资源简介

(共22张PPT)
Focusing on culture
Discuss in groups.
How did people count things before writing was invented
They used their fingers.
They might have used stones.
Maybe they used shells.
Look at the picture. In ancient times, some people used tally sticks to count things. Let’s read an article and find out more about counting.
The story of numbers
In ancient times, people developed different counting methods. One of the earliest was called “tally sticks”. Each “stick” (or pebble, or other counting tool) stands for a thing we want to count, such as an animal or a bag of rice. For each animal we want to count, we draw one stick. This is called a “one-to-one correspondence”. Tally sticks are easy to understand, but it can take a long time to write down large numbers. To write “1,000”, you have to draw a thousand tally sticks!
Later, people created faster ways of writing numbers. One such system developed in ancient India. Instead of using tally sticks, people began using different abstract symbols to represent different numbers. Researchers do not know exactly how this happened, but some believe that the sticks slowly turned into symbols over the centuries. These Indian numerals became popular, and people in the Arab world started using them too. Thanks to the Arabs, this way of writing numbers spread to Europe and across the world. Nowadays, they are known as Arabic numerals.
The ancient Romans wrote numbers in a different way. They used letters from their alphabet. For example, the number 12 is “XII” (10+1+1). The Roman numerals used to be the most common way of writing numbers in Europe. Today we still see them in many places, for example, on clock faces, on buildings or in books. But Roman numerals are not as common as Arabic numerals, maybe because they are too difficult to use!
Read and summarize
What is each paragraph mainly about
Paragraph 1: Tally sticks—one of the earliest counting methods.
Paragraph 2: The development of Arabic numerals.
Paragraph 3: How Roman numerals work.
Focusing on culture
Read the article and complete the timeline.
People used sticks to count.
People used letters as numbers.
Arabic numerals became popular.
Focusing on culture
In pairs, give a summary of the article with the help of the timeline below.
People used sticks to count.
People used letters as numbers.
Arabic numerals became popular.
Tally sticks are easy to ... but...
It is too difficult to ...
Instead of using tally sticks, Indians began using ...
Focusing on culture
Give each other feedback on the summary. What did your partner do well What can he / she improve
评价维度 内容要求 评分（1–5）
内容完整性 Content 复述内容是否涵盖了数字发展的主要阶段（如计数棍、印度数字、罗马数字、阿拉伯数字等）。 1 2 3 4 5
语言准确性 Accuracy 使用的词汇、语法和句型是否准确，是否符合英语表达习惯。 1 2 3 4 5
逻辑清晰度 Logic 复述过程是否逻辑清晰，是否能够按照时间顺序或因果关系清晰地表达数字发展的过程。 1 2 3 4 5
表达流畅度 Fluency 复述过程中是否表达流畅，是否有过多的停顿、重复或不必要的修正。 1 2 3 4 5
Focusing on culture
Group discussion
How are the three kinds of numerals different from each other In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of each
Advantages Disadvantages
Chinese numerals 一、二、三、四、五
Roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V
Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
They look good and are easy to recognize.
They are harder to write than Arabic numerals.
They often look good on clocks and buildings.
It’s hard to read and write big numbers.
They are the most common way of writing numbers. It’s easier to do maths with them.
Big numbers can be very long.
Focusing on culture
Discuss the questions below.
Before numbers were invented, how did ancient Chinese people record important things like harvests or time
Watch a video and answer the questions below.
（请教师自行搜索结绳记事相关视频。）
Why did people in ancient China use knots to count
How did the type and position of knots help people record important things
Focusing on culture
Compare and share.
Counting system Reasons to use it
Tally sticks
Pebbles
Knots
If you lived in ancient times, which of the following ways of counting would you use Why
评价内容 评分（1-5）
1. 我能够运用所学知识，简要描述古代计数方法的发展过程。 1 2 3 4 5
2. 我能了解不同数字系统的发展，认识到阿拉伯数字在全球的普及及影响。 1 2 3 4 5
3. 我能比较不同计数方法的优缺点，理解文明进步对计数方式带来的影响。 1 2 3 4 5
4. 我能提取科普文章关键信息，运用阅读策略提高阅读理解能力。 1 2 3 4 5
5. 我能将数学与历史、文化相结合，理解数字发展的跨学科意义。 1 2 3 4 5
Self-assessment
Homework
基础作业
选择一个古代文明（如古印度、古罗马、阿拉伯文明等），深入研究其数字系统的发展历史和文化背景。制作一份展示材料（如海报、PPT 或短视频），内容包括：①该数字系统的特点；②该数字系统对现代数学的影响；③你对该数字系统的评价（优点和缺点）。
拓展作业
设计一个简单的计数工具，灵感可以来自计数棍或其他古代计数方法。
制作并测试你的工具：用你的工具记录一组数量（如班级人数、书本数量等）。记录使用过程中的优点和缺点。撰写一份简短报告，内容包括：
①工具的设计思路；②使用过程中的发现；③你认为如何改进这个工具。
count /kaWnt/ v. 计算（或清单）总数
The teachers counted the students before the bus left.
system /9sIstRm/ n. 系统
The doctors are happy with the new computer system.
instead of 代替；作为……的替换
Can I have some coffee instead of tea
symbol /9sImbl/ n. 符号；记号
We use the symbol ° for “degrees”.
represent /0reprI9zent/ v. 代表
The Roman numeral Ⅳ represents the number 4.
exactly /IG9z ktli/ adv. 准确地；确切地
The two students got exactly the same number of points.
alphabet /9 lfRbet/ n. 字母表
N comes after M in the alphabet.
common /9kBmRn/ adj. 常见的
Alex is a very common English name.
write down 写下；记下
Please write down your questions in your notebook.

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