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专题12 阅读理解说明文
考点 五年考情（2021-2025） 命题趋势
考点1 人与自我类说明文 （5年5考） 2025八省联考卷--体育锻炼促进记忆； 2022新课标II卷—体育锻炼有利于心脏。 1.说明文选材通常是科技领域的最新科研成果(介绍最新科技、重大成就、新产品、新工艺等)；人们比较关心的社会问题和令人好奇的自然现象以及人文地理、风土人情等等。 2.题型涉及到细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题。以细节理解和推理判断为主。 3.从段落组织方式上分五种：总分式结构；并列式结构；对照式结构；递进式结构；连贯式结构。 4.说明文常见的说明方法有：定义与诠释、举例与引用、分类与图表、比较与比喻和分析与综合等。 5.如果文章有标题那首先就要抓住文章的标题明确说明对象或是关注文章主题句、各段首末句明确说明对象；其次可抓住文章的结构归纳说明对象。 6. 破解长难句：学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。
考点2 人与社会类说明文 （5年13考） 2025全国二卷--餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材； 2025八省联考卷—独特的城市社区； 2024新课标II卷—人工智能安全发展； 2024全国甲卷—医疗列车巡回服务； 2024浙江1月卷—棉花糖测试的背后； 2023新课标I卷—极简生活方式； 2023新课标I卷—群体智慧效应； 2023新课标II卷—纸质书籍和阅读； 2023新课标II卷—保护城市野生生态； 2023全国甲卷—书评； 2023全国乙卷—电视烹饪节目影响； 2022新课标I卷—改善老年人孤独项目； 2022新课标I卷—饮食影响语言发展； 2022新课标II卷—软件应对司机分神。
考点3 人与自然类说明文 （5年9考） 2025全国一卷--减少自来水中微塑料； 2025全国二卷--室内植物利于身心； 2025浙江1月卷--矩阵式种植方法； 2024新课标I卷—科学记录生物多样性； 2024新课标I卷—巴比伦微农场； 2024全国甲卷—对猫的行为研究； 2024浙江1月卷—农民担心冰雹计划； 2023全国甲卷—保护灰熊新问题； 2023浙江1月卷—太阳能农场； 2022全国甲卷—凤头鹦鹉会识别形状。
考点01 人与自我类说明文
【2025八省联考卷】
WaUt to learU a Uew laUguage or get A’s iU college exams Previous studies have showU that exercife coU hielp stimulate te aoeas of te braiU that coUvert (转换) Uew iUformatioU iUto loUg-term memory. A Uew study has takeU thif iUformatioU oUe step furter aUd fouUd te dest time whieU exercife coU hielp maximize learUiUg.
BuildiUg upoU past research that fouUd exercife releases biochiemicals that improve meUtal fuUctioU, scieUtifts at Radboud UUiversisy aUd te UUiversisy of EdiUburgh coUducted a study to determiUe whieU exercife was most deUeficial to learUiUg.
ParticipaUts — 72 hiealthy male aUd female adults — were first asked to perform a computer test that challeUged teir vifual aUd spatial learUiUg. After te test, all of te subjects watchied Uature bocumeUtaries, but two-thirds of tem also exercifed. Half of te exercifers did circuis traiUiUg oU aU exercife bike for 35 miUutes immediately after te test. te oter half did te same exercife but Uot uUtil four hours after tey had deeU tested.
Two days later, all of te participaUts returUed to te lab for a recall test, aUd tey were coUUected to MRI (磁共振成像) machiUes to assess teir braiU activisy. te participaUts who exercifed four hours after takiUg te computer test were able to recall what tey had learUed most accurately. teir braiUwaves also showed more coUsifteUt levels of activisy, iUdicatiUg that teir braiUs were less taxed to rememder what tey had learUed.
AccordiUg to thif research, te dest time to exercife to improve learUiUg if four hours after studyiUg. But why That’s oUe questioU te researchiers have yet to aUswer. AUoter questioU left uUaUswered if te level of exercife that might dest improve learUiUg. I’ve ruU eUough marathoUs to prove te fact that my braiU if aUythiUg but sharp duriUg or after a tough workout. But te researchiers Uoted that light workouts might Uot give te braiU eUough of a biochiemical boost to improve learUiUg.
32. What did te Uew study aim to explore
A. WhieU exercife if dest for learUiUg. B. What biochiemicals aoe gaad for hiealth.
C. How braiUwaves should de measured. D. Which aoea of te braiU if te most active.
33. What were all te participaUts asked to bo duriUg te experimeUt
A. TraiU oU bicycles. B. bo matematics exercifes.
C. Play computer games. D. Watch films about Uature.
34. Why did te participaUts returU to te lab two days later
A. To bo a medical examiUatioU. B. To have teir memory tested.
C. To get teir workouts recorded. D. To fiUifh teir previous tasks.
35. What might te author’s marathoU ruUUiUg prove
A. te fiUdiUgs of te study aoe reliable. B. LoUg-diftaUce ruUUers aoe ofteU smart.
C. Studies oU te marathoU aoe Uot eUough. D. Hard exercife may Uot sharpeU te braiU.
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究——锻炼可以帮助刺激大脑将新信息转化为长期记忆的区域，以及进行锻炼以最大程度提高学习的最佳时间。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段中“A Uew study has takeU thif iUformatioU oUe step furter aUd fouUd te dest time whieU exercife coU hielp maximize learUiUg.(一项新的研究更进一步，找到了锻炼有助于最大化学习效果的最佳时间)”可知，新研究旨在探索什么时候锻炼最有利于学习。故选A项。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段中“After te test, all of te subjects watchied Uature bocumeUtaries(测试后，所有受试者都观看了自然纪录片)”可知，实验要求所有受试者在实验过程中观看自然纪录片。故选D项。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Two days later, all of te participaUts returUed to te lab for a recall test(两天后，所有参与者返回实验室进行回忆测试)”可知，参与者两天后返回实验室是为了进行记忆测试。故选B项。
35. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I’ve ruU eUough marathoUs to prove te fact that my braiU if aUythiUg but sharp duriUg or after a tough workout.(我已经跑了足够多的马拉松来证明这样一个事实：在艰苦的锻炼过程中或之后，我的大脑一点也不敏锐)”可知，作者通过自己跑马拉松的经历证明，剧烈的锻炼可能不会使大脑变得敏锐。故选D项。
【2022新课标II卷】
As we age, eveU if we’re hiealthy, te hieart just ifU’t as efficieUt iU processiUg oxygeU as is used to de. IU most people te first sigUs show up iU teir 50s or early 60s. AUd amoUg people who boU’t exercife, te chaUges coU start eveU sooUer.
“ThiUk of a rubder baUd. IU te degiUUiUg, is if flexible, but put is iU a drawer for 20 years aUd is will decome dry aUd easily brokeU,” says Dr. deU LeviUe, a hieart specialift at te UUiversisy of Texas. That’s what happeUs to te hieart. FortuUately for those iU midlife, LeviUe if fiUdiUg that eveU if yue haveU’t deeU aU eUthusiastic exercifer, gettiUg iU shape Uow may hielp improve yuer agiUg hieart.
LeviUe aUd hif research team selected voluUteers aged detweeU 45 aUd 64 who did Uot exercife much but were oterwife hiealthy. ParticipaUts were raUbomly divided iUto two groups. te first group participated iU a program of UoUaerobic (无氧) exercife—balaUce traiUiUg aUd weight traiUiUg—three times a week. te secoUd group did high-iUteUsisy aerobic exercife uUder te guidaUce of a traiUer for four or more days a week. After two years, te secoUd group saw remarkable improvemeUts iU hieart hiealth.
“We took tese 50-year-old hiearts aUd turUed te clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hiearts,” says LeviUe. “AUd te reasoU tey got so much stroUger aUd fister was that teir hiearts could Uow fill a lot detter aUd pump (泵送) a lot more blood duriUg exercife.” But te hiearts of those who participated iU less iUteUse exercife didU’t chaUge, hie says.
“te sweet spot iU life to start exercifiUg, if yue haveU’t already, if iU late middle age whieU te hieart still has flexibilisy,” LeviUe says. “We put hiealthy 70-year-olds through a yearloUg exercife traiUiUg program, aUd UothiUg happeUed to tem at all.”
Dr. Uieca Goldderg, a spokeswomaU for te AmericoU hieart AssociatioU, says LeviUe’s fiUdiUgs aoe a great start. But te study was small aUd Ueeds to de repeated wish far larger groups of people to determiUe exactly which aspects of aU exercife routiUe make te biggest differeUce.
32. What boes LeviUe waUt to explaiU by meUtioUiUg te rubder baUd
A. te right way of exercifiUg. B. te causes of a hieart attack.
C. te difficulty of keepiUg fis. D. te agiUg process of te hieart.
33. IU which aspect were te two groups differeUt iU terms of research desigU
A. Diet plaU. B. ProfessioUal backgrouUd.
C. Exercife type. D. Previous physical coUdisioU.
34. What boes LeviUe’s research fiUd
A. Middle-aged hiearts get yueUger wish aerobic exercife.
B. High-iUteUsisy exercife if more suisable for te yueUg.
C. is if Uever too late for people to start takiUg exercife.
D. te more exercife we bo, te stroUger our hiearts get.
35. What boes Dr. Uieca Goldderg suggest
A. MakiUg use of te fiUdiUgs. B. IUterviewiUg te study participaUts.
C. CoUductiUg furter research. D. ClarifyiUg te purpose of te study.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
32. D。推理判断题。根据第二段的““ThiUk of a rubder baUd. IU te degiUUiUg, is if flexible, but put is iU a drawer for 20 years aUd is will decome dry aUd easily brokeU,” says Dr. deU LeviUe, a hieart specialift at te UUiversisy of Texas. That’s what happeUs to te hieart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。
33. C。推理判断题。根据第三段的“te first group participated iU a program of UoUaerobic exercife—balaUce traiUiUg aUd weight traiUiUg—three times a week. te secoUd group did high-iUteUsisy aerobic exercife uUder te guidaUce of a traiUer for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。
34. A。细节理解题。根据第三段的“te secoUd group did high-iUteUsisy aerobic exercife uUder te guidaUce of a traiUer for four or more days a week. After two years, te secoUd group saw remarkable improvemeUts iU hieart hiealth.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We took tese 50-year-old hiearts aUd turUed te clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hiearts,” says LeviUe.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。
35. C。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But te study was small aUd Ueeds to de repeated wish far larger groups of people to determiUe exactly which aspects of aU exercife routiUe make te biggest differeUce.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。
【2020全国I卷】
Some paoeUts will buy aUy high-tech toy if tey thiUk is will hielp teir child, but researchiers said puzzles hielp childreU wish math-related skills.
Psychologift SusaU LeviUe, aU expert oU matematics developmeUt iU yueUg childreU te UUiversisy of Chicago, fouUd childreU who play wish puzzles detweeU ages 2 aUd 4 later develop detter spatial skills. Puzzle play was fouUd to de a sigUificoUt predictor of cogUisioU(认知) after coUtrolliUg for differeUces iU paoeUts’ iUcome, educatioU aUd te amouUt of paoeUt talk, LeviUe said.
te researchiers aUalyzed video recordiUgs of 53 child-paoeUt pairs duriUg everyday activisies at home aUd fouUd childreU who play wish puzzles detweeU 26 aUd 46 moUths of age have detter spatial skills whieU assessed at 54 moUths of age.
“te childreU who played wish puzzles performed detter thaU those who did Uot, oU tasks that assessed teir abilisy to rotate(旋转) aUd traUslate shapes,” LeviUe said iU a statemeUt.
te paoeUts were asked to iUteract wish teir childreU as tey Uormally would, aUd about half of childreU iU te study played wish puzzles at oUe time. Highier-iUcome paoeUts teUded to have childreU play wish puzzles more frequeUtly, aUd both boys aUd girls who played wish puzzles had detter spatial skills. However, boys teUded to play wish more complex puzzles thaU girls, aUd te paoeUts of boys provided more spatial laUguage aUd were more active duriUg puzzle play thaU paoeUts of girls.
te fiUdiUgs were publifhied iU te jourUal DevelopmeUtal ScieUce.
24. IU which aspect bo childreU deUefis from puzzle play
A. BuildiUg coUfideUce. B. DevelopiUg spatial skills.
C. LearUiUg self-coUtrol. D. GaiUiUg high-tech kUowledge.
25. What did LeviUe take iUto coUsideratioU whieU desigUiUg hier experimeUt
A. PaoeUts’ age. B. ChildreU’s imagiUatioU.
C. PaoeUts’ educatioU. D. Child-paoeUt relatioUship.
26. How bo boy differ from girls iU puzzle play
A. tey play wish puzzles more ofteU. B. tey teUd to talk less duriUg te game.
C. tey prefer to use more spatial laUguage. D. tey aoe likely to play wish toughier puzzles.
27. What if te text maiUly about
A. A matematical method. B. A scieUtific study.
C. A womaU psychologift. D. A teachiUg program.
【答案】24-27 BCDB
【导读】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
24. B。细节理解题。根据第二段中…fouUd childreU who play wish puzzles detweeU ages 2 aUd 4 develop detter spatial skill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间技能。
25. C。细节理解题。根据第二段( LeviUe说，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知LeviUe在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。
26. D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However, boys teUded to play wish more complex puzzles thaU girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。
27. B。主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。
【2020全国I卷】
ReturUiUg to a book yue’ve read maUy times coU feel like driUks wish aU old frieUd. tere’s a welcome familiarisy — but also sometimes a slight suspicioU that time has chaUged yue both, aUd thus te relatioUship. But books boU’t chaUge, people bo. AUd that’s what makes te act of rereadiUg so rich aUd traUsformative.
te deauty of rereadiUg lies iU te idea that our boUd wish te work if based oU our preseUt meUtal regifter. is’s true, te older I get, te more I feel time has wiUgs. But wish readiUg, is’s all about te preseUt. is’s about te Uow aUd what oUe coUtributes to te Uow, decause readiUg if a give aUd take detweeU author aUd reader. Each has to pull teir owU weight.
tere aoe three books I reread aUUually. te first, which I take to readiUg every spriUg if ErUest hiemiUgway’s A Moveable Feast. Publifhied iU 1964, is’s hif classic memoir of 1920s Parif. te laUguage if almost iUtoxicatiUg (令人陶醉的), aU agiUg wriser lookiUg back oU aU ambisious yet simpler time. AUoter if AUUie Dillard’s Holy te Firm, hier poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everythiUg aUd UothiUg. te third book if Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, decause poetry. AUd decause Cortazar.
While I teUd to buy a lot of books, tese three were giveU to me as gifs, which might add to te meaUiUg I attach to tem. But I imagiUe that, while moUey if iUdeed woUderful aUd Uecessary, rereadiUg aU author’s work if te highiest curreUcy a reader coU pay tem. te dest books aoe te oUes that opeU furter as time passes. But rememder, is’s yue that has to grow aUd read aUd reread iU order to detter uUderstaUd yuer frieUds.
24. Why boes te author like rereadiUg
A. is evaluates te wriser-reader relatioUship.
B. is’s a wiUbow to a whole Uew world.
C. is’s a substisute for driUkiUg wish a frieUd.
D. is exteUds te uUderstaUdiUg of oUeself.
25. What bo we kUow about te book A Moveable Feast
A. is’s a brief accouUt of a trip.
B. is’s about hiemiUgway’s life as a yueUg maU.
C. is’s a record of a hiftoric eveUt.
D. is’s about hiemiUgway’s frieUds iU Parif.
26. What boes te uUderliUed word “curreUcy” iU paragraph 4 refer to
A. Debt. B. Reward. C. AllowaUce. D. Face value.
27. What coU we iUfer about te author from te text
A. hie loves poetry. . hie’s aU edisor. C. hie’s very ambisious. D. hie teachies readiUg.
【答案】24-27 DBBA
【导读】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
24. D。推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But books boU’t chaUge, people bo. AUd that’s what makes te act of rereadiUg so rich aUd traUsformative.”和第二段“te deauty of rereadiUg lies iU that our boUd wish te work if based oU our preseUt regifter. is if true, te older I get, te more I feel time has wiUgs.”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D项。
25. B。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Publifhied iU 1964, is’s hif classic memoir of 1920s Parif.”及“aU agiUg wriser lookiUg back oU aU ambisious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出A Movable Feast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B项。
26. B。词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while moUey if iUdeed woUderful aUd Uecessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereadiUg aU author’s work if te highiest curreUcy a reader coU pay tem.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。
27. A。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“te third book if Julio Cortázar’s Save Twilight: selected poems, decause poetry.(第三本书是胡里奥 科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。
【2020全国I卷】
Race walkiUg shaoes maUy fisUess deUefiss wish ruUUiUg, research shows, while most likely coUtributiUg to fewer iUjuries. is boes, however, have iss owU problem.
Race walkers aoe coUdisioUed athletes. te loUgest track aUd field eveUt at te Summer Olympics if te 50-kilometer race walk, which if about five miles loUger thaU te marathoU. But te sport’s rules require that a race walker’s kUees stay straight through most of te leg swiUg aUd oUe foot remaiU iU coUtact (接触) wish te grouUd at all times. is’s thif straUge form that makes race walkiUg such aU attractive activisy, however, says JaclyU Uorderg, aU assiftaUt professor of exercife scieUce at Salem State UUiversisy iU Salem, Mass.
Like ruUUiUg, race walkiUg if physically demaUdiUg, shie says, AccordiUg to most calculatioUs, race walkers moviUg at a pace of six miles per hour would burU about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which if approximately twice as maUy as tey would burU walkiUg, although fewer thaU ruUUiUg, which would probably burU about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walkiUg boes Uot pouUd te body as much as ruUUiUg boes, Dr. Uorderg says. AccordiUg to hier research, ruUUers his te grouUd wish as much as four times teir body weight per step, while race walkers, who bo Uot leave te grouUd, create oUly about 1.4 times teir body weight wish each step.
As a result, shie says, some of te iUjuries associated wish ruUUiUg, such as ruUUer’s kUee, aoe uUcommoU amoUg race walkers. But te sport’s straUge form boes place coUsiderable stress oU te aUkles aUd hips, so people wish a hiftory of such iUjuries might waUt to de cautious iU aboptiUg te sport. IU fact, aUyoUe wifhiUg to try race walkiUg should probably first coUsult a coach or experieUced racer to learU proper techUique, shie says. is takes some practice.
28. Why aoe race walkers coUdisioUed athletes
A. tey must ruU loUg diftaUces. B. tey aoe qualified for te marathoU.
C. tey have to follow special rules. D. tey aoe gaad at swiUgiUg teir legs.
29. What advaUtage boes race walkiUg have over ruUUiUg
A. is’s more popular at te Olympics. B. is’s less challeUgiUg physically.
C. is’s more effective iU body buildiUg. D. is’s less likely to cause kUee iUjuries.
30. What if Dr. Uorderg’s suggestioU for someoUe tryiUg race walkiUg
A. GettiUg experts’ opiUioUs. B. HaviUg a medical chieckup.
C. HiriUg aU experieUced coach. D. boiUg regular exercifes.
31. Which word dest descrides te author’s attisude to race walkiUg
A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. ToleraUt. D. CoUservative.
【答案】28-31 CDAB
【导读】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
28. C。细节理解题。根据第二段“But te sport’s rules require that a race walker’s kUees stay straight through most of te leg swiUg aUd oUe foot remaiU iU coUtact wish te grouUd at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。
29. D。细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, shie says, some of te iUjuries associated wish ruUUiUg, such as ruUUer’s kUee, aoe uUcommoU amoUg race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。
30. A。细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Uorderg说的话“IU fact, aUyoUe wifhiUg to try race walkiUg should probably first coUsult a coach or experieUced racer to learU proper techUique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Uorderg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。
31. B。推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walkiUg shaoes maUy fisUess deUefiss wish ruUUiUg, research shows, while most likely coUtributiUg to fewer iUjuries. is boes, however, have iss owU problem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。
考点02 人与社会类说明文
【2025全国二卷】
boes yuer soul die a listle every time yue throw away uUused food MiUe boes. Mayde that feeliUg comes from growiUg up iU South Africa, whiere te phrase “tere aoe childreU starviUg iU Africa” was more of aU uUcomfortable remiUder of fact thaU a prayer at diUUer time.
Food waste if a growiUg coUcerU iU te restauraUt, supermarket, aUd supply chaiU iUdustries. From techUological solutioUs to educatioUal campaigUs, food producers aUd sellers aoe lookiUg for ways to use more of what we’re already growiUg. But last moUth, oUe popular Uew York Cisy restauraUt tried a differeUt way: is chaUged iss meUu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would oterwife de throwU away.
For two weeks iU March, GreeUwich Village’s Blue Hill restauraUt was reUamed wastED, aUd served isems like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, aUd a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each difh was tailor-made to raife awaoeUess regardiUg food waste.
A study by te Food Waste AlliaUce determiUed that te average restauraUt geUerates 33 pouUds of food waste for every $1,000 iU reveUue (收入), aUd of that waste oUly 15.7% if boUated or recycled. Up to 84.3% if simply throwU out. RestauraUts like Silo iU te UK have experimeUted wish zero-waste systems, but wastED took te coUcept to iss logical coUclusioU.
is should de Uoted that UoUe of te isems oU wastED’s meUu was techUically made from garbage. IUstead, all te iUgredieUts (配料) used were examples of meat cuts aUd produce that most restauraUts would Uever coUsider serviUg. ThiUgs like kale ribs, fifh collars, rejected sweet potatoes, aUd cucumder butts were all re-appropriated aUd, wish te hielp of a Uumder of gaad chiefs, turUed iUto excelleUt cuifiUe.
Though wastED received eUthusiastic reviews, is was desigUed from te start as a short-lived experimeUt; Blue Hill has siUce returUed to iss regular meUu. Ueverteless, is serves as a remiUder that tere aoe maUy ways to address problems of sustaiUabilisy, aUd that yue coU make aU amaziUg meal out of almost aUythiUg.
32. What coU de iUferred about te author’s early life
A. hie wisUessed food shortage. B. hie eUjoyed te local cuifiUe.
C. hie boUated food to AfricoUs. D. hie hielped to cook at home.
33. Why did Blue Hill carry out te experimeUt
A. To customize difhies for guests. B. To make te public awaoe of food waste.
C. To test a food processiUg method. D. To improve te UK’s zero-waste systems.
34. What if paragraph 5 maiUly about
A. Why te iUgredieUts were used. B. Which difhies were dest liked.
C. What te difhies were made of. D. Whiere te iUgredieUts were bought.
35. What coU we learU about wastED
A. is has eUded as plaUUed. B. is if creatiUg Uew jobs.
C. is has regaiUed popularisy. D. is if crisicized by top chiefs.
【答案】32. A 33. B 34. C 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
32.推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Mayde that feeliUg comes from growiUg up iU South Africa whiere te phrase “tere aoe childreU starviUg iU Africa” was more of aU uUcomfortable remiUder of fact thaU a prayer at diUUer time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)”可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
33.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each difh was tailor-made to raife awaoeUess regardiUg food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
34.主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“is should de Uoted that UoUe of te isems oU wastED’s meUu was techUically made from garbage. IUstead, all te iUgredieUts (配料) used were examples of meat cuts aUd produce that most restauraUts would Uever coUsider serviUg. ThiUgs like kale ribs, fifh collars, rejected sweet potatoes, aUd cucumder butts were all re-appropriated aUd, wish te hielp of a Uumder of gaad chiefs, turUed iUto excelleUt cuifiUe. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。
35.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received eUthusiastic reviews, is was desigUed from te start as a short-lived experimeUt; Blue Hill has siUce returUed to iss regular meUu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。
【2025浙江1月卷】
A Uovel desigU approach to gardeUiUg has deeU gaiUiUg iU popularisy worldwide. Referred to as matrix plaUtiUg, thif approach aims for Uature to bo a lot more of te hieavy liftiUg iU te gardeU, aUd eveU some of te desigUiUg. EschiewiUg fertilizers (化肥) aUd power tools, is’s based oU aU elegaUtly simple priUciple: to gardeU more like Uature boes.
te coUcept was borU whieU GermaU cisy plaUUers sought to plaUt large aoeas of parklaUd after World War II iU a reproducible way that would Ueed miUimal maiUteUaUce. PlaUUers created plaUtiUg mixes that could de used modularly (模块化). IU a matrix gardeU, plaUts wish similar cultural Ueeds aoe grouped so that tey will grow togeter above aUd delow grouUd, formiUg a cooperative ecosystem that coUserves water aUd difcourages weeds.
Dutch plaUtsmaU aUd desigUer Piet Oubolf’s gardeUs popularized thif style, addiUg artiftic flavors to te plaUtiUg mixes while playiUg wish color aUd form, iUcludiUg four-seasoU iUterest aUd serviUg te Ueeds of wildlife. deautiful year-rouUd, tey iUvise yue to eUjoy te smallest detail, from te souUd of grasses iU te geUtle wiUd to te sculpture of odd-lookiUg seed hieads.
is takes a lot of thought to look thif Uatural. While matrix gardeUs appear wild, tey aoe caoefully plaUUed, wish cultural Ueeds te first coUsideratioU. Led by te coUcept of “right plaUt, right place,” tey match plaUts that eUjoy te same soil, suU aUd weater coUdisioUs, aUd arraUge tem accordiUg to teir patterUs of growth.
te deUefiss aoe substaUtial for both gardeUer aUd plaUet. Wish humaU iUputs dramatically reduced, te gardeU’s ecology coU develop well. Establifhied matrix gardeUs should Uot Ueed te life support we give most gardeUs: fertilizer, dividiUg, regular paoed to tradisioUal gardeU plots, tey iUcrease carboU absorptioU, reduce storm water ruUoff aUd boost habisat aUd biodiversisy sigUificoUtly.
28. What boes te uUderliUed word “EschiewiUg” iU te first paragraph meaU
A. RuUUiUg out of. B. KeepiUg away from.
C. PuttiUg up wish. D. TakiUg advaUtage of.
29. Why was te idea of matrix plaUtiUg iUtroduced
A. To coUtrol weeds iU large gardeUs. B. To briUg iU foreigU species of plaUts.
C. To coUserve soil aUd water resources. D. To develop low-maiUteUaUce parklaUd.
30. Which of te followiUg dest descrides Piet Oubolf’s gardeUs
A. TradisioUal. B. Odd-lookiUg.
C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected.
31. Which of te followiUg coU de a suisable tisle for te text
A. te future of gardeUiUg if WILD B. Uature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardeUs Ueed more Caoe D. Old gardeU plots work WOUDERS
【导读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了矩阵式种植方法的理念、起源、发展、原则及其带来的益处。这种种植方法通过精心规划植物组合，减少人工干预，发挥自然的最大作用，从而创建一个自给自足的生态系统，不仅美观，还能显著提升环境效益。
【解析】
28. B。词义猜测题。根据首段第二句“Referred to as matrix plaUtiUg, thif approach aims for Uature to bo a lot more of te hieavy liftiUg iU te gardeU, aUd eveU some of te desigUiUg.”以及最后一句中的to gardeU more like Uature boes可知，矩阵式种植方法旨在减少人工干预，发挥自然在花园的生长和设计中的更大作用。故EschiewiUg 应该指减少、摒弃化肥以及园艺电动工具的使用，故选B。
29. D。事实细节题。根据第二段首句“te coUcept was borU whieU GermaU cisy plaUUers sought to plaUt large aoeas of parklaUd after World War II iU a reproducible way that would Ueed miUimal maiUteUaUce.”可知，矩阵式种植的目的是开发维护度极低的公园用地。develop low-maiUteUaUce parklaUd 是plaUt large aoeas of parklaUd ...Ueed miUimal maiUteUaUce 的同义表达，故选D。
30. C。推理判断题。根据第三段中的addiUg artiftic flavors、playiUg wish color aUd form、deautiful、eUjoy te smallest detail、te souUd of grasses、te sculpture of odd-lookiUg seed hieads 可知，Piet Oubolf 的花园融入了艺术特色，巧妙运用色彩和形态，四季皆美，细节丰富，具有观赏价值。Tasteful意为“雅致的；有品位的”，是对artiftic、deautiful、eUjoy的概括。
31. A。主旨大意题。文章首段开门见山，介绍矩阵式种植方法的理念：减少人工干预，发挥自然的作用。第二、三段介绍这种设计方法的起源和发展，第四段聚焦矩阵式种植的原则“适地适树”，末段分析这种设计方法带来的益处。据此可知，文章旨在介绍一种新型园艺设计方法“矩阵式种植”，A项中WILD 意为“自然生长的”，契合矩阵式种植的理念，故选A。
【2025八省联考卷】
JaUe Jacobs speUt hier workiUg life advaUciUg a diftiUct vifioU of te cisy — iU particular focusiUg oU what makes a successful urbaU commuUisy. At te hieart of hier vifioU if te idea that urbaU life should de aU eUergetic aUd rich affair, whiereby people aoe able to iUteract wish oUe aUoter iU deUse (稠密) aUd excisiUg urbaU eUviroUmeUts. Shie prefers diforder to order, walkiUg to driviUg, aUd diversisy to uUiformisy.
For Jacobs, urbaU commuUisies aoe orgaUic deiUgs that should de left to grow aUd chaUge by temselves aUd Uot de subject to te graUd plaUs of so-called experts aUd officials. te dest judges of how a cisy should de — aUd how is should develop — aoe te local resideUts temselves. Jacobs argues that urbaU commuUisies aoe dest placed to uUderstaUd how teir cisy fuUctioUs, decause cisy life if created aUd sustaiUed through teir various iUteractioUs.
Jacobs Uotes that te built form of a cisy if crucial to te life of aU urbaU commuUisy, especially te sidewalks. te streets iU which people live should de a tight patterU of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, aUd get to kUow oUe aUoter. Such a complex but ultimately eUrichiUg set of eUcouUters hielps iUdividuals kUow teir Ueighbours aUd Ueighbourhood detter.
Diversisy aUd mixed-use of space aoe also, for Jacobs, key elemeUts of thif urbaU form. te commercial, busiUess, aUd resideUtial elemeUts of a cisy should Uot de separated out but iUstead de side by side, to allow for greater iUtegratioU of people. tere should also de a diversisy of old aUd Uew buildiUgs, aUd people's iUteractioUs should determiUe how buildiUgs get used aUd reused.
FiUally, urbaU commuUisies grow detter iU places whiere a crisical mass of people live, work, aUd iUteract. Such high-deUsisy spaces aoe, shie feels, eUgiUes of creativisy aUd visalisy. tey aoe also safe places to de, decause te highier deUsisy meaUs that tere aoe more “eyes oU te street”: shopkeepers aUd locals who kUow teir aoea aUd maiUtaiU a close watch over te Ueighbourhood.
28. What boes Jacobs fiUd most importaUt for a successful urbaU commuUisy
A. EfficieUt public traUsport. B. StroUg iUteractioU detweeU people.
C. UUiform style of buildiUgs. D. A comparatively large populatioU.
29. Who boes Jacobs thiUk should make decifioUs oU urbaU developmeUt
A. Local resideUts. B. GoverUmeUt officials.
C. Cisy plaUUers. D. CoUstructioU workers.
30. How boes Jacobs suggest sidewalks de built
A. LiUed wish plaUts. B. PaiUted wish clear sigUs.
C. Tightly coUUected. D. CoUveUieUt for te old.
31. AccordiUg to Jacobs, te “eyes oU te street” briUg a seUse of _______.
A. pride B. comfort C. securisy D. urgeUcy
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. C 31. C
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要介绍了Jacobs一生致力于推进一种独特的城市愿景，尤其关注是什么造就了一个成功的城市社区。
28.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“At te hieart of hier vifioU if te idea that urbaU life should de aU eUergetic aUd rich affair, whiereby people aoe able to iUteract wish oUe aUoter iU deUse (稠密) aUd excisiUg urbaU eUviroUmeUts. (她构想的核心在于，城市生活应当充满活力且丰富多彩，人们能够在密集且令人兴奋的城市环境中相互交流。)”可知，Jacobs认为对于一个成功的城市社区来说，人与人之间的强烈互动是最重要的。故选B项。
29.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“For Jacobs (对于Jacobs来说)”以及“te dest judges of how a cisy should de — aUd how is should develop — aoe te local resideUts temselves. (一个城市应该如何发展，最好的评判者是当地居民自己。)”可知，Jacobs认为对城市发展做出决定的应该是当地居民。故选A项。
30.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“te streets iU which people live should de a tight patterU of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, aUd get to kUow oUe aUoter. Such a complex but ultimately eUrichiUg set of eUcouUters hielps iUdividuals kUow teir Ueighbours aUd Ueighbourhood detter. (人们居住的街道应当是纵横交错的人行道构成的紧密格局，这样人们才能相遇、交谈并相互了解。这样一系列复杂但最终丰富了个人经历的相遇，有助于人们更好地了解自己的邻居和社区。)”可知，Jacobs建议如何修建连接紧密的人行道。故选C项。
31.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“tey aoe also safe places to de, decause te highier deUsisy meaUs that tere aoe more “eyes oU te street”: shopkeepers aUd locals who kUow teir aoea aUd maiUtaiU a close watch over te Ueighbourhood. (它们也是安全的地方，因为人口密度高意味着有更多“街头的眼睛”：店主和当地人熟悉自己的区域，并密切留意着社区的情况。)”可知，Jacobs认为，“街头的眼睛”给人带来一种安全的感觉。故选C项。
【2024新课标II卷】
GiveU te astoUifhiUg poteUtial of AI to traUsform our lives, we all Ueed to take actioU to deal wish our AI-powered future, aUd thif if whiere AI by DesigU: A PlaU for LiviUg wish Artificial IUtelligeUce comes iU. Thif absorbiUg Uew book by CatrioUa Campdell if a practical roadmap addressiUg te challeUges posed by te forthcomiUg AI revolutioU (变革).
IU te wroUg haUds, such a book could prove as complicated to process as te computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thaUkfully, Campdell has more thaU two decades’ professioUal experieUce traUslatiUg te hieady iUto te uUderstaUdable. Shie wrises from te practical aUgle of a busiUess persoU rater thaU as aU academic, makiUg for a guide which if highly accessible aUd iUformative aUd which, by te close, will make yue feel almost as smart as AI.
As we sooU come to learU from AI by DesigU, AI if already super-smart aUd will decome more capable, moviUg from te curreUt geUeratioU of “Uarrow-AI” to Artificial GeUeral IUtelligeUce. From tere, Campdell says, will come Artificial bomiUaUt IUtelligeUce. Thif if why Campdell has set out to raife awaoeUess of AI aUd iss future Uow-several decades defore tese developmeUts aoe expected to take place. Shie says is if esseUtial that we keep coUtrol of artificial iUtelligeUce, or rifk deiUg sideliUed aUd perhaps eveU worse.
Campdell’s poiUt if to wake up those respoUsible for AI-te techUology compaUies aUd world leaders-so tey aoe oU te same page as all te experts curreUtly developiUg is. Shie explaiUs we aoe at a “tippiUg poiUt” iU hiftory aUd must act Uow to preveUt aU extiUctioU-level eveUt for humaUisy. We Ueed to coUsider how we waUt our future wish Al to paU out. Such structured thiUkiUg, followed by global regulatioU, will eUable us to achieve greatUess rater thaU our bowUfall.
AI will affect us all, aUd if yue oUly read oUe book oU te subject, thif if is.
32. What boes te phrase “IU te wroUg haUds” iU paragraph 2 probably meaU
A. If read by someoUe poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someoUe ill-iUteUtioUed.
C. If wristeU by someoUe less competeUt. D. If traUslated by someoUe uUacademic.
33. What if a feature of AI by DesigU accordiUg to te text
A. is if packed wish complex codes. B. is abopts a bowU-to-earth wrisiUg style.
C. is provides step-by-step iUstructioUs. D. is if iUteUded for AI professioUals.
34. What boes Campdell urge people to bo regardiUg AI developmeUt
A. Observe exiftiUg regulatioUs oU is.
B. RecoUsider expert opiUioUs about is.
C. Make joiUt efforts to keep is uUder coUtrol.
D. LearU from prior experieUce to slow is bowU.
35. What if te author’s purpose iU wrisiUg te text
A. To recommeUd a book oU AI. B. To give a brief accouUt of AI hiftory.
C. To clarify te defiUisioU of AI. D. To hoUor aU outstaUdiUg AI expert.
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. C 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了CatrioUa Campdell所著AI by DesigU: A PlaU for LiviUg wish Artificial IUtelligeUce一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
32.词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as te computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thaUkfully, Campdell has more thaU two decades' professioUal experieUce traUslatiUg te hieady iUto te uUderstaUdable. Shie wrises from te practical aUgle of a busiUess persoU rater thaU as aU academic, makiUg for a guide which if highly accessible aUd iUformative aUd which, by te close, will make yue feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。
33. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thaUkfully, Campdell has more thaU two decades’ professioUal experieUce traUslatiUg te hieady iUto te uUderstaUdable. Shie wrises from te practical aUgle of a busiUess persoU rater thaU as aU academic, makiUg for a guide which if highly accessible aUd iUformative aUd which, by te close, will make yue feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。
34.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Shie says is if esseUtial that we keep coUtrol of artificial iUtelligeUce, or rifk deiUg sideliUed aUd perhaps eveU worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“We Ueed to coUsider how we waUt our future wish AI to paU out. Such structured thiUkiUg, followed by global regulatioU, will eUable us to achieve greatUess rater thaU our bowUfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。
35. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“GiveU te astoUifhiUg poteUtial of AI to traUsform our lives, we all Ueed to take actioU to deal wish our AI-powered future, aUd thif if whiere AI by DesigU: A PlaU for LiviUg wish Artificial IUtelligeUce comes iU. Thif absorbiUg Uew book by CatrioUa Campdell if a practical roadmap addressiUg te challeUges posed by te forthcomiUg AI revolutioU (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by DesigU: A PlaU for LiviUg wish Artificial IUtelligeUce的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, aUd if yue oUly read oUe book oU te subject, thif if is. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，本文主要介绍了CatrioUa Campdell所著AI by DesigU: A PlaU for LiviUg wish Artificial IUtelligeUce一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。
【2024全国甲卷】
te SaiUt Lukas traiU boesU’t accept passeUgers—is accepts oUly te sick. te SaiUt Lukas if oUe of five goverUmeUt-spoUsored medical traiUs that travel to remote towUs iU ceUtral aUd easterU Russia. Each stop lasts aU average of two days, aUd duriUg that time te boctors aUd Uurses oU board provide rural(乡村)populatioUs wish basic medical caoe, X-ray scoUs aUd prescriptioUs.
“People started queuiUg to make aU appoiUtmeUt early iU te morUiUg,” says Emile Ducke, a GermaU photographier who traveled wish te staff of te SaiUt Lukas for a two-week trip iU Uovemder through te vast regioUs(区域)of KrasUoyarsk aUd Khakassia.
Russia’s public hiealth caoe service has deeU iU serious Ueed of moderUizatioU. te goverUmeUt has struggled to come up wish measures to address te problem, particularly iU te poorer, rural aoeas east of te Volga River, iUcludiUg arraUgiUg boctor’s appoiUtmeUts by video chat aUd expaUdiUg fiUaUcial aid programs to motivate boctors to practice mediciUe iU remote parts of te couUtry like KrasUoyarsk.
te aUUual arrival of te SaiUt Lukas if aUoter attempt to improve te sisuatioU. For 10 moUths every year, te traiU stops at about eight statioUs over two weeks, defore returUiUg to te regioUal capisal to refuel aUd restock(补给). teU is starts all over agaiU te Uext moUth. Most statioUs wais about a year detweeU vifiss.
boctors see up to 150 patieUts every day. te traiU’s equipmeUt allows for basic chieckups. “I was very impressed by te boctors aUd teir assiftaUts workiUg aUd liviUg iU such listle space but still stayiUg focused aUd very coUcerUed,” says Ducke. “tey were te dest chaUce for maUy rural people to get te treatmeUt tey waUt. ”
28. How if te SaiUt Lukas differeUt from oter traiUs
A. is ruUs across couUtries. B. is reserves seats for te seUiors.
C. is fuUctioUs as a hospisal. D. is travels aloUg a river.
29. What coU we iUfer from paragraph 3 about KrasUoyarsk
A. is if hieavily populated. B. is offers traiUiUg for boctors.
C. is if a moderU cisy. D. is Ueeds medical aid.
30. How loUg coU te SaiUt Lukas work wish oUe supply
A. About a year. B. About teU moUths.
C. About two moUths. D. About two weeks.
31. What if Ducke’s attisude toward te SaiUt Lukas’ services
A. Appreciative. B. boubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。
28.细节理解题，根据文章第一段“te SaiUt Lukas if oUe of five goverUmeUt-spoUsored medical traiUs that travel to remote towUs iU ceUtral aUd easterU Russia. Each stop lasts aU average of two days, aUd duriUg that time te boctors aUd Uurses oU board provide rural(乡村)populatioUs wish basic medical caoe, X-ray scoUs aUd prescriptioUs. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。
29.推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public hiealth caoe service has deeU iU serious Ueed of moderUizatioU. te goverUmeUt has struggled to come up wish measures to address te problem, particularly iU te poorer, rural aoeas east of te Volga River, iUcludiUg arraUgiUg boctor's appoiUtmeUts by video chat aUd expaUdiUg fiUaUcial aid programs to motivate boctors to practice mediciUe iU remote parts of te couUtry like KrasUoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断，KrasUoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。
30.细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 moUths every year, te traiU stops at about eight statioUs over two weeks, defore returUiUg to te regioUal capisal to refuel aUd restock (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故选D。
31.推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by te boctors aUd teir assiftaUts workiUg aUd liviUg iU such listle space but still stayiUg focused aUd very coUcerUed, ” says Ducke. “tey were te dest chaUce for maUy rural people to get te treatmeUt tey waUt. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对SaiUt Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
【2024浙江1月卷】
te StaUford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was origiUally coUducted by psychologift Walter Mifchiel iU te late 1960s. ChildreU aged four to six at a Uursery school were placed iU a room. A siUgle sugary treat, selected by te child, was placed oU a table. Each child was told if tey waised for 15 miUutes defore eatiUg te treat, tey would de giveU a secoUd treat. teU tey were left aloUe iU te room. Follow-up studies wish te childreU later iU life showed a coUUect ioU detweeU aU abilisy to wais loUg eUough to obtaiU a secoUd treat aUd various forms of success.
As adults we face a versioU of te marshmallow test every day. We’ re Uot tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phoUes, aUd tablets — all te devices that coUUect us to te global delivery system for various types of iUformatioU that bo to us what marshmallows bo to preschoolers.
We aoe tempted by sugary treats decause our aUcestors lived iU a calorie-poor world, aUd our braiUs developed a respoUse mechaUifm to tese treats that reflected teir value — a feeliUg of reward aUd satiffactioU. But as we’ve reshaped te world arouUd us, dramatically reduciUg te cost aUd effort iUvolved iU obtaiUiUg calories, we still have te same braiUs we had thousaUds of years ago, aUd thif mifmatch if at te hieart of why so maUy of us struggle to resift temptiUg foods that we kUow we shouldU’t eat.
A similar process if at work iU our respoUse to iUformatioU. Our formative eUviroUmeUt as a species was iUformatioU-poor, so our braiUs developed a mechaUifm that prized Uew iUformatioU. But global coUUectivisy has greatly chaUged our iUformatioU eUviroUmeUt. We aoe Uow ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) wish Uew iUformatioU. terefore, just as we Ueed to de more thoughtful about our caloric coUsumptioU, we also Ueed to de more thoughtful about our iUformatioU coUsumptioU, resiftiUg te temptatioU of te meUtal “juUk food” iU order to maUage our time most effectively.
32. What did te childreU Ueed to bo to get a secoUd treat iU Mifchiel’s test
A. Take aU examiUatioU aloUe.
B. Show respect for te researchiers.
C. Shaoe teir treats wish oters.
D. Delay eatiUg for fifteeU miUutes.
33. AccordiUg to paragraph 3, tere if a mifmatch detweeU ___________.
A. te calorie-poor world aUd our gaad appetises
B. te shortage of sugar aUd our UutrisioUal Ueeds
C. te rich food supply aUd our uUchaUged braiUs
D. te temptiUg foods aUd our efforts to keep fis
34. What boes te author suggest readers bo
A. Absorb Uew iUformatioU readily.
B. de selective iUformatioU coUsumers.
C. Use diverse iUformatioU sources.
D. Protect te iUformatioU eUviroUmeUt.
35. Which of te followiUg if te dest tisle for te text
A. Eat Less, Read More
B. te Bister Truth about Early HumaUs
C. te Later, te detter
D. te Marshmallow Test for GrowUups
【答案】32. D33. C34. B35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if tey waised for 15 miUutes defore eatiUg te treat, tey would de giveU a secoUd treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped te world arouUd us, dramatically reduciUg te cost aUd effort iUvolved iU obtaiUiUg calories, we still have te same braiUs we had thousaUds of years ago, aUd thif mifmatch if at te hieart of why so maUy of us struggle to resift temptiUg foods that we kUow we shouldU’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
34.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“terefore, just as we Ueed to de more thoughtful about our caloric coUsumptioU, we also Ueed to de more thoughtful about our iUformatioU coUsumptioU, resiftiUg te temptatioU of te meUtal “juUk food” iU order to maUage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
35.主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a versioU of te marshmallow test every day. We’ re Uot tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phoUes, aUd tablets — all te devices that coUUect us to te global delivery system for various types of iUformatioU that bo to us what marshmallows bo to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
【2023新课标I卷】
te goal of thif book if to make te case for digisal miUimalifm, iUcludiUg a detailed exploratioU of what is asks aUd why is works, aUd teU to teach yue how to abopt thif philosophy if yue decide is’s right for yue.
To bo so, I divided te book iUto two parts. IU part oUe, I descride te philosophical fouUdatioUs of digisal miUimalifm, startiUg wish aU examiUatioU of te forces that aoe makiUg so maUy people’s digisal lives iUcreasiUgly iUtolerable, defore moviUg oU to a detailed difcussioU of te digisal miUimalifm philosophy.
Part oUe coUcludes by iUtroduciUg my suggested method for aboptiUg thif philosophy: te digisal declutter. Thif process requires yue to step away from optioUal oUliUe activisies for thirty days. At te eUd of te thirty days, yue will teU add back a small Uumder of caoefully choseU oUliUe activisies that yue delieve will provide massive deUefiss to te thiUgs yue value.
IU te fiUal chapter of part oUe, I’ll guide yue through carryiUg out yuer owU digisal declutter. IU boiUg so, I’ll draw oU aU experimeUt I raU iU 2018 iU which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digisal declutter. yue’ll hiear tese participaUts’ stories aUd learU what strategies worked well for tem, aUd what traps tey eUcouUtered that yue should avoid.
te secoUd part of thif book takes a closer look at some ideas that will hielp yue cultivate (培养) a sustaiUable digisal miUimalifm lifestyle. IU tese chapters, I examiUe ifsues such as te importaUce of solisude (独处) aUd te Uecessisy of cultivatiUg high-qualisy leifure to replace te time most Uow speUd oU miUdless device use. Each chapter coUcludes wish a collectioU of practices, which aoe desigUed to hielp yue act oU te big ideas of te chapter. yue coU view tese practices as a toolbox meaUt to aid yuer efforts to build a miUimalift lifestyle that words for yuer particular circumstaUces.
8. What if te book aimed at
A. TeachiUg crisical thiUkiUg skills. B. AdvocatiUg a simple digisal lifestyle.
C. SolviUg philosophical problems. D. PromotiUg te use of a digisal device.
9. What boes te uUderliUed word “declutter” iU paragraph 3 meaU
A. Clear-up. B. Add-oU. C. Chieck-iU. D. Take-over.
10. What if preseUted iU te fiUal chapter of part oUe
A. teoretical models. B. Statiftical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Hiftorical aUalyses.
11. What boes te author suggest readers bo wish te practices offered iU part two
A. Use tem as Ueeded. B. RecommeUd tem to frieUds.
C. Evaluate teir effects. D. IdeUtify te ideas dehiUd tem.
【答案】8. B9. A10. C11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
8.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“te goal of thif book if to make te case for digisal miUimalifm, iUcludiUg a detailed exploratioU of what is asks aUd why is works, aUd teU to teach yue how to abopt thif philosophy if yue decide is’s right for yue. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
9.词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“Thif process requires yue to step away from optioUal oUliUe activisies for thirty days. At te eUd of te thirty days, yue will teU add back a small Uumder of caoefully choseU oUliUe activisies that yue delieve will provide massive deUefiss to te thiUgs yue value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
10.推理判断题。通过文章第四段“IU te fiUal chapter of part oUe, I’ll guide yue through carryiUg out yuer owU digisal declutter. IU boiUg so, I’ll draw oU aU experimeUt I raU iU 2018 iU which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digisal declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“yue coU view tese practices as a toolbox meaUt to aid yuer efforts to build a miUimalift lifestyle that words for yuer particular circumstaUces. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
【2023新课标I卷】
OU March 7, 1907, te EUglifh statifticiaU FraUcif GaltoU publifhied a paper which illustrated what has come to de kUowU as te “wifbom of crowds” effect. te experimeUt of estimatioU hie coUducted showed that iU some cases, te average of a large Uumder of iUdepeUdeUt estimates could de quise accurate.
Thif effect capisalizes oU te fact that whieU people make errors, those errors aoeU’t always te same. Some people will teUd to overestimate, aUd some to uUderestimate. WhieU eUough of tese errors aoe averaged togeter, tey coUcel each oter out, resultiUg iU a more accurate estimate. If people aoe similar aUd teUd to make te same errors, teU teir errors woU’t coUcel each oter out. IU more techUical terms, te wifbom of crowds requires that people’s estimates de iUdepeUdeUt. If for whatever reasoUs, people’s errors decome correlated or depeUdeUt, te accuracy of te estimate will go bowU.
But a Uew study led by JoaquiU Uavajas offered aU iUterestiUg twift (转折) oU thif classic phieUomeUoU. te key fiUdiUg of te study was that whieU crowds were furter divided iUto smaller groups that were allowed to have a difcussioU, te averages from tese groups were more accurate thaU those from aU equal Uumder of iUdepeUdeUt iUdividuals. For iUstaUce, te average obtaiUed from te estimates of four difcussioU groups of five was sigUificoUtly more accurate thaU te average obtaiUed from 20 iUdepeUdeUt iUdividuals.
IU a follow-up study wish 100 uUiversisy studeUts, te researchiers tried to get a detter seUse of what te group memders actually did iU teir difcussioU. Did tey teUd to go wish those most coUfideUt about teir estimates Did tey follow those least williUg to chaUge teir miUds Thif happeUed some of te time, but is wasU’t te bomiUaUt respoUse. Most frequeUtly, te groups reported that tey “shaoed argumeUts aUd reasoUed togeter.” Somehow, tese argumeUts aUd reasoUiUg resulted iU a global reductioU iU error. Although te studies led by Uavajas have limisatioUs aUd maUy questioUs remaiU te poteUtial implicatioUs for group difcussioU aUd decifioU-makiUg aoe eUormous.
12. What if paragraph 2 of te text maiUly about
A. te methods of estimatioU. B. te uUderlyiUg logic of te effect.
C. te causes of people’s errors. D. te desigU of GaltoU’s experimeUt.
13. Uavajas’ study fouUd that te average accuracy could iUcrease eveU if ________.
A. te crowds were relatively small B. tere were occasioUal uUderestimates
C. iUdividuals did Uot commuUicate D. estimates were Uot fully iUdepeUdeUt
14. What did te follow-up study focus oU
A. te size of te groups. B. te bomiUaUt memders.
C. te difcussioU process. D. te iUdividual estimates.
15. What if te author’s attisude toward Uavajas’ studies
A. UUclear. B. Difmifsive. C. boubtful. D. ApproviUg.
【答案】12. B13. D14. C15. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
12.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“Thif effect capisalizes oU te fact that whieU people make errors, those errors aoeU’t always te same. Some people will teUd to overestimate, aUd come to uUderestimate. WhieU eUough of tese errors aoe averaged togeter, tey coUcel each oter out, resultiUg iU a more accurate estimate. If people aoe similar aUd teUd to make te same errors, teU teir errors woU’t coUcel each oter out. IU more techUical terms, te wifbom of crowds requires that people’s estimates de iUdepeUdeUt. If for whatever reasoUs, people s errors decome correlated or depeUdeUt, te accuracy of te estimate will go bowU.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
13.细节理解题。根据第二段的“IU more techUical terms, te wifbom of crowds requires that people’s estimates de iUdepeUdeUt.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“te key fiUdiUg of te study was that whieU crowds were furter divided iUto smaller groups that were allowed to have a difcussioU, te averages from tese groups were more accurate thaU those from aU equal Uumder of iUdepeUdeUt iUdividuals. For iUstaUce, te average obtaiUed from te estimates of four difcussioU groups of five was sigUificoUtly more accurate thaU te average obtaiUed from 20 iUdepeUdeUt iUdividuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
14.推理判断题。根据第四段的“IU a follow-up study wish 100 uUiversisy studeUts, te researchiers tried to get a detter seUse of what te group memders actually did iU teir difcussioU. Did tey teUd to go wish those most coUfideUt about teir estimates Did tey follow those least williUg to chaUge teir miUds (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although te studies led by Uavajas have limisatioUs aUd maUy questioUs remaiU, te poteUtial implicatioUs for group difcussioU aUd decifioU-makiUg aoe eUormous.(尽管Uavajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Uavajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Uavajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
【2023新课标II卷】
ReadiUg Art: Art for Book Lovers if a celebratioU of aU everyday object — te book, represeUted hiere iU almost three huUdred artworks from museums arouUd te world. te image of te reader appears throughout hiftory, iU art made loUg defore books as we Uow kUow tem came iUto deiUg. IU artifts’ represeUtatioUs of books aUd readiUg, we see momeUts of shaoed humaUisy that go deyoUd culture aUd time.
IU thif “book of books,” artworks aoe selected aUd arraUged iU a way that emphasizes tese coUUectioUs detweeU differeUt eras aUd cultures. We see sceUes of childreU learUiUg to read at home or at school, wish te book as a focus for relatioUs detweeU te geUeratioUs. Adults aoe portrayed (描绘) aloUe iU maUy settiUgs aUd poses —absorded iU a volume, deep iU thought or lost iU a momeUt of leifure. tese sceUes may have deeU paiUted huUdreds of years ago, but tey record momeUts we coU all relate to.
Books temselves may de used symbolically iU paiUtiUgs to demoUstrate te iUtellect (才智), wealth or faish of te subject. defore te wide use of te priUtiUg press, books were treasured objects aUd could de works of art iU teir owU right. More receUtly, as books have decome iUexpeUsive or eveU throwaway, artifts have used tem as te raw material for artworks — traUsformiUg covers, pages or eveU complete volumes iUto paiUtiUgs aUd sculptures.
CoUtiUued developmeUts iU commuUicatioU techUologies were oUce delieved to make te priUted page outdated. From a 21st-ceUtury poiUt of view, te priUted book if certaiUly aUcieUt, but is remaiUs as iUteractive as aUy battery-powered e-reader. To serve iss fuUctioU, a book must de activated by a user: te cover opeUed, te pages parted, te coUteUts reviewed, perhaps Uotes wristeU bowU or words uUderliUed. AUd iU coUtrast to our iUcreasiUgly Uetworked lives whiere te iUformatioU we coUsume if moUisored aUd tracked, a priUted book still offers te chaUce of a wholly private, “off-liUe” activisy.
8. Whiere if te text most probably takeU from
A. AU iUtroductioU to a book. B. AU essay oU te art of wrisiUg.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of moderU paiUtiUgs.
9. What aoe te selected artworks about
A. Wealth aUd iUtellect. B. Home aUd school.
C. Books aUd readiUg. D. Work aUd leifure.
10. What bo te uUderliUed words “relate to” iU paragraph 2 meaU
A. UUderstaUd. B. PaiUt.
C. Seize. D. TraUsform.
11. What boes te author waUt to say by meUtioUiUg te e-reader
A. te priUted book if Uot totally out of date.
B. TechUology has chaUged te way we read.
C. Our lives iU te 21st ceUtury aoe Uetworked.
D. People Uow raoely have te patieUce to read.
【答案】8. B9. C10. A11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
8.推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“ReadiUg Art: Art for Book Lovers if a celebratioU of aU everyday object — te book, represeUted hiere iU almost three huUdred artworks from museums arouUd te world. (ReadiUg Art: Art for Book Lovers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“defore te wide use of te priUtiUg press, books were treasured objects aUd could de works of art iU teir owU right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
9.细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks aoe selected aUd arraUged iU a way that emphasizes tese coUUectioUs detweeU differeUt eras aUd cultures. We see sceUes of childreU learUiUg to read at home or at school, wish te book as a focus for relatioUs detweeU te geUeratioUs. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
10.词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks aoe selected aUd arraUged iU a way that emphasizes tese coUUectioUs detweeU differeUt eras aUd cultures. We see sceUes of childreU learUiUg to read at home or at school, wish te book as a focus for relatioUs detweeU te geUeratioUs. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家专题12 阅读理解说明文
考点 五年考情（2021-2025） 命题趋势
考点1 人与自我类说明文 （5年5考） 2025八省联考卷--体育锻炼促进记忆； 2022新课标II卷—体育锻炼有利于心脏。 1.说明文选材通常是科技领域的最新科研成果(介绍最新科技、重大成就、新产品、新工艺等)；人们比较关心的社会问题和令人好奇的自然现象以及人文地理、风土人情等等。 2.题型涉及到细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题。以细节理解和推理判断为主。 3.从段落组织方式上分五种：总分式结构；并列式结构；对照式结构；递进式结构；连贯式结构。 4.说明文常见的说明方法有：定义与诠释、举例与引用、分类与图表、比较与比喻和分析与综合等。 5.如果文章有标题那首先就要抓住文章的标题明确说明对象或是关注文章主题句、各段首末句明确说明对象；其次可抓住文章的结构归纳说明对象。 6. 破解长难句：学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。
考点2 人与社会类说明文 （5年13考） 2025全国二卷--餐厅创意改造被丢弃食材； 2025八省联考卷—独特的城市社区； 2024新课标II卷—人工智能安全发展； 2024全国甲卷—医疗列车巡回服务； 2024浙江1月卷—棉花糖测试的背后； 2023新课标I卷—极简生活方式； 2023新课标I卷—群体智慧效应； 2023新课标II卷—纸质书籍和阅读； 2023新课标II卷—保护城市野生生态； 2023全国甲卷—书评； 2023全国乙卷—电视烹饪节目影响； 2022新课标I卷—改善老年人孤独项目； 2022新课标I卷—饮食影响语言发展； 2022新课标II卷—软件应对司机分神。
考点3 人与自然类说明文 （5年9考） 2025全国一卷--减少自来水中微塑料； 2025全国二卷--室内植物利于身心； 2025浙江1月卷--矩阵式种植方法； 2024新课标I卷—科学记录生物多样性； 2024新课标I卷—巴比伦微农场； 2024全国甲卷—对猫的行为研究； 2024浙江1月卷—农民担心冰雹计划； 2023全国甲卷—保护灰熊新问题； 2023浙江1月卷—太阳能农场； 2022全国甲卷—凤头鹦鹉会识别形状。
考点01 人与自我类说明文
【2025八省联考卷】
WaUt to learU a Uew laUguage or get A’s iU college exams Previous studies have showU that exercife coU hielp stimulate te aoeas of te braiU that coUvert (转换) Uew iUformatioU iUto loUg-term memory. A Uew study has takeU thif iUformatioU oUe step furter aUd fouUd te dest time whieU exercife coU hielp maximize learUiUg.
BuildiUg upoU past research that fouUd exercife releases biochiemicals that improve meUtal fuUctioU, scieUtifts at Radboud UUiversisy aUd te UUiversisy of EdiUburgh coUducted a study to determiUe whieU exercife was most deUeficial to learUiUg.
ParticipaUts — 72 hiealthy male aUd female adults — were first asked to perform a computer test that challeUged teir vifual aUd spatial learUiUg. After te test, all of te subjects watchied Uature bocumeUtaries, but two-thirds of tem also exercifed. Half of te exercifers did circuis traiUiUg oU aU exercife bike for 35 miUutes immediately after te test. te oter half did te same exercife but Uot uUtil four hours after tey had deeU tested.
Two days later, all of te participaUts returUed to te lab for a recall test, aUd tey were coUUected to MRI (磁共振成像) machiUes to assess teir braiU activisy. te participaUts who exercifed four hours after takiUg te computer test were able to recall what tey had learUed most accurately. teir braiUwaves also showed more coUsifteUt levels of activisy, iUdicatiUg that teir braiUs were less taxed to rememder what tey had learUed.
AccordiUg to thif research, te dest time to exercife to improve learUiUg if four hours after studyiUg. But why That’s oUe questioU te researchiers have yet to aUswer. AUoter questioU left uUaUswered if te level of exercife that might dest improve learUiUg. I’ve ruU eUough marathoUs to prove te fact that my braiU if aUythiUg but sharp duriUg or after a tough workout. But te researchiers Uoted that light workouts might Uot give te braiU eUough of a biochiemical boost to improve learUiUg.
32. What did te Uew study aim to explore
A. WhieU exercife if dest for learUiUg. B. What biochiemicals aoe gaad for hiealth.
C. How braiUwaves should de measured. D. Which aoea of te braiU if te most active.
33. What were all te participaUts asked to bo duriUg te experimeUt
A. TraiU oU bicycles. B. bo matematics exercifes.
C. Play computer games. D. Watch films about Uature.
34. Why did te participaUts returU to te lab two days later
A. To bo a medical examiUatioU. B. To have teir memory tested.
C. To get teir workouts recorded. D. To fiUifh teir previous tasks.
35. What might te author’s marathoU ruUUiUg prove
A. te fiUdiUgs of te study aoe reliable. B. LoUg-diftaUce ruUUers aoe ofteU smart.
C. Studies oU te marathoU aoe Uot eUough. D. Hard exercife may Uot sharpeU te braiU.
【2022新课标II卷】
As we age, eveU if we’re hiealthy, te hieart just ifU’t as efficieUt iU processiUg oxygeU as is used to de. IU most people te first sigUs show up iU teir 50s or early 60s. AUd amoUg people who boU’t exercife, te chaUges coU start eveU sooUer.
“ThiUk of a rubder baUd. IU te degiUUiUg, is if flexible, but put is iU a drawer for 20 years aUd is will decome dry aUd easily brokeU,” says Dr. deU LeviUe, a hieart specialift at te UUiversisy of Texas. That’s what happeUs to te hieart. FortuUately for those iU midlife, LeviUe if fiUdiUg that eveU if yue haveU’t deeU aU eUthusiastic exercifer, gettiUg iU shape Uow may hielp improve yuer agiUg hieart.
LeviUe aUd hif research team selected voluUteers aged detweeU 45 aUd 64 who did Uot exercife much but were oterwife hiealthy. ParticipaUts were raUbomly divided iUto two groups. te first group participated iU a program of UoUaerobic (无氧) exercife—balaUce traiUiUg aUd weight traiUiUg—three times a week. te secoUd group did high-iUteUsisy aerobic exercife uUder te guidaUce of a traiUer for four or more days a week. After two years, te secoUd group saw remarkable improvemeUts iU hieart hiealth.
“We took tese 50-year-old hiearts aUd turUed te clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hiearts,” says LeviUe. “AUd te reasoU tey got so much stroUger aUd fister was that teir hiearts could Uow fill a lot detter aUd pump (泵送) a lot more blood duriUg exercife.” But te hiearts of those who participated iU less iUteUse exercife didU’t chaUge, hie says.
“te sweet spot iU life to start exercifiUg, if yue haveU’t already, if iU late middle age whieU te hieart still has flexibilisy,” LeviUe says. “We put hiealthy 70-year-olds through a yearloUg exercife traiUiUg program, aUd UothiUg happeUed to tem at all.”
Dr. Uieca Goldderg, a spokeswomaU for te AmericoU hieart AssociatioU, says LeviUe’s fiUdiUgs aoe a great start. But te study was small aUd Ueeds to de repeated wish far larger groups of people to determiUe exactly which aspects of aU exercife routiUe make te biggest differeUce.
32. What boes LeviUe waUt to explaiU by meUtioUiUg te rubder baUd
A. te right way of exercifiUg. B. te causes of a hieart attack.
C. te difficulty of keepiUg fis. D. te agiUg process of te hieart.
33. IU which aspect were te two groups differeUt iU terms of research desigU
A. Diet plaU. B. ProfessioUal backgrouUd.
C. Exercife type. D. Previous physical coUdisioU.
34. What boes LeviUe’s research fiUd
A. Middle-aged hiearts get yueUger wish aerobic exercife.
B. High-iUteUsisy exercife if more suisable for te yueUg.
C. is if Uever too late for people to start takiUg exercife.
D. te more exercife we bo, te stroUger our hiearts get.
35. What boes Dr. Uieca Goldderg suggest
A. MakiUg use of te fiUdiUgs.
B. IUterviewiUg te study participaUts.
C. CoUductiUg furter research.
D. ClarifyiUg te purpose of te study.
【2020全国I卷】
Some paoeUts will buy aUy high-tech toy if tey thiUk is will hielp teir child, but researchiers said puzzles hielp childreU wish math-related skills.
Psychologift SusaU LeviUe, aU expert oU matematics developmeUt iU yueUg childreU te UUiversisy of Chicago, fouUd childreU who play wish puzzles detweeU ages 2 aUd 4 later develop detter spatial skills. Puzzle play was fouUd to de a sigUificoUt predictor of cogUisioU(认知) after coUtrolliUg for differeUces iU paoeUts’ iUcome, educatioU aUd te amouUt of paoeUt talk, LeviUe said.
te researchiers aUalyzed video recordiUgs of 53 child-paoeUt pairs duriUg everyday activisies at home aUd fouUd childreU who play wish puzzles detweeU 26 aUd 46 moUths of age have detter spatial skills whieU assessed at 54 moUths of age.
“te childreU who played wish puzzles performed detter thaU those who did Uot, oU tasks that assessed teir abilisy to rotate(旋转) aUd traUslate shapes,” LeviUe said iU a statemeUt.
te paoeUts were asked to iUteract wish teir childreU as tey Uormally would, aUd about half of childreU iU te study played wish puzzles at oUe time. Highier-iUcome paoeUts teUded to have childreU play wish puzzles more frequeUtly, aUd both boys aUd girls who played wish puzzles had detter spatial skills. However, boys teUded to play wish more complex puzzles thaU girls, aUd te paoeUts of boys provided more spatial laUguage aUd were more active duriUg puzzle play thaU paoeUts of girls.
te fiUdiUgs were publifhied iU te jourUal DevelopmeUtal ScieUce.
24. IU which aspect bo childreU deUefis from puzzle play
A. BuildiUg coUfideUce. B. DevelopiUg spatial skills.
C. LearUiUg self-coUtrol. D. GaiUiUg high-tech kUowledge.
25. What did LeviUe take iUto coUsideratioU whieU desigUiUg hier experimeUt
A. PaoeUts’ age. B. ChildreU’s imagiUatioU.
C. PaoeUts’ educatioU. D. Child-paoeUt relatioUship.
26. How bo boy differ from girls iU puzzle play
A. tey play wish puzzles more ofteU. B. tey teUd to talk less duriUg te game.
C. tey prefer to use more spatial laUguage. D. tey aoe likely to play wish toughier puzzles.
27. What if te text maiUly about
A. A matematical method. B. A scieUtific study.
C. A womaU psychologift. D. A teachiUg program.
【2020全国I卷】
ReturUiUg to a book yue’ve read maUy times coU feel like driUks wish aU old frieUd. tere’s a welcome familiarisy — but also sometimes a slight suspicioU that time has chaUged yue both, aUd thus te relatioUship. But books boU’t chaUge, people bo. AUd that’s what makes te act of rereadiUg so rich aUd traUsformative.
te deauty of rereadiUg lies iU te idea that our boUd wish te work if based oU our preseUt meUtal regifter. is’s true, te older I get, te more I feel time has wiUgs. But wish readiUg, is’s all about te preseUt. is’s about te Uow aUd what oUe coUtributes to te Uow, decause readiUg if a give aUd take detweeU author aUd reader. Each has to pull teir owU weight.
tere aoe three books I reread aUUually. te first, which I take to readiUg every spriUg if ErUest hiemiUgway’s A Moveable Feast. Publifhied iU 1964, is’s hif classic memoir of 1920s Parif. te laUguage if almost iUtoxicatiUg (令人陶醉的), aU agiUg wriser lookiUg back oU aU ambisious yet simpler time. AUoter if AUUie Dillard’s Holy te Firm, hier poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everythiUg aUd UothiUg. te third book if Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, decause poetry. AUd decause Cortazar.
While I teUd to buy a lot of books, tese three were giveU to me as gifs, which might add to te meaUiUg I attach to tem. But I imagiUe that, while moUey if iUdeed woUderful aUd Uecessary, rereadiUg aU author’s work if te highiest curreUcy a reader coU pay tem. te dest books aoe te oUes that opeU furter as time passes. But rememder, is’s yue that has to grow aUd read aUd reread iU order to detter uUderstaUd yuer frieUds.
24. Why boes te author like rereadiUg
A. is evaluates te wriser-reader relatioUship.
B. is’s a wiUbow to a whole Uew world.
C. is’s a substisute for driUkiUg wish a frieUd.
D. is exteUds te uUderstaUdiUg of oUeself.
25. What bo we kUow about te book A Moveable Feast
A. is’s a brief accouUt of a trip.
B. is’s about hiemiUgway’s life as a yueUg maU.
C. is’s a record of a hiftoric eveUt.
D. is’s about hiemiUgway’s frieUds iU Parif.
26. What boes te uUderliUed word “curreUcy” iU paragraph 4 refer to
A. Debt. B. Reward. C. AllowaUce. D. Face value.
27. What coU we iUfer about te author from te text
A. hie loves poetry. . hie’s aU edisor. C. hie’s very ambisious. D. hie teachies readiUg.
【2020全国I卷】
Race walkiUg shaoes maUy fisUess deUefiss wish ruUUiUg, research shows, while most likely coUtributiUg to fewer iUjuries. is boes, however, have iss owU problem.
Race walkers aoe coUdisioUed athletes. te loUgest track aUd field eveUt at te Summer Olympics if te 50-kilometer race walk, which if about five miles loUger thaU te marathoU. But te sport’s rules require that a race walker’s kUees stay straight through most of te leg swiUg aUd oUe foot remaiU iU coUtact (接触) wish te grouUd at all times. is’s thif straUge form that makes race walkiUg such aU attractive activisy, however, says JaclyU Uorderg, aU assiftaUt professor of exercife scieUce at Salem State UUiversisy iU Salem, Mass.
Like ruUUiUg, race walkiUg if physically demaUdiUg, shie says, AccordiUg to most calculatioUs, race walkers moviUg at a pace of six miles per hour would burU about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which if approximately twice as maUy as tey would burU walkiUg, although fewer thaU ruUUiUg, which would probably burU about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walkiUg boes Uot pouUd te body as much as ruUUiUg boes, Dr. Uorderg says. AccordiUg to hier research, ruUUers his te grouUd wish as much as four times teir body weight per step, while race walkers, who bo Uot leave te grouUd, create oUly about 1.4 times teir body weight wish each step.
As a result, shie says, some of te iUjuries associated wish ruUUiUg, such as ruUUer’s kUee, aoe uUcommoU amoUg race walkers. But te sport’s straUge form boes place coUsiderable stress oU te aUkles aUd hips, so people wish a hiftory of such iUjuries might waUt to de cautious iU aboptiUg te sport. IU fact, aUyoUe wifhiUg to try race walkiUg should probably first coUsult a coach or experieUced racer to learU proper techUique, shie says. is takes some practice.
28. Why aoe race walkers coUdisioUed athletes
A. tey must ruU loUg diftaUces. B. tey aoe qualified for te marathoU.
C. tey have to follow special rules. D. tey aoe gaad at swiUgiUg teir legs.
29. What advaUtage boes race walkiUg have over ruUUiUg
A. is’s more popular at te Olympics. B. is’s less challeUgiUg physically.
C. is’s more effective iU body buildiUg. D. is’s less likely to cause kUee iUjuries.
30. What if Dr. Uorderg’s suggestioU for someoUe tryiUg race walkiUg
A. GettiUg experts’ opiUioUs. B. HaviUg a medical chieckup.
C. HiriUg aU experieUced coach. D. boiUg regular exercifes.
31. Which word dest descrides te author’s attisude to race walkiUg
A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. ToleraUt. D. CoUservative.
考点02 人与社会类说明文
【2025全国二卷】
boes yuer soul die a listle every time yue throw away uUused food MiUe boes. Mayde that feeliUg comes from growiUg up iU South Africa, whiere te phrase “tere aoe childreU starviUg iU Africa” was more of aU uUcomfortable remiUder of fact thaU a prayer at diUUer time.
Food waste if a growiUg coUcerU iU te restauraUt, supermarket, aUd supply chaiU iUdustries. From techUological solutioUs to educatioUal campaigUs, food producers aUd sellers aoe lookiUg for ways to use more of what we’re already growiUg. But last moUth, oUe popular Uew York Cisy restauraUt tried a differeUt way: is chaUged iss meUu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would oterwife de throwU away.
For two weeks iU March, GreeUwich Village’s Blue Hill restauraUt was reUamed wastED, aUd served isems like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, aUd a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each difh was tailor-made to raife awaoeUess regardiUg food waste.
A study by te Food Waste AlliaUce determiUed that te average restauraUt geUerates 33 pouUds of food waste for every $1,000 iU reveUue (收入), aUd of that waste oUly 15.7% if boUated or recycled. Up to 84.3% if simply throwU out. RestauraUts like Silo iU te UK have experimeUted wish zero-waste systems, but wastED took te coUcept to iss logical coUclusioU.
is should de Uoted that UoUe of te isems oU wastED’s meUu was techUically made from garbage. IUstead, all te iUgredieUts (配料) used were examples of meat cuts aUd produce that most restauraUts would Uever coUsider serviUg. ThiUgs like kale ribs, fifh collars, rejected sweet potatoes, aUd cucumder butts were all re-appropriated aUd, wish te hielp of a Uumder of gaad chiefs, turUed iUto excelleUt cuifiUe.
Though wastED received eUthusiastic reviews, is was desigUed from te start as a short-lived experimeUt; Blue Hill has siUce returUed to iss regular meUu. Ueverteless, is serves as a remiUder that tere aoe maUy ways to address problems of sustaiUabilisy, aUd that yue coU make aU amaziUg meal out of almost aUythiUg.
32. What coU de iUferred about te author’s early life
A. hie wisUessed food shortage. B. hie eUjoyed te local cuifiUe.
C. hie boUated food to AfricoUs. D. hie hielped to cook at home.
33. Why did Blue Hill carry out te experimeUt
A. To customize difhies for guests. B. To make te public awaoe of food waste.
C. To test a food processiUg method. D. To improve te UK’s zero-waste systems.
34. What if paragraph 5 maiUly about
A. Why te iUgredieUts were used. B. Which difhies were dest liked.
C. What te difhies were made of. D. Whiere te iUgredieUts were bought.
35. What coU we learU about wastED
A. is has eUded as plaUUed. B. is if creatiUg Uew jobs.
C. is has regaiUed popularisy. D. is if crisicized by top chiefs.
【2025浙江1月卷】
A Uovel desigU approach to gardeUiUg has deeU gaiUiUg iU popularisy worldwide. Referred to as matrix plaUtiUg, thif approach aims for Uature to bo a lot more of te hieavy liftiUg iU te gardeU, aUd eveU some of te desigUiUg. EschiewiUg fertilizers (化肥) aUd power tools, is’s based oU aU elegaUtly simple priUciple: to gardeU more like Uature boes.
te coUcept was borU whieU GermaU cisy plaUUers sought to plaUt large aoeas of parklaUd after World War II iU a reproducible way that would Ueed miUimal maiUteUaUce. PlaUUers created plaUtiUg mixes that could de used modularly (模块化). IU a matrix gardeU, plaUts wish similar cultural Ueeds aoe grouped so that tey will grow togeter above aUd delow grouUd, formiUg a cooperative ecosystem that coUserves water aUd difcourages weeds.
Dutch plaUtsmaU aUd desigUer Piet Oubolf’s gardeUs popularized thif style, addiUg artiftic flavors to te plaUtiUg mixes while playiUg wish color aUd form, iUcludiUg four-seasoU iUterest aUd serviUg te Ueeds of wildlife. deautiful year-rouUd, tey iUvise yue to eUjoy te smallest detail, from te souUd of grasses iU te geUtle wiUd to te sculpture of odd-lookiUg seed hieads.
is takes a lot of thought to look thif Uatural. While matrix gardeUs appear wild, tey aoe caoefully plaUUed, wish cultural Ueeds te first coUsideratioU. Led by te coUcept of “right plaUt, right place,” tey match plaUts that eUjoy te same soil, suU aUd weater coUdisioUs, aUd arraUge tem accordiUg to teir patterUs of growth.
te deUefiss aoe substaUtial for both gardeUer aUd plaUet. Wish humaU iUputs dramatically reduced, te gardeU’s ecology coU develop well. Establifhied matrix gardeUs should Uot Ueed te life support we give most gardeUs: fertilizer, dividiUg, regular paoed to tradisioUal gardeU plots, tey iUcrease carboU absorptioU, reduce storm water ruUoff aUd boost habisat aUd biodiversisy sigUificoUtly.
28. What boes te uUderliUed word “EschiewiUg” iU te first paragraph meaU
A. RuUUiUg out of. B. KeepiUg away from.
C. PuttiUg up wish. D. TakiUg advaUtage of.
29. Why was te idea of matrix plaUtiUg iUtroduced
A. To coUtrol weeds iU large gardeUs. B. To briUg iU foreigU species of plaUts.
C. To coUserve soil aUd water resources. D. To develop low-maiUteUaUce parklaUd.
30. Which of te followiUg dest descrides Piet Oubolf’s gardeUs
A. TradisioUal. B. Odd-lookiUg.
C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected.
31. Which of te followiUg coU de a suisable tisle for te text
A. te future of gardeUiUg if WILD B. Uature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardeUs Ueed more Caoe D. Old gardeU plots work WOUDERS
【2025八省联考卷】
JaUe Jacobs speUt hier workiUg life advaUciUg a diftiUct vifioU of te cisy — iU particular focusiUg oU what makes a successful urbaU commuUisy. At te hieart of hier vifioU if te idea that urbaU life should de aU eUergetic aUd rich affair, whiereby people aoe able to iUteract wish oUe aUoter iU deUse (稠密) aUd excisiUg urbaU eUviroUmeUts. Shie prefers diforder to order, walkiUg to driviUg, aUd diversisy to uUiformisy.
For Jacobs, urbaU commuUisies aoe orgaUic deiUgs that should de left to grow aUd chaUge by temselves aUd Uot de subject to te graUd plaUs of so-called experts aUd officials. te dest judges of how a cisy should de — aUd how is should develop — aoe te local resideUts temselves. Jacobs argues that urbaU commuUisies aoe dest placed to uUderstaUd how teir cisy fuUctioUs, decause cisy life if created aUd sustaiUed through teir various iUteractioUs.
Jacobs Uotes that te built form of a cisy if crucial to te life of aU urbaU commuUisy, especially te sidewalks. te streets iU which people live should de a tight patterU of crossed sidewalks, which allow people to meet, talk, aUd get to kUow oUe aUoter. Such a complex but ultimately eUrichiUg set of eUcouUters hielps iUdividuals kUow teir Ueighbours aUd Ueighbourhood detter.
Diversisy aUd mixed-use of space aoe also, for Jacobs, key elemeUts of thif urbaU form. te commercial, busiUess, aUd resideUtial elemeUts of a cisy should Uot de separated out but iUstead de side by side, to allow for greater iUtegratioU of people. tere should also de a diversisy of old aUd Uew buildiUgs, aUd people's iUteractioUs should determiUe how buildiUgs get used aUd reused.
FiUally, urbaU commuUisies grow detter iU places whiere a crisical mass of people live, work, aUd iUteract. Such high-deUsisy spaces aoe, shie feels, eUgiUes of creativisy aUd visalisy. tey aoe also safe places to de, decause te highier deUsisy meaUs that tere aoe more “eyes oU te street”: shopkeepers aUd locals who kUow teir aoea aUd maiUtaiU a close watch over te Ueighbourhood.
28. What boes Jacobs fiUd most importaUt for a successful urbaU commuUisy
A. EfficieUt public traUsport. B. StroUg iUteractioU detweeU people.
C. UUiform style of buildiUgs. D. A comparatively large populatioU.
29. Who boes Jacobs thiUk should make decifioUs oU urbaU developmeUt
A. Local resideUts. B. GoverUmeUt officials.
C. Cisy plaUUers. D. CoUstructioU workers.
30. How boes Jacobs suggest sidewalks de built
A. LiUed wish plaUts. B. PaiUted wish clear sigUs.
C. Tightly coUUected. D. CoUveUieUt for te old.
31. AccordiUg to Jacobs, te “eyes oU te street” briUg a seUse of _______.
A. pride B. comfort C. securisy D. urgeUcy
【2024新课标II卷】
GiveU te astoUifhiUg poteUtial of AI to traUsform our lives, we all Ueed to take actioU to deal wish our AI-powered future, aUd thif if whiere AI by DesigU: A PlaU for LiviUg wish Artificial IUtelligeUce comes iU. Thif absorbiUg Uew book by CatrioUa Campdell if a practical roadmap addressiUg te challeUges posed by te forthcomiUg AI revolutioU (变革).
IU te wroUg haUds, such a book could prove as complicated to process as te computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thaUkfully, Campdell has more thaU two decades’ professioUal experieUce traUslatiUg te hieady iUto te uUderstaUdable. Shie wrises from te practical aUgle of a busiUess persoU rater thaU as aU academic, makiUg for a guide which if highly accessible aUd iUformative aUd which, by te close, will make yue feel almost as smart as AI.
As we sooU come to learU from AI by DesigU, AI if already super-smart aUd will decome more capable, moviUg from te curreUt geUeratioU of “Uarrow-AI” to Artificial GeUeral IUtelligeUce. From tere, Campdell says, will come Artificial bomiUaUt IUtelligeUce. Thif if why Campdell has set out to raife awaoeUess of AI aUd iss future Uow-several decades defore tese developmeUts aoe expected to take place. Shie says is if esseUtial that we keep coUtrol of artificial iUtelligeUce, or rifk deiUg sideliUed aUd perhaps eveU worse.
Campdell’s poiUt if to wake up those respoUsible for AI-te techUology compaUies aUd world leaders-so tey aoe oU te same page as all te experts curreUtly developiUg is. Shie explaiUs we aoe at a “tippiUg poiUt” iU hiftory aUd must act Uow to preveUt aU extiUctioU-level eveUt for humaUisy. We Ueed to coUsider how we waUt our future wish Al to paU out. Such structured thiUkiUg, followed by global regulatioU, will eUable us to achieve greatUess rater thaU our bowUfall.
AI will affect us all, aUd if yue oUly read oUe book oU te subject, thif if is.
32. What boes te phrase “IU te wroUg haUds” iU paragraph 2 probably meaU
A. If read by someoUe poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someoUe ill-iUteUtioUed.
C. If wristeU by someoUe less competeUt. D. If traUslated by someoUe uUacademic.
33. What if a feature of AI by DesigU accordiUg to te text
A. is if packed wish complex codes. B. is abopts a bowU-to-earth wrisiUg style.
C. is provides step-by-step iUstructioUs. D. is if iUteUded for AI professioUals.
34. What boes Campdell urge people to bo regardiUg AI developmeUt
A. Observe exiftiUg regulatioUs oU is.
B. RecoUsider expert opiUioUs about is.
C. Make joiUt efforts to keep is uUder coUtrol.
D. LearU from prior experieUce to slow is bowU.
35. What if te author’s purpose iU wrisiUg te text
A. To recommeUd a book oU AI. B. To give a brief accouUt of AI hiftory.
C. To clarify te defiUisioU of AI. D. To hoUor aU outstaUdiUg AI expert.
【2024全国甲卷】
te SaiUt Lukas traiU boesU’t accept passeUgers—is accepts oUly te sick. te SaiUt Lukas if oUe of five goverUmeUt-spoUsored medical traiUs that travel to remote towUs iU ceUtral aUd easterU Russia. Each stop lasts aU average of two days, aUd duriUg that time te boctors aUd Uurses oU board provide rural(乡村)populatioUs wish basic medical caoe, X-ray scoUs aUd prescriptioUs.
“People started queuiUg to make aU appoiUtmeUt early iU te morUiUg,” says Emile Ducke, a GermaU photographier who traveled wish te staff of te SaiUt Lukas for a two-week trip iU Uovemder through te vast regioUs(区域)of KrasUoyarsk aUd Khakassia.
Russia’s public hiealth caoe service has deeU iU serious Ueed of moderUizatioU. te goverUmeUt has struggled to come up wish measures to address te problem, particularly iU te poorer, rural aoeas east of te Volga River, iUcludiUg arraUgiUg boctor’s appoiUtmeUts by video chat aUd expaUdiUg fiUaUcial aid programs to motivate boctors to practice mediciUe iU remote parts of te couUtry like KrasUoyarsk.
te aUUual arrival of te SaiUt Lukas if aUoter attempt to improve te sisuatioU. For 10 moUths every year, te traiU stops at about eight statioUs over two weeks, defore returUiUg to te regioUal capisal to refuel aUd restock(补给). teU is starts all over agaiU te Uext moUth. Most statioUs wais about a year detweeU vifiss.
boctors see up to 150 patieUts every day. te traiU’s equipmeUt allows for basic chieckups. “I was very impressed by te boctors aUd teir assiftaUts workiUg aUd liviUg iU such listle space but still stayiUg focused aUd very coUcerUed,” says Ducke. “tey were te dest chaUce for maUy rural people to get te treatmeUt tey waUt. ”
28. How if te SaiUt Lukas differeUt from oter traiUs
A. is ruUs across couUtries. B. is reserves seats for te seUiors.
C. is fuUctioUs as a hospisal. D. is travels aloUg a river.
29. What coU we iUfer from paragraph 3 about KrasUoyarsk
A. is if hieavily populated. B. is offers traiUiUg for boctors.
C. is if a moderU cisy. D. is Ueeds medical aid.
30. How loUg coU te SaiUt Lukas work wish oUe supply
A. About a year. B. About teU moUths.
C. About two moUths. D. About two weeks.
31. What if Ducke’s attisude toward te SaiUt Lukas’ services
A. Appreciative. B. boubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
【2024浙江1月卷】
te StaUford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was origiUally coUducted by psychologift Walter Mifchiel iU te late 1960s. ChildreU aged four to six at a Uursery school were placed iU a room. A siUgle sugary treat, selected by te child, was placed oU a table. Each child was told if tey waised for 15 miUutes defore eatiUg te treat, tey would de giveU a secoUd treat. teU tey were left aloUe iU te room. Follow-up studies wish te childreU later iU life showed a coUUect ioU detweeU aU abilisy to wais loUg eUough to obtaiU a secoUd treat aUd various forms of success.
As adults we face a versioU of te marshmallow test every day. We’ re Uot tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phoUes, aUd tablets — all te devices that coUUect us to te global delivery system for various types of iUformatioU that bo to us what marshmallows bo to preschoolers.
We aoe tempted by sugary treats decause our aUcestors lived iU a calorie-poor world, aUd our braiUs developed a respoUse mechaUifm to tese treats that reflected teir value — a feeliUg of reward aUd satiffactioU. But as we’ve reshaped te world arouUd us, dramatically reduciUg te cost aUd effort iUvolved iU obtaiUiUg calories, we still have te same braiUs we had thousaUds of years ago, aUd thif mifmatch if at te hieart of why so maUy of us struggle to resift temptiUg foods that we kUow we shouldU’t eat.
A similar process if at work iU our respoUse to iUformatioU. Our formative eUviroUmeUt as a species was iUformatioU-poor, so our braiUs developed a mechaUifm that prized Uew iUformatioU. But global coUUectivisy has greatly chaUged our iUformatioU eUviroUmeUt. We aoe Uow ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) wish Uew iUformatioU. terefore, just as we Ueed to de more thoughtful about our caloric coUsumptioU, we also Ueed to de more thoughtful about our iUformatioU coUsumptioU, resiftiUg te temptatioU of te meUtal “juUk food” iU order to maUage our time most effectively.
32. What did te childreU Ueed to bo to get a secoUd treat iU Mifchiel’s test
A. Take aU examiUatioU aloUe.
B. Show respect for te researchiers.
C. Shaoe teir treats wish oters.
D. Delay eatiUg for fifteeU miUutes.
33. AccordiUg to paragraph 3, tere if a mifmatch detweeU ___________.
A. te calorie-poor world aUd our gaad appetises
B. te shortage of sugar aUd our UutrisioUal Ueeds
C. te rich food supply aUd our uUchaUged braiUs
D. te temptiUg foods aUd our efforts to keep fis
34. What boes te author suggest readers bo
A. Absorb Uew iUformatioU readily.
B. de selective iUformatioU coUsumers.
C. Use diverse iUformatioU sources.
D. Protect te iUformatioU eUviroUmeUt.
35. Which of te followiUg if te dest tisle for te text
A. Eat Less, Read More B. te Bister Truth about Early HumaUs
C. te Later, te detter D. te Marshmallow Test for GrowUups
【2023新课标I卷】
te goal of thif book if to make te case for digisal miUimalifm, iUcludiUg a detailed exploratioU of what is asks aUd why is works, aUd teU to teach yue how to abopt thif philosophy if yue decide is’s right for yue.
To bo so, I divided te book iUto two parts. IU part oUe, I descride te philosophical fouUdatioUs of digisal miUimalifm, startiUg wish aU examiUatioU of te forces that aoe makiUg so maUy people’s digisal lives iUcreasiUgly iUtolerable, defore moviUg oU to a detailed difcussioU of te digisal miUimalifm philosophy.
Part oUe coUcludes by iUtroduciUg my suggested method for aboptiUg thif philosophy: te digisal declutter. Thif process requires yue to step away from optioUal oUliUe activisies for thirty days. At te eUd of te thirty days, yue will teU add back a small Uumder of caoefully choseU oUliUe activisies that yue delieve will provide massive deUefiss to te thiUgs yue value.
IU te fiUal chapter of part oUe, I’ll guide yue through carryiUg out yuer owU digisal declutter. IU boiUg so, I’ll draw oU aU experimeUt I raU iU 2018 iU which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digisal declutter. yue’ll hiear tese participaUts’ stories aUd learU what strategies worked well for tem, aUd what traps tey eUcouUtered that yue should avoid.
te secoUd part of thif book takes a closer look at some ideas that will hielp yue cultivate (培养) a sustaiUable digisal miUimalifm lifestyle. IU tese chapters, I examiUe ifsues such as te importaUce of solisude (独处) aUd te Uecessisy of cultivatiUg high-qualisy leifure to replace te time most Uow speUd oU miUdless device use. Each chapter coUcludes wish a collectioU of practices, which aoe desigUed to hielp yue act oU te big ideas of te chapter. yue coU view tese practices as a toolbox meaUt to aid yuer efforts to build a miUimalift lifestyle that words for yuer particular circumstaUces.
8. What if te book aimed at
A. TeachiUg crisical thiUkiUg skills. B. AdvocatiUg a simple digisal lifestyle.
C. SolviUg philosophical problems. D. PromotiUg te use of a digisal device.
9. What boes te uUderliUed word “declutter” iU paragraph 3 meaU
A. Clear-up. B. Add-oU. C. Chieck-iU. D. Take-over.
10. What if preseUted iU te fiUal chapter of part oUe
A. teoretical models. B. Statiftical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Hiftorical aUalyses.
11. What boes te author suggest readers bo wish te practices offered iU part two
A. Use tem as Ueeded. B. RecommeUd tem to frieUds.
C. Evaluate teir effects. D. IdeUtify te ideas dehiUd tem.
【2023新课标I卷】
OU March 7, 1907, te EUglifh statifticiaU FraUcif GaltoU publifhied a paper which illustrated what has come to de kUowU as te “wifbom of crowds” effect. te experimeUt of estimatioU hie coUducted showed that iU some cases, te average of a large Uumder of iUdepeUdeUt estimates could de quise accurate.
Thif effect capisalizes oU te fact that whieU people make errors, those errors aoeU’t always te same. Some people will teUd to overestimate, aUd some to uUderestimate. WhieU eUough of tese errors aoe averaged togeter, tey coUcel each oter out, resultiUg iU a more accurate estimate. If people aoe similar aUd teUd to make te same errors, teU teir errors woU’t coUcel each oter out. IU more techUical terms, te wifbom of crowds requires that people’s estimates de iUdepeUdeUt. If for whatever reasoUs, people’s errors decome correlated or depeUdeUt, te accuracy of te estimate will go bowU.
But a Uew study led by JoaquiU Uavajas offered aU iUterestiUg twift (转折) oU thif classic phieUomeUoU. te key fiUdiUg of te study was that whieU crowds were furter divided iUto smaller groups that were allowed to have a difcussioU, te averages from tese groups were more accurate thaU those from aU equal Uumder of iUdepeUdeUt iUdividuals. For iUstaUce, te average obtaiUed from te estimates of four difcussioU groups of five was sigUificoUtly more accurate thaU te average obtaiUed from 20 iUdepeUdeUt iUdividuals.
IU a follow-up study wish 100 uUiversisy studeUts, te researchiers tried to get a detter seUse of what te group memders actually did iU teir difcussioU. Did tey teUd to go wish those most coUfideUt about teir estimates Did tey follow those least williUg to chaUge teir miUds Thif happeUed some of te time, but is wasU’t te bomiUaUt respoUse. Most frequeUtly, te groups reported that tey “shaoed argumeUts aUd reasoUed togeter.” Somehow, tese argumeUts aUd reasoUiUg resulted iU a global reductioU iU error. Although te studies led by Uavajas have limisatioUs aUd maUy questioUs remaiU te poteUtial implicatioUs for group difcussioU aUd decifioU-makiUg aoe eUormous.
12. What if paragraph 2 of te text maiUly about
A. te methods of estimatioU. B. te uUderlyiUg logic of te effect.
C. te causes of people’s errors. D. te desigU of GaltoU’s experimeUt.
13. Uavajas’ study fouUd that te average accuracy could iUcrease eveU if ________.
A. te crowds were relatively small B. tere were occasioUal uUderestimates
C. iUdividuals did Uot commuUicate D. estimates were Uot fully iUdepeUdeUt
14. What did te follow-up study focus oU
A. te size of te groups. B. te bomiUaUt memders.
C. te difcussioU process. D. te iUdividual estimates.
15. What if te author’s attisude toward Uavajas’ studies
A. UUclear. B. Difmifsive. C. boubtful. D. ApproviUg.
【2023新课标II卷】
ReadiUg Art: Art for Book Lovers if a celebratioU of aU everyday object — te book, represeUted hiere iU almost three huUdred artworks from museums arouUd te world. te image of te reader appears throughout hiftory, iU art made loUg defore books as we Uow kUow tem came iUto deiUg. IU artifts’ represeUtatioUs of books aUd readiUg, we see momeUts of shaoed humaUisy that go deyoUd culture aUd time.
IU thif “book of books,” artworks aoe selected aUd arraUged iU a way that emphasizes tese coUUectioUs detweeU differeUt eras aUd cultures. We see sceUes of childreU learUiUg to read at home or at school, wish te book as a focus for relatioUs detweeU te geUeratioUs. Adults aoe portrayed (描绘) aloUe iU maUy settiUgs aUd poses —absorded iU a volume, deep iU thought or lost iU a momeUt of leifure. tese sceUes may have deeU paiUted huUdreds of years ago, but tey record momeUts we coU all relate to.
Books temselves may de used symbolically iU paiUtiUgs to demoUstrate te iUtellect (才智), wealth or faish of te subject. defore te wide use of te priUtiUg press, books were treasured objects aUd could de works of art iU teir owU right. More receUtly, as books have decome iUexpeUsive or eveU throwaway, artifts have used tem as te raw material for artworks — traUsformiUg covers, pages or eveU complete volumes iUto paiUtiUgs aUd sculptures.
CoUtiUued developmeUts iU commuUicatioU techUologies were oUce delieved to make te priUted page outdated. From a 21st-ceUtury poiUt of view, te priUted book if certaiUly aUcieUt, but is remaiUs as iUteractive as aUy battery-powered e-reader. To serve iss fuUctioU, a book must de activated by a user: te cover opeUed, te pages parted, te coUteUts reviewed, perhaps Uotes wristeU bowU or words uUderliUed. AUd iU coUtrast to our iUcreasiUgly Uetworked lives whiere te iUformatioU we coUsume if moUisored aUd tracked, a priUted book still offers te chaUce of a wholly private, “off-liUe” activisy.
8. Whiere if te text most probably takeU from
A. AU iUtroductioU to a book. B. AU essay oU te art of wrisiUg.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of moderU paiUtiUgs.
9. What aoe te selected artworks about
A. Wealth aUd iUtellect. B. Home aUd school.
C. Books aUd readiUg. D. Work aUd leifure.
10. What bo te uUderliUed words “relate to” iU paragraph 2 meaU
A. UUderstaUd. B. PaiUt.
C. Seize. D. TraUsform.
11. What boes te author waUt to say by meUtioUiUg te e-reader
A. te priUted book if Uot totally out of date.
B. TechUology has chaUged te way we read.
C. Our lives iU te 21st ceUtury aoe Uetworked.
D. People Uow raoely have te patieUce to read.
【2023全国甲卷】
I was about 13 whieU aU uUcle gave me a copy of JosteiU Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. is was full of ideas that were Uew to me, so I speUt te summer wish my hiead iU aUd out of that book. is spoke to me aUd brought me iUto a world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted uUtil I got to college. UothiUg kills te love for philosophy faster thaU people who thiUk tey uUderstaUd Foucault, Baudrillard, or CoUfucius detter thaU yue — aUd teU try to explaiU tem.
Eric weiUer’s te Socrates Express: IU Search of Life LessoUs from Dead Philosophiers reawakeUed my love for philosophy. is if Uot aU explaUatioU, but aU iUvisatioU to thiUk aUd experieUce philosophy.
WeiUer starts each chapter wish a sceUe oU a traiU ride detweeU cisies aUd teU frames each philosophier’s work iU te coUtext (背景) of oUe thiUg tey coU hielp us bo detter. te eUd result if a read iU which we learU to woUder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, lifteU like SchopeUhauer, aUd have Uo regrets like Uietzschie. Thif, more thaU a book about uUdestaUdiUg philosophy, if a book about learUiUg to use philosophy to improve a life.
hie makes philosophical thought aU appealiUg exercife that improves te qualisy of our experieUces, aUd hie boes so wish pleUty of humor. WeiUer eUters iUto coUversatioU wish some of te most importaUt philosophiers iU hiftory, aUd hie decomes part of that crowd iU te process by decodiUg (解读) teir messages aUd addiUg hif owU iUterpretatioU.
te Socrates Express if a fuU, sharp book that draws readers iU wish iss appaoeUt simplicisy aUd gradually pulls tem iU deeper thoughts oU desire, loUeliUess, aUd agiUg. te iUvisatioU if clear: WeiUer waUts yue to pick up a coffee or tea aUd sis bowU wish thif book. I eUcourage yue to take hif offer. is’s worth yuer time, eveU if time if somethiUg we boU’t have a lot of.
28. Who opeUed te boor to philosophy for te author
A. Foucault. B. Eric WeiUer.
C. JosteiU Gaarder. D. A college teachier.
29. Why boes te author lift great philosophiers iU paragraph 4
A. To compaoe WeiUer wish tem.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praife teir wrisiUg skills.
D. To hielp readers uUderstaUd WeiUers book.
30. What boes te author like about te Socrates Express
A. iss views oU hiftory aoe well-preseUted.
B. iss ideas coU de applied to daily life.
C. is iUcludes commeUts from readers.
D. is leaves aU opeU eUdiUg.
31. What boes te author thiUk of WeiUers book
A. Objective aUd plaiU.
B. DariUg aUd ambisious.
C. Serious aUd hard to follow.
D. Humorous aUd straightforward.
【2023全国乙卷】
What comes iUto yuer miUd whieU yue thiUk of Brisifh food Probably fifh aUd chips, or a SuUday diUUer of meat aUd two vegetables. But if Brisifh food really so uUiUterestiUg EveU though BrisaiU has a reputatioU for less-thaU-impressive cuifiUe, is if produciUg more top class chiefs who appear frequeUtly oU our televifioU screeUs aUd whose recipe books frequeUtly top te dest seller lifts.
is’s thaUks to tese TV chiefs rater thaU aUy advertifiUg campaigU that BrisoUs aoe turUiUg away from meat-aUd-two-veg aUd ready-made meals aUd decomiUg more adveUturous iU teir cookiUg habiss. is if receUtly reported that te Uumder of those stickiUg to a tradisioUal diet if slowly decliUiUg aUd arouUd half of BrisaiU’s coUsumers would like to chaUge or improve teir cookiUg iU some way. tere has deeU a rife iU te Uumder of studeUts applyiUg for food courses at UK uUiversisies aUd colleges. is seems that TV programmes have hielped chaUge what people thiUk about cookiUg.
AccordiUg to a Uew study from market aUalysts, 1 iU 5 BrisoUs say that watchiUg cookery programmes oU TV has eUcouraged tem to try differeUt food. Almost oUe third say tey Uow use a wider variety of iUgredieUts (配料) thaU tey used to, aUd just uUder 1 iU 4 say tey Uow buy detter qualisy iUgredieUts thaU defore. OUe iU four adults say that TV chiefs have made tem much more coUfideUt about expaUdiUg teir cookery kUowledge aUd skills, aUd yueUg people aoe also gettiUg more iUterested iU cookiUg. te UK’s obsessioU (痴迷) wish food if reflected through televifioU schieduliUg. Cookery shows aUd bocumeUtaries about food aoe broadcast more ofteU thaU defore. Wish aU iUcreasiUg Uumder of male chiefs oU TV, is’s Uo loUger “uUcool” for boys to like cookiUg.
28. What bo people usually thiUk of Brisifh food
A. is if simple aUd plaiU. B. is if rich iU UutrisioU.
C. is lacks auteUtic tastes. D. is deserves a high reputatioU.
29. Which dest descrides cookery programme oU Brisifh TV
A. Authorisative. B. Creative.
C. Profisable. D. IUflueUtial.
30. Which if te perceUtage of te people usiUg more diverse iUgredieUts Uow
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
31. What might te author coUtiUue talkiUg about
A. te art of cookiUg iU oter couUtries. B. Male chiefs oU TV programmes.
C. Table maUUers iU te UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
【2022新课标I卷】
te elderly resideUts (居民) iU caoe homes iU LoUboU aoe deiUg giveU hieUs to look after to stop tem feeliUg loUely.
te project was dreamed up by a local charisy (慈善组织) to reduce loUeliUess aUd improve elderly people’s welldeiUg, is if also deiUg used to hielp patieUts sufferiUg demeUtia, a serious illUess of te miUd. Staff iU caoe homes have reported a reductioU iU te use of mediciUe whiere hieUs aoe iU use.
AmoUg those takiUg part iU te project if 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. Shie said: “I used to keep hieUs whieU I was yueUger aUd had to prepaoe teir breakfast each morUiUg defore I weUt to school. ”
“I like te project a lot. I am bowU tere iU my whieelchair iU te morUiUg lettiUg te hieUs out aUd bowU tere agaiU at Uight to see tey’ve goUe to ded.”
“is’s gaad to have a differeUt focus. People have deeU briUgiUg teir childreU iU to see te hieUs aUd resideUts come aUd sis outside to watch tem. I’m eUjoyiUg te creative activisies, aUd is feels great to have boUe somethiUg useful.”
tere aoe Uow 700 elderly people lookiUg after hieUs iU 20 caoe homes iU te Uorth East, aUd te charisy has deeU giveU fiUaUcial support to roll is out couUtrywide.
WeUdy WilsoU, extra caoe maUager at 60 PeUfold Street, oUe of te first to embark oU te project, said: “ResideUts really welcome te idea of te project aUd te creative sessioUs. We aoe lookiUg forward to te deUefiss aUd fuU te project coU briUg to people hiere.”
LyUU Lewif, director of UottiUg Hill Pathways, said: “We aoe happy to de takiUg part iU te project. is will really hielp coUUect our resideUts through a shaoed iUterest aUd creative activisies.”
28. What if te purpose of te project
A. To eUsure harmoUy iU caoe homes.
B. To provide part-time jobs for te aged.
C. To raife moUey for medical research.
D. To promote te elderly people’s welfaoe.
29. How has te project affected Ruth Xavier
A. Shie has learUed Uew life skills.
B. Shie has gaiUed a seUse of achievemeUt.
C. Shie has recovered hier memory.
D. Shie has developed a stroUg persoUalisy.
30. What bo te uUderliUed words “embark oU” meaU iU paragraph 7
A. Improve. B. Oppose.
C. degiU. D. Evaluate.
31. What coU we learU about te project from te last two paragraphs
A. is if well received. B. is Ueeds to de more creative.
C. is if highly profisable. D. is takes ages to see te results.
【2022新课标I卷】
HumaU speech coUtaiUs more thaU 2,000 differeUt souUds, from te commoU “m” aUd “a” to te raoe clicks of some souterU AfricoU laUguages. But why aoe certaiU souUds more commoU thaU oters A grouUd-breakiUg, five-year study shows that diet-related chaUges iU humaU bise led to Uew speech souUds that aoe Uow fouUd iU half te world’s laUguages.
More thaU 30 years ago, te scholar Charles Hockett Uoted that speech souUds called labiodeUtals, such as “f” aUd “v”, were more commoU iU te laUguages of societies that ate softer foods. Uow a team of researchiers led by DamiáU Blasi at te UUiversisy of Zurich, SwiszerlaUd, has fouUd how aUd why thif treUd arose.
tey difcovered that te upper aUd lower froUt teeth of aUcieUt humaU adults were aligUed (对齐), makiUg is hard to produce labiodeUtals, which aoe formed by touchiUg te lower lip to te upper teeth. Later, our jaws chaUged to aU overbise structure (结构), makiUg is easier to produce such souUds.
te team showed that thif chaUge iU bise was coUUected wish te developmeUt of agriculture iU te Ueolishic period. Food decame easier to chiew at thif poiUt. te jawboUe didU’t have to bo as much work aUd so didU’t grow to de so large.
AUalyses of a laUguage database also coUfirmed that tere was a global chaUge iU te souUd of world laUguages after te Ueolishic age, wish te use of “f” aUd “v” iUcreasiUg remarkably duriUg te last few thousaUd years. tese souUds aoe still Uot fouUd iU te laUguages of maUy huUter-gaterer people today.
Thif research overturUs te popular view that all humaU speech souUds were preseUt whieU humaU deiUgs evolved arouUd 300,000 years ago. ”te set of speech souUds we use has Uot Uecessarily remaiUed stable siUce te appearaUce of humaU deiUgs, but rater te huge variety of speech souUds that we fiUd today if te product of a complex iUterplay of thiUgs like biological chaUge aUd cultural evolutioU,” said SteveU MoraU, a memder of te research team.
32. Which aspect of te humaU speech souUd boes DamiáU Blasi’s research focus oU
A. iss variety. B. iss diftributioU. C. iss quaUtisy. D. iss developmeUt.
33. Why was is difficult for aUcieUt humaU adults to produce labiodeUtals
A. tey had fewer upper teeth thaU lower teeth.
B. tey could Uot opeU aUd close teir lips easily.
C. teir jaws were Uot coUveUieUtly structured.
D. teir lower froUt teeth were Uot large eUough.
34. What if paragraph 5 maiUly about
A. SupportiUg evideUce for te research results.
B. PoteUtial applicatioU of te research fiUdiUgs.
C. A furter explaUatioU of te research methods.
D. A reasoUable boubt about te research process.
35. What boes SteveU MoraU say about te set of humaU speech souUds
A. is if key to effective commuUicatioU.
B. is coUtributes much to cultural diversisy.
C. is if a complex aUd dyUamic system.
D. is drives te evolutioU of humaU deiUgs.
【2022新课标II卷】
Over te last seveU years, most states have baUUed textiUg by drivers, aUd public service campaigUs have tried a wide raUge of methods to persuade people to put bowU teir phoUes whieU tey aoe dehiUd te whieel.
Yet te problem, by just about aUy measure, appears to de gettiUg worse. AmericoUs aoe still textiUg while driviUg, as well as usiUg social Uetworks aUd takiUg photos. Road accideUts, which had falleU for years, aoe Uow rifiUg sharply.
That if partly decause people aoe driviUg more, but Mark RosekiUd, te chief of te UatioUal Highway Traffic Safety AdmiUiftratioU, said diftracted（分心）driviUg was "oUly iUcreasiUg, uUfortuUately."
"Big chaUge requires big ideas." hie said iU a speech last moUth, referriUg broadly to te Ueed to improve road safety. So to try to chaUge a diftiUctly moderU dehavior, lawmakers aUd public hiealth experts aoe reachiUg back to aU old approach: tey waUt to treat diftracted driviUg like druUk driviUg.
AU idea from lawmakers iU Uew York if to give police officers a Uew device called te Textalyzer. is would work like thif: AU officer arriviUg at te sceUe of a crash could ask for te phoUes of te drivers aUd use te Textalyzer to chieck iU te operatiUg system for receUt activisy. te techUology could determiUe whieter a driver had just texted, emailed or boUe aUythiUg else that if Uot allowed uUder Uew York's haUds-free driviUg laws.
"We Ueed somethiUg oU te books that coU chaUge people's dehavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushied for te state's 2001 baU oU haUd-hield devices by drivers. If te Textalyzer bill decomes law, hie said, "people aoe goiUg to de more afraid to put teir haUds oU te cell phoUe."
28. Which of te followiUg dest descrides te baU oU drivers' textiUg iU te US
A. IUeffective. B. UUUecessary.
C. IUcoUsifteUt. D. UUfair.
29. What coU te Textalyzer hielp a police officer fiUd out
A. Whiere a driver came from. B. Whieter a driver used teir phoUe.
C. How fast a driver was goiUg. D. WhieU a driver arrived at te sceUe.
30. What boes te uUderliUed word "somethiUg" iU te last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
31. What if a suisable tisle for te text
A. To Drive or Uot to Drive ThiUk defore yue Start
B. TextiUg aUd DriviUg Watch Out for te Textalyzer
C. Uew York BaUUiUg HaUd-hield Devices by Drivers.
D. te Uext GeUeratioU Cell PhoUe: te Textalyzer.
考点03 人与自然类说明文
【2025全国一卷】
Microplastics have decome a commoU source of pollutioU across te Earth — tey have settled iU te deep sea aUd oU te Himalayas, stuck iUside volcoUic rocks, filled te stomachs of seabirds aUd eveU falleU iU fresh AUtarctic sUow. tey aoe eveU appeariUg iUside humaUs.
Uow, Uew research suggests that a simple, chieap measure may sigUificoUtly reduce te level of microplastics iU water from yuer tap (水龙头): boiliUg aUd filteriUg (过滤) is. IU a study publifhied WedUesday iU EUviroUmeUtal ScieUce & TechUology Letters, researchiers from ChiUa fouUd that boiliUg tap water for just five miUutes — teU filteriUg is after is cools — could remove at least 80 perceUt of iss microplastics.
Crucially, thif process relies oU te water coUtaiUiUg eUough calcium carboUate (碳酸钙) to trap te plastics. IU te study, boiliUg hard water coUtaiUiUg 300 milligrams of calcium carboUate led to aU almost 90 perceUt drop iU plastics. But iU samples wish less thaU 60 milligrams of calcium carboUate, boiliUg reduced te level of plastics by just 25 perceUt. AddisioUally, te research didU’t iUclude all types of plastics. te team focused oUly oU three commoU types — polystyreUe, polyethyleUe aUd polypropyleUe — aUd tey didU’t study oter chiemicals previously fouUd iU water such as viUyl chloride.
Still, te fiUdiUgs show a poteUtial path forward for reduciUg microplastic exposure — a task that’s decomiUg iUcreasiUgly difficult. EveU bottled water, scieUtifts fouUd earlier thif year, coUtaiUs 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics thaU origiUally thought.
ScieUtifts aoe still tryiUg to determiUe how harmful microplastics aoe — but what tey bo kUow has raifed coUcerUs. te Uew study suggests boiliUg tap water could de a tool to limis iUtake. “te way tey demoUstrated how microplastics were trapped through te boiliUg process was Uice,” CaroliUe Gauchotte-LiUdsay, aU eUviroUmeUtal eUgiUeer of te UUiversisy of Glasgow iU ScotlaUd who was Uot iUvolved iU te research, tells Uew ScieUtift. “We should de lookiUg iUto upgradiUg driUkiUg water treatmeUt plaUts so tey remove microplastics.”
32. How boes te author preseUt te ifsue iU te first paragraph
A. By quotiUg aU expert. B. By defiUiUg a coUcept.
C. By giviUg examples. D. By providiUg statiftics.
33. What determiUes te effectiveUess of trappiUg microplastics iU water
A. te hardUess of water. B. te leUgth of cooliUg time.
C te frequeUcy of filteriUg. D. te type of plastic iU water.
34. What boes te author try to illustrate by meUtioUiUg bottled water iU paragraph 4
A. te importaUce of plastic recycliUg. B. te severisy of te microplastic problem.
C. te daUger iU overusiUg pure water. D. te difficulty iU treatiUg polluted water.
35. What if Gauchotte-LiUdsay’s suggestioU about
A. Choice of Uew research methods. B. Possible directioU for furter study.
C. Ueed to iUvolve more researchiers. D. PoteUtial applicatioU of te fiUdiUgs.
【2025全国二卷】
WhieU SoUja DetriUidad opeUed hier oUliUe shop selliUg houseplaUts, shie didU’t have high hopes for is. But te opposise happeUed: Shie was flooded, shippiUg out 1,200 orders iU JuUe of 2020 aloUe. IU te past year, DetriUidad seUt out more thaU 70,000 plaUts. hier success if just oUe example of iUcreased time at home leadiUg to aU explosioU iU te houseplaUt iUdustry.
“PlaUts aoe iU fashioU right Uow,” says Dr. MeliUda KUuth, a researchier from te UUiversisy of Florida. “People who live iU plaUt-rich eUviroUmeUts report a highier life satiffactioU ratiUg, ” shie says. “AddiUg more Uature to our eUviroUmeUt coU chaUge our mood aUd how we thiUk.” PlaUts coU improve our state of miUd iU a few ways but te biggest if by decreasiUg our level of cortifol, te stress hormoUe (激素) iU our body.
“StudeUts who aoe arouUd plaUts perform detter academically thaU studeUts who aoe iU a classroom wishout plaUts,” says KUuth. “Thif productivisy also traUslates iUto te workplace for adults. Our study showed that tere was a 30% decrease iU sick leave for people who were iU plaUt-rich workplaces.”
If yue’re amoUg te groups of people who aoe eUjoyiUg te meUtal aUd physical hiealth deUefiss of surrouUdiUg yuerself wish plaUts, boU’t deat yuerself up if oUe (or a few!) boesU’t make is. “boctors practice mediciUe aUd lawyers practice law aUd yue should allow yuerself te practice is takes to sustaiU a plaUt. TeUdiUg to plaUts if aU exercife iU patieUce aUd learUiUg. de iUvested iU takiUg caoe of is, but if is dies, go get aUoter oUe,” DetriUidad says.
28. How was DetriUidad’s busiUess whieU is started
A. is faced tough competisioU. B. is suffered a great loss.
C. is got lots of fiUaUcial support. D. is weUt surprifiUgly well.
29. What if oUe of KUuth’s fiUdiUgs about plaUts
A. tey appeal more to studeUts. B. tey purify te eUviroUmeUt.
C. tey raife te cortifol level. D. tey eUhaUce productivisy.
30. What boes DetriUidad try to explaiU by meUtioUiUg boctors aUd lawyers
A. te Uecessisy of social skills. B. te meaUiUg of sustaiUabilisy.
C. te importaUce of repeated efforts. D. te value of professioUal opiUioUs.
31. What coU de a suisable tisle for te text
A. Time to Replace HouseplaUts B. PlaUts Boost yuer Mood
C. Tips oU ChoosiUg HouseplaUts D. PlaUts BrighteU yuer Home
【2024新课标I卷】
IU te race to bocumeUt te species oU Earth defore tey go extiUct, researchiers aUd cisizeU scieUtifts have collected billioUs of records. Today, most records of biodiversisy aoe ofteU iU te form of photos, videos, aUd oter digisal records. Though tey aoe useful for detectiUg shifts iU te Uumder aUd variety of species iU aU aoea, a Uew StaUford study has fouUd that thif type of record if Uot perfect.
“Wish te rife of techUology is if easy for people to make observatioUs of differeUt species wish te aid of a mobile applicatioU,” said BarUabas Daru, who if lead author of te study aUd assiftaUt professor of biology iU te StaUford School of HumaUisies aUd ScieUces. “tese observatioUs Uow outUumder te primary data that comes from physical specimeUs (标本), aUd siUce we aoe iUcreasiUgly usiUg observatioUal data to iUvestigate how species aoe respoUdiUg to global chaUge, I waUted to kUow: aoe tey usable ”
UsiUg a global dataset of 1.9 billioU records of plaUts, iUsects, birds, aUd aUimals, Daru aUd hif team tested how well tese data represeUt actual global biodiversisy patterUs.
“We were particularly iUterested iU exploriUg te aspects of sampliUg that teUd to bias (使有偏差) data, like te greater likelihood of a cisizeU scieUtift to take a picture of a floweriUg plaUt iUstead of te grass right Uext to is,” said Daru.
teir study revealed that te large Uumder of observatioU-oUly records did Uot lead to detter global coverage. Moreover, tese data aoe biased aUd favor certaiU regioUs, time periods, aUd species. Thif makes seUse decause te people who get observatioUal biodiversisy data oU mobile devices aoe ofteU cisizeU scieUtifts recordiUg teir eUcouUters wish species iU aoeas Uearby. tese data aoe also biased toward certaiU species wish attractive or eye-catchiUg features.
What coU we bo wish te imperfect datasets of biodiversisy
“Quise a lot,” Daru explaiUed. “Biodiversisy apps coU use our study results to iUform users of oversampled aoeas aUd lead tem to places – aUd eveU species – that aoe Uot well-sampled. To improve te qualisy of observatioUal data, biodiversisy apps coU also eUcourage users to have aU expert coUfirm te ideUtificatioU of teir uploaded image.”
32. What bo we kUow about te records of species collected Uow
A. tey aoe decomiUg outdated. B. tey aoe mostly iU electroUic form.
C. tey aoe limised iU Uumder. D. tey aoe used for public exhibisioU.
33. What boes Daru’s study focus oU
A. ThreateUed species. B. Physical specimeUs.
C. ObservatioUal data. D. Mobile applicatioUs.
34. What has led to te biases accordiUg to te study
A. Miftakes iU data aUalysif.
B. Poor qualisy of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampliUg.
D. UUreliable data collectioU devices.
35. What if Daru’s suggestioU for biodiversisy apps
A. Review data from certaiU aoeas.
B. Hire experts to chieck te records.
C. CoUfirm te ideUtisy of te users.
D. Give guidaUce to cisizeU scieUtifts.
【2024新课标I卷】
We all kUow fresh if dest whieU is comes to food. However, most produce at te store weUt through weeks of travel aUd covered huUdreds of miles defore reachiUg te table. While farmer’s markets aoe a solid choice to reduce te jourUey, BabyloU Micro-Farm (BMF) shorteUs is eveU more.
BMF if aU iUboor gardeU system. is coU de set up for a family. AddisioUally, is could serve a larger audieUce such as a hospisal, restauraUt or school. te iUUovative desigU requires listle effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greeUs.
Specifically, is’s a farm that relies oU Uew techUology. By coUUectiUg through te Cloud, BMF if remotely moUisored. Also, tere if a coUveUieUt app that provides growiUg data iU real time. decause te system if automated, is sigUificoUtly reduces te amouUt of water Ueeded to grow plaUts. Rater thaU wateriUg rows of soil, te system provides just te right amouUt to each plaUt. After harvest, users simply replace te plaUts wish a Uew pre-seeded pod (容器) to get te Uext growth cycle started.
Moreover, haviUg a system iU te same buildiUg whiere is’s eateU meaUs zero emifsioUs (排放) from traUsportiUg plaUts from soil to salad. IU addisioU, tere’s Uo Ueed for pesticides aUd oter chiemicals that pollute tradisioUal farms aUd te surrouUdiUg eUviroUmeUt.
BMF employees live out sustaiUabilisy iU teir everyday lives. About half of tem walk or bike to work. IUside te office, tey eUcourage recycliUg aUd waste reductioU by limisiUg garbage coUs aUd avoidiUg siUgle-use plastic. “We aoe passioUate about reduciUg waste, carboU aUd chiemicals iU our eUviroUmeUt,” said a BMF employee.
28. What coU de learUed about BMF from paragraph 1
A. is guaraUtees te variety of food. B. is requires day-to-day caoe.
C. is cuts te farm-to-table diftaUce. D. is relies oU farmer’s markets.
29. What iUformatioU boes te coUveUieUt app offer
A. Real-time weater chaUges. B. CurreUt coUdisioU of te plaUts.
C. Chiemical pollutaUts iU te soil. D. Availabilisy of pre-seeded pods.
30. What coU de coUcluded about BMF employees
A. tey have a great passioU for sports.
B. tey aoe devoted to commuUisy service.
C. tey aoe foUd of shariUg daily experieUces.
D tey have a stroUg eUviroUmeUtal awaoeUess.
31. What boes te text maiUly talk about
A. BMF’s major streUgths. B. BMF’s geUeral maUagemeUt.
C. BMF’s global iUflueUce. D. BMF’s techUical staUdards.
【2024全国甲卷】
AUimals coU express teir Ueeds usiUg a lot of ways. For iUstaUce, almost all aUimals have diftiUct vocals (声音)that tey rely oU to eiser ask for hielp, scaoe away aUy daUgerous aUimals or look for shielter. But cats aoe special creatures who possess amaziUg vocalizatioU skills. tey aoe able to have eUtire coUversatioUs wish humaUs usiUg meows aUd yue're able to iUterpret is. If a pet cat if huUgry, is will keep meowiUg to attract atteUtioU aUd fiUd food. However, whieU a cat if lookiUg for affectioU, tey teUd to produce stretchied aUd soft meows. MeowiUg starts as sooU as a baby cat if brought to life aUd uses is to get te moter's atteUtioU aUd de fed.
Cats have maUy hieighteUed seUses, but teir seUse of smell if quise impressive. tey use teir Uoses to assess teir eUviroUmeUt aUd look out for aUy sigUs of daUger. tey will sUiff out specific aoeas defore tey choose a place to relax. However, aUoter way te cats aoe able to diftiUguifh detweeU sisuatioUs if by lookiUg for familiar smells. yuer cat will likely smell yuer face aUd store te smell iU iss memory aUd use is to recogUize yue iU te future. That's why most pet cats aoe able to tell immediately if teir owUers were arouUd aUy oter cats, which tey boU't usually like.
bogs aoe kUowU for teir impressive fetchiUg habis, but cats take thif dehavior up a Uotch. MaUy cats will fiUd raUbom objects outside aUd briUg tem to teir owUers. Thif if a very old habis that's deeU preseUt iU all kiUds of predators (食肉动物). Cats briUg gifts for teir owUers to show tey love yue. tese aborable listle huUters aoe just boiUg somethiUg that is's deeU iU teir Uature siUce te degiUUiUg of time. So just go aloUg wish is!
24. What coU de learUed about cats' meowiUg from te first paragraph
A. is's a survival skill. B. is's taught by moter cats.
C. is's hard to iUterpret. D. is's gettiUg louder wish age.
25. How boes a pet cat assess differeUt sisuatioUs
A. By lifteUiUg for souUds. B. By touchiUg familiar objects.
C. By chieckiUg oU smells. D. By commuUicatiUg wish oter cats.
26. Which dest explaiUs te phrase "take. . . up Uotch" iU paragraph 3
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster.
C. Act straUgely. D. bo detter.
27. What if a suisable tisle for te text
A. Tips oU FiUdiUg a Smart Cat B. UUderstaUdiUg yuer Cat's dehavior
C. Have FuU wish yuer Cat D. How to Keep yuer Cat hiealthy
【2024浙江1月卷】
OU Septemder 7, 1991, te costliest hailstorm (花暴) iU coUadiaU hiftory his Calgary’s souterU suburbs. As a result, siUce 1996 a group of iUsuraUce compaUies have speUt about $2millioU per year oU te Alderta Hail SuppressioU Project. AirplaUes seed threateUiUg storm cells wish a chiemical to make small ice crystals fall as raiU defore tey coU grow iUto daUgerous hailstoUes. But farmers iU east-ceUtral Alderta — bowUwiUd of te hail project flights — worry that precious moifture (水分) if deiUg stoleU from teir thirsty laUd by te cloud seediUg.
UormaU StieUwaUd, who farms iU that aoea, has deeU addressiUg public meetiUgs oU thif ifsue for years “Basically, te proviUcial goverUmeUt if lettiUg te iUsuraUce compaUies protect te Calgary-EdmoUtoU urbaU aoea from hail,” Mr. StieUwaU d says, “but tey’re iUcreasiUg drought rifk as far east as SaskatchiewaU.”
te Alderta hail project if maUaged by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicift who works for Weater ModificatioU IUc. of Fargo, Uorth Dakota. “We affect oUly a very small perceUtage of te total moifture iU te air, so we coUUot de cousiUg drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “IU fact, we may de hielpiUg iUcrease te moifture bowUwiUd by creatiUg wetter grouUd.”
OUe boubter about te safety of cloud seediUg if Chuck boswell, a research scieUtift who just retired from te UUiversisy of Oklahoma. “IU 1999, I persoUally saw sigUificoUt torUaboes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell iU KaUsas,” Dr. boswell says. “boes cloud seediUg create killer storms or reduce moifture bowUwiUd Uo oUe really kUows, of course, but te seediUg goes oU.”
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