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Section Ⅳ　Developing ideas—Writing
写安全指南
本单元的写作任务是写一篇安全指南，属于说明文。写此类文章时，通常要包括写作背景、写作目的，以及一些具体的建议。
(一)基本框架
1．开头：写作背景及目的；
2．主体：具体的建议(应做的事)；
3．结尾：注意事项(不应做的事)。
(二)常用表达
1．What can we do in the face of an earthquake
面对地震，我们能做些什么呢？
2．If you are trapped in the flood what will you do to help yourself
如果你被困在洪水中，你该怎么做来自救？
3．If you find somewhere around you is on fire，how will you escape safely
如果你发现周围的某个地方着火了，你怎么安全地逃生？
4．When there is an earthquake，you must obey the following rules to keep yourself safe．
当发生地震时，你必须遵循以下规则来保证自己的安全。
5．During the earthquake in class，we should follow the teacher's instructions in all actions．
发生地震时，我们要一切行动听从老师的指挥。
6．Attention should be paid to prevent smoke poisoning，prevent suffocation．
注意防止烟雾中毒，预防窒息。
7．When opening a room door，touch the door with the back of your hand first，see whether it is hot．
开房间门时，先用手背接触房门，看房门是否发热。
8．Keep in mind that you should keep calm and don't panic．
要记住保持冷静，不要慌乱。
假设你是李华，请根据下列表格中的内容提示，写一篇地震安全指南。
地震发生时 切勿恐慌，保持镇定
室内的人应留在室内，躲到坚固的家具下面，远离玻璃或容易掉落的物件
不要乱跑，尤其不要急于涌向楼梯口
地震发生后 检查伤亡以及损毁情况，如有需要，立即寻求帮助
切勿点燃火种或在现场打电话
如果建筑物严重损毁，余震可能使之倒塌，应尽快离开并向有关部门报告
注意：词数80左右。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ [审题构思]
1．确定体裁：本文是一篇安全指南，属于说明文；
2．确定人称：本文的主要人称应为第二人称；
3．确定时态：本文的主体时态为一般现在时。
4．确定内容：
①开篇点题；
②地震发生时的注意事项；
③地震发生后的注意事项。
[遣词造句]
1．为避免地震造成的严重损害，以下是一些安全准则。
__________________________________ which are caused by earthquakes，the following are some safety guidelines．
2．室内的人应留在室内，躲到坚固的家具下面，远离玻璃或容易掉落的物件。
People indoors should stay indoors，hide under solid furniture，and ____________________ or falling objects．
3．不要乱跑，尤其不要急于涌向楼梯口。
Don't run in a mess，and especially don't ___________________ the stairway entrance．
4．检查伤亡以及损毁情况，如有需要，立即寻求帮助。
Check for casualties and damage and _________________________ if it is necessary．
5．切勿点燃火种或在现场打电话。
Do not light a fire or ____________________________．
6．如果建筑物严重损毁，余震可能使之倒塌，应尽快离开并向有关部门报告。
If the building is seriously damaged，and the aftershock may make it collapse，you should _________________________ and report to the relevant authorities．
[句式升级]
1．用过去分词短语作定语改写句1
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2．用省略句改写句4
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ [连句成篇](注意使用适当的衔接过渡词语)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Section Ⅳ
写作精析提升表达能力
典例详析
遣词造句
1．In order to avoid serious injuries　2．stay away from glass　3．be eager to rush to　4．seek immediate assistance　5．make phone calls on the spot　6．leave as soon as possible
句式升级
1．In order to avoid serious injuries caused by earthquakes，the following are some safety guidelines．
2．Check for casualties and damage and seek immediate assistance if necessary．
连句成篇
【参考范文】
In order to avoid serious injuries caused by earthquakes，the following are some safety guidelines．
When an earthquake happens: Don't panic．Keep calm．People indoors should stay indoors，hide under solid furniture，and stay away from glass or falling objects．Don't run in a mess，and especially don't be eager to rush to the stairway entrance．
After the earthquake stops：Check for casualties and damage and seek immediate assistance if necessary．Do not light a fire or make phone calls on the spot．If the building is seriously damaged，and the aftershock may make it collapse，you should leave as soon as possible and report to the relevant authorities．
1 / 1(共18张PPT)
Unit 6 Disaster and hope
Section Ⅳ　Developing ideas－Writing
写作精析 提升表达能力
文体指导
01
典例详析
本单元的写作任务是写一篇安全指南，属于说明文。写此类文章时，通常要包括写作背景、写作目的，以及一些具体的建议。
(一)基本框架
1．开头：写作背景及目的；
2．主体：具体的建议(应做的事)；
3．结尾：注意事项(不应做的事)。
写安全指南
(二)常用表达
1．What can we do in the face of an earthquake
面对地震，我们能做些什么呢？
2．If you are trapped in the flood what will you do to help yourself
如果你被困在洪水中，你该怎么做来自救？
3．If you find somewhere around you is on fire，how will you escape safely
如果你发现周围的某个地方着火了，你怎么安全地逃生？
4．When there is an earthquake，you must obey the following rules to keep yourself safe．
当发生地震时，你必须遵循以下规则来保证自己的安全。
5．During the earthquake in class，we should follow the teacher's instructions in all actions．
发生地震时，我们要一切行动听从老师的指挥。
6．Attention should be paid to prevent smoke poisoning，prevent suffocation．
注意防止烟雾中毒，预防窒息。
7．When opening a room door，touch the door with the back of your hand first，see whether it is hot．
开房间门时，先用手背接触房门，看房门是否发热。
8．Keep in mind that you should keep calm and don't panic．
要记住保持冷静，不要慌乱。
假设你是李华，请根据下列表格中的内容提示，写一篇地震安全指南。
地震发生时 切勿恐慌，保持镇定
室内的人应留在室内，躲到坚固的家具下面，远离玻璃或容易掉落的物件
不要乱跑，尤其不要急于涌向楼梯口。
地震发生后 检查伤亡以及损毁情况，如有需要，立即寻求帮助
切勿点燃火种或在现场打电话。
如果建筑物严重损毁，余震可能使之倒塌，应尽快离开并向有关部门报告
注意：词数80左右。
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
[审题构思]
1．确定体裁：本文是一篇安全指南，属于说明文；
2．确定人称：本文的主要人称应为第二人称；
3．确定时态：本文的主体时态为一般现在时。
4．确定内容：
①开篇点题；
②地震发生时的注意事项；
③地震发生后的注意事项。
[遣词造句]
1．为避免地震造成的严重损害，以下是一些安全准则。
___________________________ which are caused by earthquakes，the following are some safety guidelines．
2．室内的人应留在室内，躲到坚固的家具下面，远离玻璃或容易掉落的物件。
People indoors should stay indoors，hide under solid furniture，and __________________ or falling objects．
In order to avoid serious injuries
stay away from glass
3．不要乱跑，尤其不要急于涌向楼梯口。
Don't run in a mess，and especially don't ___________________ the stairway entrance．
4．检查伤亡以及损毁情况，如有需要，立即寻求帮助。
Check for casualties and damage and _________________________ if it is necessary．
be eager to rush to
seek immediate assistance
5．切勿点燃火种或在现场打电话。
Do not light a fire or ____________________________．
6．如果建筑物严重损毁，余震可能使之倒塌，应尽快离开并向有关部门报告。
If the building is seriously damaged，and the aftershock may make it collapse，you should _________________________ and report to the relevant authorities．
make phone calls on the spot
leave as soon as possible
[句式升级]
1．用过去分词短语作定语改写句1
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2．用省略句改写句4
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
In order to avoid serious injuries caused by earthquakes，the following are some safety guidelines．
Check for casualties and damage and seek immediate assistance if necessary．
[连句成篇](注意使用适当的衔接过渡词语)
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
In order to avoid serious injuries caused by earthquakes，the following are some safety guidelines．
When an earthquake happens: Don't panic．Keep calm．People indoors should stay indoors，hide under solid furniture，and stay away from glass or falling objects．Don't run in a mess，and especially don't be eager to rush to the stairway entrance．
After the earthquake stops：Check for casualties and damage and seek immediate assistance if necessary．Do not light a fire or make phone calls on the spot．If the building is seriously damaged，and the aftershock may make it collapse，you should leave as soon as possible and report to the relevant authorities．
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课
时
分
层
作
业
谢谢观看 THANK YOU!课时分层作业(十八)
Ⅰ．阅读理解
A
About three years ago, something terrible happened to me．One day, my two brothers and I were coming back from the islands where we often risked going and got more fish than others．All at once, the sky was covered with dark clouds and in less than a minute we were in a terrible storm．A huge wave covered our boat and my younger brother fell into the sea．With the wind and waves, we were going in the direction of the whirlpool(漩涡)．We were hopeless．Nothing could save us．We went round and round, nearer and nearer to the horrible edge of the whirlpool．It may appear strange, but at that moment, when we were on the edge of the whirlpool, I felt calmer than when we were moving towards it．I began to think how amazing a thing it was to die in such a way, and how wonderful it was to see the power of nature．Suddenly, we went over the edge．I thought my life was over．But moment after moment passed, and I was still safe．
The boat was on the inside of the huge whirlpool and we were going round in circles at great speed．After a while, I became curious about the whirlpool itself．I then made three important observations．First, the larger the bodies were, the more rapidly they fell；second, between two objects of equal extent(面积), round objects fell down less rapidly; and third, between two objects of the same size, objects shaped like a tube fell down more slowly．So I tied myself to a barrel to help me float．I tried to make my brother understand, but he was too frightened and stayed in the heavy boat．Without waiting, I jumped into the sea to try and escape．
It turned out that I made the right decision．Some time after I left the boat, with my brother in it, it was pulled into the bottom of the whirlpool．Soon after that, the whirlpool became less wild．Then the sky was clear, the wind calmer, and the moon was shining．I was still tied to the barrel and the waves soon carried me to an area where the other fishermen were．In the end, a boat picked me up．I was very tired．The fishermen were my old friends．When I told them my story, they did not believe it．Now I have told you, and I cannot expect you to believe me any more than the fishermen did．
1．What happened on their way home from the islands
A．They were caught in a storm．
B．They got more fish than before．
C．They were risking going to the islands．
D．The writer and his two brothers fell into the sea．
2．What can you infer from the story
A．The writer cared more about nature than his life．
B．The writer took advantage of natural rules and survived．
C．The writer's two brothers finally died in the storm．
D．The writer didn't expect the readers to believe his story．
3．The underlined word “barrel” in paragraph 2 probably refers to an object ．
A．with a large size
B．of equal extent
C．shaped like a tube
D．of square shape
4．What words can best describe the storyteller
A．Smart and experienced．
B．Calm and decisive．
C．Observant and humorous．
D．Optimistic and reliable．
B
Most of the new diseases we humans have faced in the past several decades have come from animals．The more we come into contact with wild animals, the more we risk a so-called disease “spillover” from animals to humans．
“As people move and wildlife move in response to a changing environment, humans and wildlife and animals will come in contact more regularly，” said Jeanne Fair from the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico．Fair argues that by shifting animal habitats, climate change will also make the opportunities for disease spillover more frequent．“Everything is sort of shifting and will shift into the future as the environment changes through climate change，” Fair said．
Scientists, including climatologists and epidemiologists on Fair's team at Los Alamos, are beginning to model how changes to the climate will impact the spread of infectious diseases．It's early days for this kind of research, but previous studies suggest that extreme weather has already played a role in at least one outbreak．Scientists say drought and deforestation have combined to force bats out of rainforests and into orchards(果园) in Malaysia to find food．Those bats, a common disease reservoir, then passed the Nipah virus through pigs to humans for the first time in the late 1990s．
“We're going by the past data to really predict what's going to happen in the future，” Fair said．“And so, anytime you increase that wildlife-human interface, that's sort of an emerging disease hot spot．And so, that's just increasing as we go forward．”
Jeffrey Shaman, head of the climate and health program at Columbia University's public health school, argues we don't yet know whether climate change will cause a net increase in infectious disease rates globally．For example, mosquitoes carry disease that affects millions of people across the world every year．As their habitats expand in some parts of the world, they might contract diseases elsewhere．Shaman says what we know for certain about climate change is that it will make it harder to predict where disease outbreaks will pop up．
5．How does climate change affect the spread of disease according to Fair
A．By breaking animals' habits．
B．By increasing animals' varieties．
C．By promoting animals' breeding．
D．By changing animals' living environment．
6．What is the example of bats for in paragraph 3
A．Explaining the influence of Nipah virus．
B．Proving the harm of bats to human beings．
C．Showing the effects of climate change on disease．
D．Presenting scientists' early study about the cause of disease．
7．What can we infer from Fair's words in paragraph 4
A．Humans should give up studying animals．
B．Past data can solve the problems in the future．
C．Disease hot spots will disappear if animals die out．
D．Frequent contact with animals can cause disease outbreaks．
8．What could be the best title for the text
A．Climate Change and Disease Spillover
B．Animals' Interaction with Humans
C．Scientists' Prediction for Disease Outbreaks
D．Early Studies about Extreme Weather
Ⅱ．应用文写作
火灾是一种常见的灾难。请你用英语给同学们写一篇80词左右的安全防护小贴士，告诉同学们在火灾发生时应如何应对(包括应做的和不应做的事情)。
课时分层作业(十八)
Ⅰ．
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A B C B D C D A
Ⅱ．【参考范文】
As we all know, fires frequently happen in our daily life．Therefore, it is of great importance for us to be aware of what to do when fires break out．
Things to do when a fire breaks out：
·Remember to dial 119 to inform firefighters and ask for help immediately．
·Keep calm and cover your face with a wet towel before going downstairs．
·Get out and run downstairs to safe places as fast as you can．
·Bend yourself as low as possible to avoid the smoke．
Things not to do when a fire breaks out：
· Do not take the lift．
·Do not try to get anything out in your house as life is the most important．
Ⅰ．【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者三年前出海捕鱼，返回途中遭遇了可怕的风暴，最后从漩涡中拼命逃脱的故事。
1．A　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“All at once, the sky was covered with dark clouds and in less than a minute we were in a terrible storm．”可知，他们回来的时候遭遇了暴风雨。]
2．B　[推理判断题。根据第二段中“After a while, I became curious about the whirlpool itself．I then made three important observations...．Without waiting, I jumped into the sea to try and escape．”可推断，作者充分利用了自然规律；根据最后一段中“In the end, a boat picked me up．”可知，作者活了下来。]
3．C　[词义猜测题。根据第二段画线单词前面的“After a while, ...objects shaped like a tube fell down more slowly．”可知，根据作者的观察，管状物下落得更慢。所以画线词barrel应指的是管状物。]
4．B　[推理判断题。根据第一段中“It may appear strange, but at that moment, when we were on the edge of the whirlpool, I felt calmer than when we were moving towards it．”可推断，作者很冷静；根据最后一段中“It turned out that I made the right decision．”可推断，作者是个果断的人。故选B项。]
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。文章聚焦气候变化给人类带来的影响，尤其会引起因动物与人类高频接触而引起的疾病传播。
5．D　[推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Fair argues that by shifting animal habitats, climate change will also make the opportunities for disease spillover more frequent．‘Everything is sort of shifting and will shift into the future as the environment changes through climate change，’ Fair said．”可知，天气变化导致动物生存环境的变化，从而导致疾病的蔓延。故选D。]
6．C　[推理判断题。根据第三段中的“...drought and deforestation have combined to force bats out of rainforests and into orchards in Malaysia to find food．Those bats, a common disease reservoir, then passed the Nipah virus through pigs to humans for the first time in the late 1990s．”可知，文中举蝙蝠的例子就是为了更好地表明气候变化对疾病传播产生的影响，故选C。]
7．D　[推理判断题。根据第四段中的“And so, anytime you increase that wildlifehuman interface, that's sort of an emerging disease hot spot．And so, that's just increasing as we go forward．”可知，任何时候，只要你增加野生动物与人类的接触，那就是一种新出现的疾病热点。其主要用意是指过多地接触野生动物将会引起疾病传播。故选D。]
8．A　[标题归纳题。本文的主旨句是第一段中的“The more we come into contact with wild animals, the more we risk a socalled disease ‘spillover’ from animals to humans．”，接着下文用研究数据以及蝙蝠和蚊子为例来说明气候变化导致环境变化，迫使有些动物离开生存的环境，最终把疾病传染给人类。由此可知天气的变化与疾病的关系。故A选项符合题意，B选项范围太大，C、D选项太片面。故选A。]
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