It is reported that housing prices in some cities.
（tend）
→It is reported that housing prices in
some cities.（tendency）
tend to decrease　
have a tendency to decrease　
Part Ⅱ　中频词汇特训
pessimistic adj.悲观的，悲观主义的
【教材原句】　While some communities are pessimistic about the
exchange between languages， there are also other communities that
readily welcome borrowed words.
尽管有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，但是也有其他群体对外来
词持欣然欢迎的态度。
【用法】
（1）（be） pessimistic about ...对……悲观的
a pessimistic view of life　　对人生悲观的看法
（2）pessimism n.　　悲观；悲观主义
pessimist n.　　悲观主义者
【佳句】　He was pessimistic about his future， but since he got his
new job， he has become very optimistic.
他曾对未来感到悲观，但是自从找到新工作后，他变得很乐观。
【练透】　单句语法填空
①He was criticised for an excessively （pessimism）
view of life.
②You will never succeed unless you get rid of your
（pessimistic）.
pessimistic　
pessimism　
【写美】　完成句子
③The doctors his chances of making a full
recovery.
医生们对他完全康复的可能性持悲观的态度。
are pessimistic about　
Part Ⅲ　重点句型解构
句型公式：“the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...”结构
【教材原句】　The longer a borrowed word has been in use， the more
it sounds and even looks like the native language.一个外来词使用的时间
越长，它听起来甚至看起来就越像本土语言。
【用法】
“the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...”意为“越……，就
越……”，表示后者随着前者的变化而变化，前一个“the＋比较
级 ...”通常相当于比较状语从句或条件状语从句，后一个“the＋
比较级 ...”通常相当于主句。
（1）“the＋比较级 ... the＋比较级 ...”结构中，主句和从句的时
态常用一般现在时或一般过去时。若主句的谓语动词用一般将来
时，从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来。
（2）在意义明确的情况下，主从句都可以有所省略，特别是在谚
语、俗语中。
The more， the better.多多益善。
【品悟】　The higher the ground is， the thinner the air becomes.离地
面越高，空气就越稀薄。
The more we do for the people， the happier we will be.我们为人民做
得越多，我们就会越幸福。
【写美】　完成句子
①Generally speaking， an athlete trains before a
match， he will win.
一般说来，一个运动员在赛前训练得越刻苦，他获胜的可能性就
越大。
② you read the book， you’ll
feel.
这本书你读得越多，你就越会觉得有趣。
the harder　
the more likely　
The more　
the more interesting　
③ the questions are， he is able
to answer them.
问题越难，他回答出来的可能性就越小。
④ you read， you’ll
gain.
你读的书越多，学到的知识就越多。
⑤ fish there are in the pond， it is to catch
one.
池塘里的鱼越少，就越难抓到一条鱼。
The more difficult　
the less likely　
The more books　
the more knowledge　
The fewer　
the harder　
课时检测·提能力
培育学科素养
4
维度一：品句填词
根据所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式。
1. Her proposal got r ， which made her quite disappointed.
2. Each child was told to r a poem to the class before class.
3. Pay more attention to your h and you will make much
progress in your study.
ejected　
ecite　
andwriting　
4. My teacher approved of me taking part in the speech c to be
held by my school next Friday.
5. By the age of two， a child will have a v of about two
hundred words.
6. It seems that these ants can （忍受） temperatures which
would kill other species.
7. They appeared surprisingly （悲观的） about their
chances of winning.
ontest　
ocabulary　
tolerate　
pessimistic　
8. According to the survey， most of the local residents （反
对） closing the hospital.
9. The two criminals （溜） out of the diamond shop，
disappearing in the darkness.
10. These shirts are comfortable to wear because they are made from 100
％ （完全的） cotton.
oppose　
slipped　
pure　
维度二：词形转换
用括号内单词的正确形式填空。
1. She said she couldn’t speak English （fluent） as
before.
2. The medical experts say there is a （tend） for this
disease to run in rural villages.
3. We （sincere） hope that you will soon be restored to
health.
fluently　
tendency　
sincerely　
4. I came with the （intend） of staying， but now I’ve
decided to leave.
5. But for your close （cooperate）， we wouldn’t
have done the work so well.
6. The amount of sugar you add will depend on personal
（prefer）.
7. Sometimes， I feel a little （embarrass） by my
improper manner at table.
8. I must say I thought your （behave） at the party was a
bit out of line.
intention　
cooperation　
preference　
embarrassed　
behaviour　
维度三：固定搭配和句式
根据汉语及括号内提示完成下列句子。
1. 考虑到外面在下雨，我们最好待在室内。（given that ...）
， we’d better stay indoors.
2. 这栋房子融合了中西方的建筑风格。（integrate ...and ...）
The house .
3. 你越小心，犯的错误就越少。（the＋比较级 ...， the＋比较
级 ...）
The more careful you are， .
Given that it’s raining outside　
integrates Chinese and Western architectural styles　
the fewer mistakes you will make　
4. 尽管我们对自己很自信，我们还是应该意识到别人的长处并向他们
表示尊敬。（让步状语从句）
， we
should recognize strengths in others and show respect for them.
5. 直到第二天，我才得知事情的真相。 （强调句）
I learned the truth.
While/Although/Though we are confident in ourselves　
It was not until the next day that　
维度四：课文语法填空
阅读课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确
形式。
　　1. （borrow） words can be found in almost all
languages.Word borrowing 2. （happen） when two
cultures interact with different languages.But it will take a long time for
borrowed words 3. （integrate） into daily speech.
Borrowed　
happens　
to integrate　
　　At first， borrowed words are only used by bilingual 4.
（speak）.It then spreads to people 5. do not know the original
language.Now some language communities oppose 6.
（adopt） words from other cultures and make interventions to keep the
7. （pure） of native languages.While some people are against
borrowed words， there are others 8. （welcome） it.
　　Although there exist people who are pessimistic 9. it， the
10. （tend） to borrow words has never gone out of style.
speakers　
who　
adopting　
purity　
welcoming　
about　
tendency　
Ⅰ.阅读理解
　　Have you ever been in mid-conversation with someone， when you
look over and find them standing in the same position as you or holding the
same facial expression？ It may seem like they have consciously （有意
识地） copied you， but it is much more likely that it is the chameleon
（变色龙） effect at play.
　　The chameleon effect is the unconscious imitation of another
person’s gestures or behaviour.Just as a chameleon attempts to match
any environment’s colours， people acquire the behaviour of others to
bring them closer together and help make their interactions smooth.
　　The chameleon effect was confirmed in an experiment by
psychologists John Bargh and Tanya Chartrand in 1999.The first part of
their experiment included 78 people， who each spoke with an
experimenter.During the test， Bargh and Chartrand studied whether
participants would copy the actions of someone they hadn’t met before，
like moving the foot and touching the face.The second part measured the
impact that copying someone has on the person being imitated.
　　In the first stage， participants increased their face touching by 20％
and their foot movement by 50％ while in conversation about a photograph
with the experimenter.The individuals weren’t aware of what they were
being studied for， and the photograph was used to catch their attention to
ensure unconscious acts.The second stage involved half of the participants
being copied， and then rating the likeability of the experimenter.The
results showed that those who were imitated scored the experimenter
higher.It has shown that when someone copies our behaviour， we
develop more positive feelings about them.These interactions could be a
person unconsciously willing to be liked， and forming a moment of
connection.
　　The main reasons behind humans’ imitation are
positive.However， when people carry this chameleon effect to the
extreme， they can lose their sense of self.Those who change their entire
personalities in different groups often go undetected.But more common
signs of the chameleon effect are easier to notice.Next time you are in a
social gathering， take a look around and you might just see some
chameleons for yourself.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于变色龙效应的
研究，告诉我们人们通过习得他人的行为来拉近彼此之间的距离。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于变色龙效应的
研究，告诉我们人们通过习得他人的行为来拉近彼此之间的距离。
1. Why do people acquire others’ behaviour？（　　）
A. To match the environment’s colours.
B. To attract others’ attention.
C. To establish a connection with others.
D. To adapt to the surroundings.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第二段中的people acquire the
behaviour of others to bring them closer together and help make their
interactions smooth可知，人们为了与他人建立联系，会习得他人的
行为。
2. How did the experimenter guarantee participants’ unconscious
behaviour？（　　）
A. By directing their attention to a photo.
B. By keeping a close eye on their actions.
C. By telling them the purpose of the study.
D. By evaluating the impacts of their imitation.
解析：　细节理解题。根据第四段中的The individuals weren’t
aware of ... to ensure unconscious acts.可知，实验者用一张照片吸
引参与者的注意力来保证他们的无意识行为。
3. What conclusion can be drawn from the experiment？（　　）
A. Too much of the chameleon effect can be beneficial.
B. People tend to like those who imitate their behaviour.
C. People imitating others are not easy to be detected.
D. The copied movements help people to feel relaxed.
解析：　推理判断题。根据第四段中的It has shown that when
someone copies our behaviour， we develop more positive feelings
about them.可推断出，实验表明，人们倾向于那些喜欢模仿自己行
为的人。
4. Which of the following shows the chameleon effect according to the
passage？（　　）
A. A comedian copies a celebrity vividly on stage.
B. Students adopt teachers’ accents for fun after class.
C. People change their habits to please others on purpose.
D. A husband and his wife share similar behaviour over time.
解析：　推理判断题。根据第二段中对变色龙效应的定义可知，
随着时间的推移，丈夫和妻子有相似的行为是变色龙效应，这是因
为他们经常在一起相处，会无意识地互相模仿。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
How to Keep a Relationship Healthy and Strong
　　Are you new to experiencing relationships？ Well， let me give you
advice on having a healthy and possibly long-term relationship.
　　5. （　　） Do not hide things from them； do not lie.Don’t be
afraid to say things that aren’t very flattering about yourself.Getting
them to trust you is the most important element in any relationship.If
there’s no trust， there’s nothing there.So please be honest and
they’ll learn to open up to you.
　　Make sure you give them respect.Now respect isn’t just simply
treating her or him nicely.There’s a lot more to it.You have to learn to
adjust to their liking.6.（　　） Don’t just think about yourself； think
about what your partner needs out of it as well.
　　 7. （　　） Always be willing to help them and give them positivity
at the same time.Make them feel you are someone they can really depend
on and build a future with.This is an important step in a relationship.Your
partner has to be able to count on you when you are needed.
　　Make sure you have a good sense of humour with them.Laughter is
the key to happiness.Laugh a lot with them； joke with them.Laughter
may seem silly， but it’s the secret to a lot in life.It will keep the sparks
alive.8.（　　）
　　Make sure the communication is good.This goes along with trust，
but always communicate how you feel， even if it’s something that
upsets you.Instead of screaming， talk to them.9.（　　） It’s
important to communicate this to them， instead of keeping it bottled up.
A. Be an honest person with them.
B. Show them your personality.
C. Laughter keeps the relationship strong and lasting.
D. Make sure you are encouraging to your partner.
E. Don’t start to neglect them and make them feel unwanted.
F. Basically， learn to study your partners’ moods， wants and needs.
G. If they did something that made you unhappy， tell them about it in a
respectful manner.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何与他人拥有一
段健康且长久的关系。
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何与他人拥有一
段健康且长久的关系。
5. A　下文介绍的是要想与他人拥有一段健康且长久的关系，就不要
向对方撒谎，要以诚相待，A项（对他们要诚实）与下文内容一致，
符合语境。
6. F　根据空前后内容可知，本段内容告诉我们要尊重同伴，不要只
考虑自己，要学会适应他们的喜好，F项（总的来说，学会研究同伴
的情绪、需要和需求）能够承接上下文，符合语境。
7. D　根据下文可知，本段内容告诉我们要带给同伴积极的能量，让
他们觉得我们是可以依赖的人，D项（确保你在鼓励你的同伴）能够
概括段落主旨，符合语境。
8. C　上文告诉我们要想与他人拥有一段健康且长久的关系，笑很重
要，C项（笑能让你们的关系更牢固、更持久）能够承接上文，进一
步阐述笑的重要性。
9. G　根据上文可知，本段内容告诉我们要与同伴进行良好的沟通，
即使是一些令你不快的事，也要与他们交谈，而不是尖叫，G项（如
果他们做了让你不开心的事情，请以一种尊重的方式告诉他们）能够
承接上文，继续讲述如何与同伴沟通。
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　Julia Jarman’s family was upset when she was diagnosed （诊断）
with cancer.But soon， her grandson Vigil made a plan to fill Jarman’s
last days with an unforgettable 　10　.
　　When Vigil’s high school prom （舞会） was 　11　， his sister
said， “Why don’t you just take Grandma to the prom？” Hearing his
sister’s 　12　， the 17-year-old immediately remembered that Jarman
had 　13　 been to a prom.But his school had a（n） 　14　 that
students could only have partners under 20， so Vigil first 　15　 the
principal of his school to ask him if he could bring his
grandmother.Luckily， the principal gave him 　16　.Excited， the
teenager asked his granny if she would like to 　17　 the first prom of her
life， and she 　18　 the invitation.
　　 While other teenagers walked into the venue with girls of
their 　19　， Vigil entered with his grandmother on his arm.At first，
Vigil wasn’t sure how his schoolmates would 　20　 to watching him
dance with Jarman.Later， he was 　21　 to see everyone welcomed her.
　　The DJ played Jarman’s favourite song.Vigil recalled the 　22　
moment， “She almost had me crying as she was singing it along with
me while we were dancing.”
　　Vigil’s mother felt proud of him for putting in the 　23　 to please
his grandmother.The teenager said，“My grandmother is my best
friend； I just wanted to do something 　24　 for her.”
　　“That night was wonderful，” Jarman revealed.
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了高中生Vigil带他
的奶奶参加的校园舞会。
语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了高中生Vigil带他
的奶奶参加的校园舞会。
10. A. dream B. memory
C. adventure D. performance
解析：　根据下文对Vigil带Jarman去参加舞会的描述可知，他
计划给自己的奶奶留下一个难忘的回忆。
11. A. behind the scenes B. in the way
C. around the corner D. out of sight
解析：　根据下文Why don’t you just take Grandma to the
prom？可知，Vigil学校的舞会即将来临。带奶奶去参加他的校园
舞会是他的妹妹给他提的建议。
12. A. suggestion B. comment
C. decision D. encouragement
解析：　参见上题解析。
13. A. never B. frequently
C. sometimes D. once
解析：　根据下文the teenager asked his granny if ...prom of her
life可知，Jarman从未参加过舞会。
14. A. habit B. purpose
C. order D. policy
解析：　根据下文students ...under 20可知，这是学校的规定。
15. A. begged B. contacted
C. persuaded D. thanked
解析：　由于学校规定学生们只能带二十岁以下的舞伴，因此
Vigil先联系了学校校长，问他自己能不能带奶奶去参加舞会。
16. A. information B. permission
C. confirmation D. explanation
解析：　根据下文Vigil把奶奶带到舞会现场可知，校长批准了
他的请求。于是他询问奶奶是否愿意参加学校的舞会，奶奶接受
了他的邀请。
17. A. organize B. reserve
C. observe D. attend
解析：　参见上题解析。
18. A. declined B. accepted
C. considered D. expected
解析：　参见第16题解析。
19. A. age B. height C. class D. family
解析：　根据上文的students could only have partners under 20可
知，其他学生都带着和自己年龄相仿的舞伴。
20. A. agree B. adapt C. react D. stick
解析：　起初Vigil内心有点忐忑，不知道他的同学看到他带着
自己的奶奶参加舞会作何反应。
21. A. puzzled B. amused
C. ashamed D. relieved
解析：　之后看到同学们都很欢迎奶奶，他松了口气。
22. A. hopeful B. ideal
C. touching D. proud
解析：　根据下文的She almost had me crying可知，Vigil的奶奶
随着音乐一起唱这件事让他很受触动。
23. A. money B. effort
C. belief D. trouble
解析：　根据语境可知，Vigil的妈妈看到他努力想办法让奶奶
开心，为他感到自豪。
24. A. special B. difficult
C. regular D. familiar
解析：　根据语境可知，Vigil说：“奶奶是我最好的朋友，所
以我想为她做一些特别的事情。”
Ⅳ.读后续写
　　阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构
成一篇完整的短文。
　　Isabel Moreno sat carefully putting papers into a folder.She had been
at the Gateway Nature Center’s office all morning and was tired of
filing.She wanted desperately to work with the animals.She had been a
weekend volunteer that whole school year and had done extensive
research， reading books and websites on natural history.But her mom，
who was the assistant director of the center， said Isabel was still too
young.
　　Suddenly， the quiet was broken by Amy Jensen bursting in.She had
been a volunteer a bit longer than Isabel and wandered around like she
owned the place.“Hurry up， Isabel，” she ordered.Isabel willed
herself to remain still and just smiled back.
　　Just then， Isabel’s mother rushed into the room with Mr Garza，
the custodian （管理员）.“The hurricane is now approaching the Gulf
Shore Preserve，” Mrs Moreno reported.“It needs help preparing for
it.I have to go down there with the staff.We’ll take the bridge， so we
shouldn’t be gone long.I need you girls to help Mr Garza get the storm
shutters （护窗） down in the aviary （鸟舍）.Then， stay inside with
Mr Garza.Call me on my cellphone if there’re any problems，” Mrs
Moreno directed as she rushed out.Isabel was excited to have an
opportunity to help the birds.
　　Amy announced she was now “in charge”. Isabel smiled again，
saying nothing.Mr Garza and the girls worked quickly and were soon back
inside.But when Mr Garza called Isabel’s mother， a worried expression
crossed his face.“A storm has flooded the bridge， and they’re stuck
there.Also， the storm is heading our way，” he said.Amy was
frightened.After silently considering for a few seconds， Isabel said
calmly， “We should move the birds to the reptile house （爬行动物
馆）.It’s on higher ground.” Mr Garza and Amy nodded.They rushed
out of the building.Once inside the aviary， Isabel watched Amy lunge
（猛冲） from cage to cage.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式作答。
　　Isabel told Amy not to jump around so much because the birds
would be scared by her sudden
movements. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　After several hours， the storm stopped， and Mrs Moreno was
able to return to the center. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
参考范文：
　　Isabel told Amy not to jump around so much because the birds would
be scared by her sudden movements.Amy calmed down， but she was
shaking.Isabel asked Amy to just think about the birds.They carried each
cage up to the reptile house.Some birds beat their wings when they felt the
wind.Isabel spoke comfortingly to them， and they soon grew
calmer.Amy watched in awe and tried to imitate Isabel.Finally， they
finished relocating the birds and waited inside the reptile house for the
storm to stop.
　　After several hours， the storm stopped， and Mrs Moreno was able
to return to the center.She expressed concern that she’d left them alone
for so long， but Mr Garza told her that Isabel’s cool thinking had saved
the birds.Mrs Moreno looked at her daughter proudly.She asked Isabel
how she could be so confident and courageous.Isabel said all she could
think about was how scared the birds must have felt in their cages， and
she just took charge.Isabel paused a second and added she felt proud of
herself.
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