资源简介

(共38张PPT)
Period 1　
UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
主题语境
人与社会——对社会有突出贡献的人物
1．______ adj． 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
2．________ vi． 认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
3．________ adj． 数量多的；多种多样的
4．_______ vt．& vi． 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n． 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
课时练案 单元词汇表(Words and Expressions)
severe
subscribe
multiple
suspect
5．______ vt． 把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n． 责备；指责
6．___________ n． 介入；出面；干涉
7．____ n． 联系；纽带 vt． 把……连接起来；相关联
8．_______ n． 发现；调查结果；(法律)判决
9．__________ adj． 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的
10．________ n． 减少；降低；减少量 vt．& vi． (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
blame
intervention
link
finding
substantial
decrease
11．__________ adj．优秀的；杰出的；明显的
12．_______ adj．抽象的；理论上的 n．(文献等的)摘要
13．_______ n．概念；观念
outstanding
abstract
concept
1．__________ (suspect) nothing, he walked right into the house．
2．Ms Carey appeared ________(blame) her breakdown on her company's punishing work schedule．
3．It's commonly known that certain diseases _________ (link) with occupations like lung disease in coal miners．
4．The prices of coal are low nowadays as a result of over-supply and __________ (decrease) demand．
Suspecting
to blame
are linked
decreasing
5．He has been learning other things, including many of the ________ (concept) that the schools think only they can teach him．
6．The new ________ (finding) do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating．
7．He has done a task far ____________ (abstract) than anything he will be asked to do in school．
8．The magazine is trying to get more readers __________ (subscribe) by making its cover more attractive．
concepts
findings
more abstract
to subscribe
1．infect vt．使感染；传染→_________ n．感染；传染→ ________ adj．感染的
2．prove vt．证明；证实→_____ n．证据；证明；检验
3．transform vt．使改观；使改变形态 vi．改变；转变→ _____________ n．改观；改革；转变
4．mechanic n．机械师；机械修理工→__________adj．机械的；发动机的；机器的
infection
infectious
proof
transformation
mechanical
5．defend vt．保卫；防守；辩解→_______________ n．防卫；辩护→_________ adj．防御的
6．assist vt．& vi．帮助；协助；援助→_________ n．帮助；援助；支持→________ n．助理；助手
7．lead vi．& vt．领导；导致→______ n．领导者；首领→ __________ n．领导；领导地位；领导才能
8．initial adj．最初的；开始的；第一的→_______ adv．起初
9．gift n．礼物；天赋→______ adj．有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的
defence/defense
defensive
assistance
assistant
leader
leadership
initially
gifted
1．Any _________ disease must be notified at once to the Health Ministry, in case it increases the risk of _________． (infect)
2．John brought the absolute ______ that I needed, which _______ my innocence to the judge． (prove)
3．The way in which we work has undergone a complete_____________ (transform) in the past decade．
infectious
infection
proof
proved
transformation
4．The immune system is our main _______________ against disease．
When we get sick, it plays a _________ role． (defend)
5．Kalan called his ________, Hashim, to take over while he went out, with whose _________, Kalan had more time to accompany his family．
(assist)
6．Voters perceive him as a decisive and resolute international ______ ,
who has the intellectual form to take up the mantle of __________ ． (lead)
defence/defense
defensive
assistant
assistance
leader
leadership
1．______________ 最终地；彻底地
2．___________ 同意；赞同
3．________ 幸亏；由于
4．___________ 应受责备
5．_________ (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
6．___________ 主管；掌管
7．_______________ 患(病)；染上(小病)
8．_________ 最重要的是；尤其是
once and for all
subscribe to
thanks to
be to blame
break out
in charge of
come down with
above all
1．The teacher is ___________ the class, responsible for their homework
and outdoor activities．
2．Having been disturbed by it for a long time, we have to resolve this matter ______________．
3．Sometimes one may _______________ a serious cold, feeling depressed．
in charge of
once and for all
come down with
4．_________ the spread of modern technology, trained workers are now more vital than ever．
5．Disagreement reached such a pitch that we thought a fight would __________．
Thanks to
break out
1．suspect vi．&vt．怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
[联想]　①respect n．尊敬；重视；方面 v．尊重，仰慕；遵守
②aspect n．方面；样子，外观；方位；(语法)体
③doubt n．怀疑 v．不能肯定；怀疑；不相信
④distrust vt．不信任；怀疑 n．不信任，猜疑；疑惑，不相信
词汇联想 由新知联想已知
2．besides prep．除……之外(还) adv．而且；此外
[联想]　①except prep．除……之外
②apart from 除了……还；此外
③in addition to 除……之外(还)
3．fault n．弱点；过错
[联想]　①error n．错误，过失
②mistake n． 错误；错事 v． 误解；认错
③shortcoming n．短处，缺点
①severe adj．极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
②an outbreak of ……的爆发
outbreak n．[C]爆发，突然发生
③hit vt．& vi．产生不良影响，打击，危害
④frustrated adj．懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的
课下预习 第一篇课文(Reading and Thinking)
⑤in time 经过一段时间之后，最终
⑥rise vi．变得更加成功(或重要、强大等)
⑦attend to 照料，照顾
⑧give birth 生孩子
⑨lose one's desire to do sth． 放弃做某事的愿望
⑩once and for all 最终地，彻底地
in general 通常，大体上(＝usually/mainly)；总的说来，从总体上看(＝as a whole)
contradictory adj．相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
infection n．[C]感染，传染病
germ n．[C，usually pl．]微生物；细菌；病菌
subscribe to 同意；赞同
proof n．[U，C]证明；证据
consequently adv．因此，所以(相当于as a result或therefore)
be determined to do sth． 决心做某事(＝determine to do sth．)
mark vt．标明方位，标示；做记号，做标记
multiple adj．数量多的；多种多样的
water pump 水泵
pump n．[C]抽水机；泵；打气筒
household n．[C]一家人，家庭，同住一所(套)房子的人
suspect vt．& vi．怀疑；疑有；不信任
be to blame (对坏事)负有责任
blame vt． 把……归咎于；责怪；指责
what is more 而且(＝more over/further more)
[注意]这些词或短语都表示逻辑上的递进关系。
accordingly adv．因此，所以；照着，相应地
handle n．[C]把手；拉手；柄
intervention n．[U，C]介入；出面；干涉
link n．[C]联系
case n．[C]病例，案例
raw adj．未经处理的；生的；未煮的；原始的
be likely to do sth． 可能做某事
pure adj．干净的；纯的；纯粹的
boiled water 开水
boiling water 沸水
tireless efforts 孜孜不倦的努力
tireless adj．不知疲倦的，孜孜不倦的
substantial decrease 大量减少
substantial adj．大量的；价值巨大的；重大的
decrease n．[C，U]减少；降低；减少量 vt．& vi．(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
thanks to 由于；幸亏
statistic n．[pl．]统计数字；统计资料
transform vt．使改观；使改变形态
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British doctor，John Snow, showed how it could be overcome[1]．This illness causes severe① diarrhoea，dehydration, and even death．In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of② cholera
hit③ Europe[2]，millions of people died from the disease．As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated④ because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera[3]．In time⑤，he rose⑥ to become a famous doctor, and even attended to⑦ Queen Victoria when she gave birth⑧．
However, he never lost his desire to⑨ destroy cholera once and for all ⑩．
[1]how引导的宾语从句，从句使用了被动语态。
[2]when引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰the early 19th century。
[3]“疑问词how＋动词不定式”结构，作谓语动词knew的宾语。
In general ， doctors in those days had twocontradictory theories to explain how cholera spread[4]．One theory was that bad air caused the disease[5]．The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water．Snow subscribed to the second theory． It was correct, but he still needed proof ．
Consequently ，when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate．He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days[6]．He was determined to find out why．
[4]不定式短语作后置定语，修饰theories。
[5]that引导表语从句。
[6]that引导的宾语从句，从句中又含有“so...that...”引导的结果状语从句。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived．[7]There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40)．However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths． These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street． They had been given[8] free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump．Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame ．What is more ， in another part of
London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street．It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day．[9]As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs．Accordingly ， he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used[10]．Through this intervention ，the disease was stopped in its tracks．
[7]where引导定语从句，修饰the exact places。该定语从句中又包含另一个定语从句who died，该定语从句修饰those。另外，还要注意这个句子的语序。marking有个较长的宾语the exact places...had lived，为了平衡句子结构，该宾语被后置，移到了地点状语on a map之后。
[8]过去完成时的被动语态。
[9]It seems that...表示“似乎……，看起来……”；the woman liked...so much that...属于“so...that...”结构；had it delivered属于“have sth． done”结构，该结构可表示“请/派别人做某事”。
[10]so that引导目的状语从句。
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste[11]．Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London[12]．Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste． The people who drank this water[13] were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water [14]．
[11]that引导的表语从句，从句谓语用了过去完成时的被动语态。
[12]“between...and...”是介词短语，作后置定语修饰前面的名词link，“a link between...and...”表示“……和……之间的联系”。
[13]who引导的定语从句，修饰people。
[14]who引导的定语从句，修饰those。
Through Snow's tireless efforts ， water companies began to sell clean water，and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease [15]．However, cholera is still a problem．Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it．Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera[16]，thanks to the work of John Snow．Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics ， Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases[17]．For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology．
[15]此处使用了拟人的修辞手法。该句是无生命名词作主语，saw在此意为“见证”，句子的主语常常是时间或者地点等。
[16]“疑问词how＋动词不定式”结构作宾语。
[17]定语从句，the way为先行词，the way 与scientists之间省略了that。
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
在英国医生约翰·斯诺(向人们)展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。这种疾病会导致严重的腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，欧洲暴发霍乱，数百万人死于这种疾病。由于没人知道如何防治霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生变得沮丧。后来，他成了名医，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照料她。然而，他从未放弃彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。
当时医生大体上有两种不一致的推论来解释霍乱的传播。一种推论是这种疾病是由糟糕的空气导致的。另一种推论是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是对的，但他仍然需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
斯诺首先在地图上标出了所有死者的住所的精确位置。许多死亡病例在宽街水泵附近(尤其是16号、37号、38号和40号住宅)。然而，一些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费的啤酒，所以他们没有饮用水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。而且，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。这位妇女似乎非常喜欢(饮用)从水泵抽上来的水，她每天都让人(从那里)送水到她家。基于这个证据，约翰·斯诺可以宣布水泵抽上来的水携带了霍乱病菌。因此，他让人拆掉了水泵的手柄，这样水泵就不能用了。通过这种干预，霍乱(的传播)才中断了。
事实上，宽街水泵抽上来的水已被废物污染了。此外，斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦的不同供水公司之间的联系。一些公司出售泰晤士河的水，而河水被未经处理的废物污染了。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或开水的人更易得霍乱。
通过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始销售干净水，世界各地的霍乱威胁也大幅减少。然而，霍乱仍然是一个难题。每年，世界各地有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，多亏了约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱了。此外，斯诺对地图和统计数据的使用也改变了科学家们研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被认为是现代流行病学之父。
THANKSPeriod 1　 单元词汇表(Words and Expressions)
1．________ adj．极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 2．________ vi．认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费) 3．________ adj．数量多的；多种多样的 4．________ vt．& vi．怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 5．________ vt．把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．责备；指责 6．________ n．介入；出面；干涉 7．________ n．联系；纽带 vt．把……连接起来；相关联 8．________ n．发现；调查结果；(法律)判决 9．________ adj．大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 10．________ n．减少；降低；减少量 vt．& vi．(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 11．________ adj．优秀的；杰出的；明显的 12．________ adj．抽象的；理论上的 n．(文献等的)摘要 13．________ n．概念；观念 1．________ (suspect) nothing, he walked right into the house． 2．Ms Carey appeared ________ (blame) her breakdown on her company's punishing work schedule． 3．It's commonly known that certain diseases ________ (link) with occupations like lung disease in coal miners． 4．The prices of coal are low nowadays as a result of over-supply and ________ (decrease) demand． 5．He has been learning other things, including many of the ________ (concept) that the schools think only they can teach him． 6．The new ________ (finding) do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating． 7．He has done a task far ________ (abstract) than anything he will be asked to do in school． 8．The magazine is trying to get more readers ________ (subscribe) by making its cover more attractive．
1．infect vt．使感染；传染→________ n．感染；传染→________ adj．感染的 2．prove vt．证明；证实→________ n．证据；证明；检验 3．transform vt．使改观；使改变形态 vi．改变；转变→________ n．改观；改革；转变 4．mechanic n．机械师；机械修理工→________adj．机械的；发动机的；机器的 5．defend vt．保卫；防守；辩解→________ n．防卫；辩护→________ adj．防御的 6．assist vt．& vi．帮助；协助；援助→________ n．帮助；援助；支持→________ n．助理；助手 7．lead vi．& vt．领导；导致→________ n．领导者；首领→________ n．领导；领导地位；领导才能 8．initial adj．最初的；开始的；第一的→________ adv．起初 9 gift n．礼物；天赋→________ adj．有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 1．Any ________ disease must be notified at once to the Health Ministry, in case it increases the risk of ________． (infect) 2．John brought the absolute ________ that I needed, which ________ my innocence to the judge． (prove) 3．The way in which we work has undergone a complete ________ (transform) in the past decade． 4．The immune system is our main ________ against disease． When we get sick, it plays a ________ role． (defend) 5．Kalan called his ________， Hashim, to take over while he went out, with whose ________， Kalan had more time to accompany his family． (assist) 6．Voters perceive him as a decisive and resolute international ________， who has the intellectual form to take up the mantle of ________． (lead)
1．________________ 最终地；彻底地 2．________________ 同意；赞同 3．________________ 幸亏；由于 4．________________ 应受责备 5．________________ (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发 6．________________ 主管；掌管 7．________________ 患(病)；染上(小病) 8．________________ 最重要的是；尤其是 1．The teacher is ________________ the class, responsible for their homework and outdoor activities． 2．Having been disturbed by it for a long time, we have to resolve this matter ________________． 3．Sometimes one may ________________ a serious cold, feeling depressed． 4．________________ the spread of modern technology, trained workers are now more vital than ever． 5．Disagreement reached such a pitch that we thought a fight would ________________．
由新知联想已知
1．suspect vi．&vt．怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 [联想]　①respect n．尊敬；重视；方面 v．尊重，仰慕；遵守 ②aspect n．方面；样子，外观；方位；(语法)体 ③doubt n．怀疑 v．不能肯定；怀疑；不相信 ④distrust vt．不信任；怀疑 n．不信任，猜疑；疑惑，不相信 2．besides prep．除……之外(还) adv．而且；此外 [联想]　①except prep． 除……之外 ②apart from 除了……还；此外 ③in addition to 除……之外(还) 3．fault n．弱点；过错 [联想]　①error n．错误，过失 ②mistake n．错误；错事 v．误解；认错 ③shortcoming n．短处，缺点
第一篇课文(Reading and Thinking)
①severe adj．极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
②an outbreak of……的爆发
outbreak n．[C]爆发，突然发生
③hit vt．& vi．产生不良影响，打击，危害
④frustrated adj．懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的
⑤in time经过一段时间之后，最终
⑥rise vi．变得更加成功(或重要、强大等)
⑦attend to照料，照顾
⑧give birth生孩子
⑨lose one's desire to do sth． 放弃做某事的愿望
⑩once and for all 最终地，彻底地
in general 通常，大体上(＝usually/mainly)；总的说来，从总体上看(＝as a whole)
contradictory adj．相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
infection n．[C]感染，传染病
germ n．[C，usually pl．]微生物；细菌；病菌
subscribe to 同意；赞同
proof n．[U，C]证明；证据
consequently adv．因此，所以(相当于as a result或therefore)
be determined to do sth． 决心做某事(＝determine to do sth．)
mark vt．标明方位，标示；做记号，做标记
multiple adj．数量多的；多种多样的
water pump水泵
pump n．[C]抽水机；泵；打气筒
household n．[C]一家人，家庭，同住一所(套)房子的人
suspect vt．& vi．怀疑；疑有；不信任
be to blame(对坏事)负有责任
blame vt． 把……归咎于；责怪；指责
what is more而且(＝more over/further more)
[注意]这些词或短语都表示逻辑上的递进关系。
accordingly adv．因此，所以；照着，相应地
handle n．[C]把手；拉手；柄
intervention n．[U，C]介入；出面；干涉
link n．[C]联系
case n．[C]病例，案例
raw adj．未经处理的；生的；未煮的；原始的
be likely to do sth． 可能做某事
pure adj．干净的；纯的；纯粹的
boiled water开水
boiling water沸水
tireless efforts孜孜不倦的努力
tireless adj．不知疲倦的，孜孜不倦的
substantial decrease大量减少
substantial adj．大量的；价值巨大的；重大的
decrease n．[C，U]减少；降低；减少量 vt．& vi．(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
thanks to由于；幸亏
statistic n．[pl．]统计数字；统计资料
transform vt．使改观；使改变形态
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British doctor，John Snow, showed how it could be overcome[1]．This illness causes severe① diarrhoea，dehydration, and even death．In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of② cholera hit③ Europe[2]，millions of people died from the disease．As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated④ because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera[3]．In time⑤，he rose⑥ to become a famous doctor, and even attended to⑦ Queen Victoria when she gave birth⑧．However, he never lost his desire to⑨ destroy cholera once and for all⑩．
[1]how引导的宾语从句，从句使用了被动语态。
[2]when引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰the early 19th century。
[3]“疑问词how＋动词不定式”结构，作谓语动词knew的宾语。
In general ， doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread[4]．One theory was that bad air caused the disease[5]．The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water．Snow subscribed to the second theory． It was correct, but he still needed proof ．Consequently ，when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate．He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days[6]．He was determined to find out why．
[4]不定式短语作后置定语，修饰theories。
[5]that引导表语从句。
[6]that引导的宾语从句，从句中又含有“so...that...”引导的结果状语从句。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived．[7]There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40)．However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths． These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street． They had been given[8] free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump．Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame ．What is more ， in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street．It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day．[9]As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs．Accordingly ， he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used[10]．Through this intervention ，the disease was stopped in its tracks．
[7]where引导定语从句，修饰the exact places。该定语从句中又包含另一个定语从句who died，该定语从句修饰those。另外，还要注意这个句子的语序。marking有个较长的宾语the exact places...had lived，为了平衡句子结构，该宾语被后置，移到了地点状语on a map之后。
[8]过去完成时的被动语态。
[9]It seems that...表示“似乎……，看起来……”；the woman liked...so much that...属于“so...that...”结构；had it delivered属于“have sth． done”结构，该结构可表示“请/派别人做某事”。
[10]so that引导目的状语从句。
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste[11]．Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London[12]．Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste． The people who drank this water[13] were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water [14]．
[11]that引导的表语从句，从句谓语用了过去完成时的被动语态。
[12]“between...and...”是介词短语，作后置定语修饰前面的名词link，“a link between...and...”表示“……和……之间的联系”。
[13]who引导的定语从句，修饰people。
[14]who引导的定语从句，修饰those。
Through Snow's tireless efforts ， water companies began to sell clean water，and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease [15]．However, cholera is still a problem．Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it．Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera[16]，thanks to the work of John Snow．Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics ， Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases[17]．For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology．
[15]此处使用了拟人的修辞手法。该句是无生命名词作主语，saw在此意为“见证”，句子的主语常常是时间或者地点等。
[16]“疑问词how＋动词不定式”结构作宾语。
[17]定语从句，the way为先行词，the way 与scientists之间省略了that。
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
在英国医生约翰·斯诺(向人们)展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。这种疾病会导致严重的腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，欧洲暴发霍乱，数百万人死于这种疾病。由于没人知道如何防治霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生变得沮丧。后来，他成了名医，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照料她。然而，他从未放弃彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。
当时医生大体上有两种不一致的推论来解释霍乱的传播。一种推论是这种疾病是由糟糕的空气导致的。另一种推论是霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是对的，但他仍然需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
斯诺首先在地图上标出了所有死者的住所的精确位置。许多死亡病例在宽街水泵附近(尤其是16号、37号、38号和40号住宅)。然而，一些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费的啤酒，所以他们没有饮用水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。而且，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。这位妇女似乎非常喜欢(饮用)从水泵抽上来的水，她每天都让人(从那里)送水到她家。基于这个证据，约翰·斯诺可以宣布水泵抽上来的水携带了霍乱病菌。因此，他让人拆掉了水泵的手柄，这样水泵就不能用了。通过这种干预，霍乱(的传播)才中断了。
事实上，宽街水泵抽上来的水已被废物污染了。此外，斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦的不同供水公司之间的联系。一些公司出售泰晤士河的水，而河水被未经处理的废物污染了。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或开水的人更易得霍乱。
通过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始销售干净水，世界各地的霍乱威胁也大幅减少。然而，霍乱仍然是一个难题。每年，世界各地有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，多亏了约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱了。此外，斯诺对地图和统计数据的使用也改变了科学家们研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被认为是现代流行病学之父。
Period 1
速记·重点词汇——牢记词形和词义
1．severe　2．subscribe　3．multiple　4．suspect
5．blame　6．intervention　7．link　8．finding
9．substantial　10．decrease　11．outstanding
12．abstract　13．concept
运用·语境填空——测试一下基本功
1．Suspecting　2．to blame　3．are linked
4．decreasing　5．concepts　6．findings　7．more abstract　8．to subscribe
速记·派生词汇——牢记词形和词义
1．infection；infectious　2．proof　3．transformation
4．mechanical　5．defence/defense；defensive
6．assistance；assistant　7．leader；leadership
8．initially　9．gifted
运用·语境填空——测试一下基本功
1．infectious；infection　2．proof；proved
3．transformation　4．defence/defense；defensive
5．assistant；assistance　6．leader；leadership
速记·重点短语——记牢搭配和意义
1．once and for all　2．subscribe to　3．thanks to　4．be to blame　5．break out　6．in charge of
7．come down with　8．above all
运用·语境填空——测试一下基本功
1．in charge of　2．once and for all　3．come down with　4．Thanks to　5．break out
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