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Period 4　 单元语法讲练
过去时中的被动语态
(一)一般过去时的被动语态
1．一般过去时的被动语态的构成
主语(动作承受者)＋was/were＋过去分词(＋by＋施动者)。
2．一般过去时的被动语态的用法
一般过去时的被动语态表示过去经常性、习惯性的被动动作或过去某一时刻发生的被动性动作。
This bridge was built last year．
这座桥是去年建的。
Volleyball was often played in this playground．
这个操场上过去经常有人打排球。
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空
①She __________ (bite) by the dog on the leg when she was catching it on the road．
②In the past，steam engines __________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers．
(二)过去完成时的被动语态
1．过去完成时的被动语态的构成
过去完成时的被动语态有以下四种形式：
(1)肯定结构：主语＋had been done＋其他成分
(2)否定结构：主语＋had not been done＋其他成分
(3)一般疑问结构：had＋主语＋been done＋其他成分
(4)特殊疑问结构：疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done＋其他成分
2．过去完成时的被动语态的用法
(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came．
直到老师来，教室才被打扫干净。
(2)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。
The boy was reminded that his homework had not been handed in．
有人提醒男孩他的家庭作业还没上交呢。
(3)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。
As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet．
任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。
(4)当从句由after，before，when或as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。
They locked the door before they left．
他们在离开前锁上了门。
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空
①Everything __________ (get) ready by the time they arrived．
②The boy __________ (notice) stealing a bike by the police，so he was taken to the police station．
(三)过去进行时的被动语态
1．过去进行时的被动语态的构成
was/were＋being＋动词的过去分词
My father was reading the book at this time yesterday．(主动语态)
The book was being read by my father at this time yesterday．(过去进行时的被动语态)
昨天这个时候，我爸爸正在读这本书。
2．过去进行时的被动语态有以下四种形式：
(1)过去进行时的被动语态的肯定式为：was/were＋being＋done。
Computer was being majored by him during his college．
他那时正在大学学计算机专业。
(2)过去进行时的被动语态的否定式为：was/were＋not＋being＋done。
The car wasn't being repaired by me then．
那时这辆车不是我修理的。
(3)过去进行时的被动语态的一般疑问句需将was/were提到主语的前面。(回答用yes或no)
Was a new library being put up in their school just then
他们学校当时正在建一座新图书馆吗？
(4)过去进行时的被动语态的特殊疑问句为：疑问词＋was/were(＋主语)＋being＋done。
What was being done to the machine
对这台机器采取了什么措施？
3．过去进行时的被动语态的用法
(1)过去进行时的被动语态表示过去正在进行的被动动作。
He was being interviewed by our head master then．
那时他正在接受我们校长的采访。
(2)过去进行时的被动语态一般不与表示一段时间的状语或表示次数的状语连用，若与之连用，这时需要用完成时的被动语态。
The house over there has been built for two months．
那边的房子已经建了两个月了。
[即时训练3]　单句语法填空
①This issue __________(discuss)at this moment yesterday by the company's managers．
②He hurried home，never once looking back to see if he __________ (follow)．
短文语境填空
It was the night before New Year．The snow 1．__________(fall) for a week，and the entire town 2．__________(cover) with snow．In every house，the children had already gone to bed，3．__________ they dreamed about new toys．Their parents were still awake．Presents 4．__________(take) out of their hiding place，and 5．__________ (wrap) with paper and bows．
I 6．__________ (scold) for not finishing my homework when a loud noise came．We rushed out of the house and found a car crashed into a big tree．The driver 7．__________ (trap) in the car．We called 8．__________ an ambulance at once and tried 9．__________ (get) the driver out of the car．Finally，the ambulance arrived and the driver 10．__________(send) to the hospital．
Period 4
单元语法
[即时训练1]
①was bitten　②were used
[即时训练2]
①had been gotten　②had been noticed
[即时训练3]
①was being discussed　②was being followed
巩固落实
1．had been fallen　2．was covered　3．where　4．were taken　5．were wrapped　6．was being 　scolded　7．was trapped　8．for　9．to get　10．was sent
4/4(共50张PPT)
Period ４　
Section Ⅰ　TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1
UNIT 10　CONNECTIONS
主题语境
人与社会 —— 良好的人际关系与社会交往
课时学案　单元语法讲练
过去时中的被动语态
(一)一般过去时的被动语态
1．一般过去时的被动语态的构成
主语(动作承受者)＋was/were＋过去分词(＋by＋施动者)。
2．一般过去时的被动语态的用法
一般过去时的被动语态表示过去经常性、习惯性的被动动作或过去某一时刻发生的被动性动作。
This bridge was built last year．
这座桥是去年建的。
Volleyball was often played in this playground．
这个操场上过去经常有人打排球。
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空
①She __________ (bite) by the dog on the leg when she was catching it on the road．
②In the past，steam engines _________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers．
was bitten
were used
(二)过去完成时的被动语态
1．过去完成时的被动语态的构成
过去完成时的被动语态有以下四种形式：
(1)肯定结构：主语＋had been done＋其他成分
(2)否定结构：主语＋had not been done＋其他成分
(3)一般疑问结构：had＋主语＋been done＋其他成分
(4)特殊疑问结构：疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done＋其他成分
2．过去完成时的被动语态的用法
(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came．
直到老师来，教室才被打扫干净。
(2)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。
The boy was reminded that his homework had not been handed in．
有人提醒男孩他的家庭作业还没上交呢。
(3)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。
As the assignment had been done，he went on to search the Internet．
任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。
(4)当从句由after，before，when或as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。
They locked the door before they left．
他们在离开前锁上了门。
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空
①Everything _____________ (get) ready by the time they arrived．
②The boy ______________ (notice) stealing a bike by the police，so he was taken to the police station．
had been gotten
had been noticed
(三)过去进行时的被动语态
1．过去进行时的被动语态的构成
was/were＋being＋动词的过去分词
My father was reading the book at this time yesterday．(主动语态)
The book was being read by my father at this time yesterday．(过去进行时的被动语态)
昨天这个时候，我爸爸正在读这本书。
2．过去进行时的被动语态有以下四种形式：
(1)过去进行时的被动语态的肯定式为：was/were＋being＋done。
Computer was being majored by him during his college．
他那时正在大学学计算机专业。
(2)过去进行时的被动语态的否定式为：was/were＋not＋being＋done。
The car wasn't being repaired by me then．
那时这辆车不是我修理的。
(3)过去进行时的被动语态的一般疑问句需将was/were提到主语的前面。(回答用yes或no)
Was a new library being put up in their school just then
他们学校当时正在建一座新图书馆吗？
(4)过去进行时的被动语态的特殊疑问句为：疑问词＋was/were(＋主语)＋being＋done。
What was being done to the machine
对这台机器采取了什么措施？
3．过去进行时的被动语态的用法
(1)过去进行时的被动语态表示过去正在进行的被动动作。
He was being interviewed by our head master then．
那时他正在接受我们校长的采访。
(2)过去进行时的被动语态一般不与表示一段时间的状语或表示次数的状语连用，若与之连用，这时需要用完成时的被动语态。
The house over there has been built for two months．
那边的房子已经建了两个月了。
[即时训练3]　单句语法填空
①This issue __________________(discuss)at this moment yesterday by the company's managers．
②He hurried home，never once looking back to see if he ____________
________ (follow)．
was being discussed
was being
followed
短文语境填空
It was the night before New Year．The snow 1．_______________
(fall) for a week，and the entire town 2．___________(cover) with snow．In every house，the children had already gone to bed，3．______ they dreamed about new toys．Their parents were still awake．Presents 4．__________(take) out of their hiding place，and 5．_____________ (wrap) with paper and bows．
had been fallen
was covered
where
were taken
were wrapped
I 6．________________ (scold) for not finishing my homework when a loud noise came．We rushed out of the house and found a car crashed into a big tree．The driver 7．___________ (trap) in the car．We called 8．___ an ambulance at once and tried 9．_____ (get) the driver out of the car．Finally，the ambulance arrived and the driver 10．________(send) to the hospital．
was being scolded
was trapped
for
to get
was sent
Ⅰ．单词拼写
1．Darwin's ______ (理论) is considered to be one of the major discoveries of modern science．
2．The new regulation was ________(发布)in many newspapers yesterday，as you can see．
课时分层作业（一）
theory
released
3．Her gentleness has given me a deep ___________ (印象)．
4．There's a ______ (包裹) and some letters for you．
5．The interviews were given to a _______ (随机的) sample of students．
impression
parcel
random
Ⅱ．单句语法填空
1．They have had several __________________(disagree) with their neighbours．
2．You will never be happy if you feel _______ (envy) of other people．
3．The economics of the project are very ___________(encourage)．
4．I was deeply _________ (disturb) and depressed by the news．
5．We should like to offer our _________ (apology) for the delay to your flight today．
disagreements
envious
encouraging
disturbed
apologies
Ⅲ．阅读理解
A
Museum of the Moving Image (MMI) (Monday Closed)
As the best museum in New York City and with a balance of hands-on(实际操作的) activities and information, it's the rare bird that can entertain and educate people of different ages．It's a perfect destination for a family trip of a couple of hours．
Pros—Excellent movie screenings．Easy subway access．
Cons—Difficult to reach by car．
New York Hall of Science (NYHS) (Monday Closed)
Being New York City's only hands-on science and technology center, it is an interactive science museum targeting children．It has the most hands-on exhibits in an NYC museum, and it's a fun destination for five-year-olds and above．Older folks might take great interest in the NASA rockets outside the museum, but don't bother unless you have kids to keep you company．
Pros—Cool interactive science exhibits, the rockets．
Cons—Hard to reach by public transportation．
Queens County Farm Museum (QCFM) (Year-round 7 days a week)
It is an actual farm in New York City and home to animals your kids can feed and a yard full of a climbing plant whose fruits can be made into wine．A good chance to meet sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and cows! The animals are mostly readily accessible to visitors．And the museum sells feed for young hands willing to get licked by sheep and goats．
Pros—Outdoor fun．
Cons—Expensive festivals, a long bus ride, no subway．
Queens Museum of Art (QMA) (Monday and Tuesday Closed)
Opened in 1972 to serve as a cultural center for the borough(行政区), it exhibits artworks by local and international artists．Its best exhibits are on the two World's Fairs, and of course, the Panorama of New York City, a giant, highly detailed diorama(透视画) of all five New York City boroughs．
Pros—The Panorama, great gift shops．Easy subway access．
Cons—Not much for kids．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个博物馆的游览信息。
1．What do MMI and NYHS have in common
A．They both target people of different ages．
B．They both feature impressive science exhibits．
C．The hands-on experience is available in both places．
D．They are difficult to reach by public transportation．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据Museum of the Moving Image (MMI) (Monday Closed)部分中的“As the best museum in New York City and with a balance of hands-on activities and information”以及New York Hall of Science (NYHS) (Monday Closed)部分中的“Being New York City's only hands-on science and technology center, it is an interactive science museum targeting children．”可知，MMI和NYHS的共同点是都可以进行实际操作。故选C。]
2．What can we know from the passage
A．Visitors can often see a rare bird flying in the sky above MMI．
B．There is only one museum people can pay a visit to on any day．
C．The Panorama of New York City is actually a great gift shop．
D．Kids can climb a plant to pick up fruits and make wine in QCFM．
√
B　[细节理解题。根据Queens County Farm Museum (QCFM) (Year-round 7 days a week)部分中的“(Year-round 7 days a week)”和另外三个博物馆的开放时间可知，只有QCFM全年开放，人们在任意一天都能参观。故选B。]
3．Where can you read the article
A．From a brochure for visitors．
B．From a history book．
C．From an ad for a project．
D．From a museum poster．
√
A　[文章出处题。根据文章通过介绍四个博物馆的历史、展出内容以及提供的活动等吸引读者前去参观这些博物馆可知，文章应该是出自给游客的小册子。故选A。]
B
When Laura Smith was 14 years old, she volunteered at a non-profit food community organization．As she was filling bags with donated(捐赠) food, she noticed something that didn't seem right: Canned and packaged goods were plentiful, but she saw nothing fresh or green to give to families in need．She thought it would be great to change that．She wanted to start a garden on part of her parents' farmland to provide families with home-grown produce．
While being proud of her, Laura's father expressed worry about the workload involved．Laura had raised rabbits and lambs before, but she had never tried growing vegetables on such an extensive level．However, he soon realized that his daughter was ready．Laura did a lot of research online to find out what worked and what didn't, which plants needed shade, which needed more water, and when was the best time to harvest each crop．
In spring 2021 Laura planted 15 types of vegetables on a land of
5，000 square meters．When the first green shoots appeared, it was an exciting feeling．Yet, that's where the real work began．“Our summers are very hot and dry, so I had to water every day，” said Laura．Throughout the summer, she checked her plants daily for weeds and watered them by hand, using two water tanks attached to a farm vehicle to continually refill her watering can．
Laura was soon ready to harvest and weigh her first crops—the first batch weighed 40 pounds．She then packaged them and donated the products to eight local groups．“It felt really good to know that anyone who wanted fresh vegetables could get them，” Laura said．
Over the past two years, Laura has donated more than 8，000 pounds of fruits and vegetables．“Laura's confidence and generous hand in helping those in need have made a greater impact than she could have imagined，” said Remi Freeman, an official from one of the charity groups．“It helps our mission to end hunger, and also demonstrates the selflessness and kindness that is so wonderful to see in younger people．”
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了14岁的Laura Smith在一家非营利性食品社区组织做志愿者。她发现捐赠的食品中缺少新鲜或绿色的蔬菜和水果，所以她决定自己在家里种植。她在两年中捐赠了8 000多磅的水果和蔬菜，展示了年轻人的无私和善良。
4．What inspired Laura to start a garden
A．Her interest in gardening．
B．Her parents' expectations．
C．Lack of fresh produce in the donated food．
D．Poor quality of canned and packaged food．
√
C　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“As she was filling bags with donated food, she noticed something that didn't seem right: Canned and packaged goods were plentiful, but she saw nothing fresh or green to give to families in need．”可知，Laura Smith发现捐赠的食品中缺少新鲜或绿色的蔬菜和水果，这激发了她创办菜园的想法。故选C。]
5．What concerned Laura's father about her plan at first
A．The money needed．
B．The amount of work．
C．Her farming knowledge．
D．Her working experience．
√
B　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“While being proud of her, Laura's father expressed worry about the workload involved．”可知，Laura 的父亲是在为她将要做的工作量而担心。故选B。]
6．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．Laura's hard work．
B．Laura's ambitious plan．
C．The poor weather condition．
D．The skills needed for farming．
√
A　[段落大意题。根据第三段中的“Yet, that's where the real work began．‘Our summers are very hot and dry, so I had to water every day，’ said Laura．Throughout the summer, she checked her plants daily for weeds and watered them by hand, using two water tanks attached to a farm vehicle to continually refill her watering can．”可知，第三段主要讲述了Laura在种植菜园时付出的辛苦工作。故选A。]
7．What is the best title for the passage
A．A Great Gardening Dream
B．A Journey to Green Living
C．A Close Study on Organic Food
D．A Harvest of Growing Kindness
√
D　[标题归纳题。根据最后一段内容并结合全文可知，本文主要讲述了14岁的Laura Smith在一家非营利性食品社区组织做志愿者。她发现捐赠的食品中缺少新鲜或绿色的蔬菜和水果，所以她决定自己在家里种植。她在两年中捐赠了8 000多磅的水果和蔬菜，展示了年轻人的无私和善良。所以“日益增长的善意的收获”最适合作本文的标题。故选D。]
Ⅳ．阅读七选五
Why Is Optimism Important in Your Life
Our minds are powerful—they can make us or break us．When we water our minds with healthy and positive thinking, we will enjoy our personal and professional life．
There are many types of research done to understand the effectiveness and impact optimism has on a person's life．Some of the benefits of optimism are：
Better Health
Many studies show that optimistic people are more likely to have better physical health than pessimists． 2 Having an optimistic mindset can also help you fight many health problems including relapses．
Better Resilience(恢复力)
3 Optimism can help you get up and fight to reach your goals, regardless of your obstacles and challenges．When faced with a setback, optimistic people will believe the ways the situation can change in their favour．
Better Emotional Health
In some research, it was found that in cognitive therapy or therapy that includes reframing a person's thought process, optimism can be beneficial in treating depression． 4 Learning optimism in therapy can help bring a sense of confidence in dealing with future despair and helplessness．
Lesser Stress
Optimistic people are less stressed because they see minor problems either as opportunities or as minor setbacks that can be easily overcome． 5 Optimistic people know that they are in control of their stressors and are more active with managing their stress, hence they are less stressed than pessimistic people．
A．Optimists don't like to give up when faced with a problem．
B．The importance of optimism in your life should not be ignored．
C．Depression often accompanies negative and pessimistic thinking．
D．Optimism can help you decrease the risk of heart disease by 50%．
E．Optimism is a mental state which can be defined as hope, confidence, and positivity．
F．But when we stop nourishing them, we will get unhappy and constantly put ourselves down．
G．Pessimistic people, on the other hand, focus on a problem rather than look for ways to overcome it．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了乐观的一些益处。
1．F　[由上文“Our minds are powerful—they can make us or break us．When we water our minds with healthy and positive thinking, we will enjoy our personal and professional life．”可知，这里主要讲我们的思想是很强大的。F项符合语境，与上文形成转折，其中them指代上文Our minds。故选F项。]
2．D　[由上文“Many studies show that optimistic people are more likely to have better physical health than pessimists．”可知，这里指乐观的人身体更健康。D项符合语境，其中decrease the risk of heart disease by 50%与上文better physical health对应，有承上作用。故选D项。]
3．A　[由下文“Optimism can help you get up and fight to reach your goals, regardless of your obstacles and challenges．When faced with a setback, optimistic people will believe the ways the situation can change in their favour．”可知，这里主要讲乐观的人更能勇敢地面对困难，不轻言放弃。A项符合语境，对下文有总结作用。故选A项。]
4．C　[由下文“Learning optimism in therapy can help bring a sense of confidence in dealing with future despair and helplessness．”可知，乐观可用于治疗绝望和无助。C项符合语境，其中negative and pessimistic thinking与下文future despair and helplessness对应，有启下作用。故选C项。]
5．G　[由上文“Optimistic people are less stressed because they see minor problems either as opportunities or as minor setbacks that can be easily overcome．”可知，这里主要讲乐观的人压力较小。G项符合语境，其中Pessimistic people与上文Optimistic people形成对比，有承上作用。故选G项。]
THANKS课时分层作业(一)
Ⅰ．单词拼写
1．Darwin's ________ (理论) is considered to be one of the major discoveries of modern science．
2．The new regulation was ________(发布)in many newspapers yesterday，as you can see．
3．Her gentleness has given me a deep ________ (印象)．
4．There's a ________ (包裹) and some letters for you．
5．The interviews were given to a ________ (随机的) sample of students．
Ⅱ．单句语法填空
1．They have had several ________(disagree) with their neighbours．
2．You will never be happy if you feel ________ (envy) of other people．
3．The economics of the project are very ________(encourage)．
4．I was deeply ________ (disturb) and depressed by the news．
5．We should like to offer our ________ (apology) for the delay to your flight today．
Ⅲ．阅读理解
A
Museum of the Moving Image (MMI) (Monday Closed) As the best museum in New York City and with a balance of hands on (实际操作的) activities and information， it's the rare bird that can entertain and educate people of different ages．It's a perfect destination for a family trip of a couple of hours． Pros—Excellent movie screenings．Easy subway access． Cons—Difficult to reach by car．
New York Hall of Science (NYHS) (Monday Closed) Being New York City's only hands on science and technology center， it is an interactive science museum targeting children．It has the most hands on exhibits in an NYC museum， and it's a fun destination for five year olds and above．Older folks might take great interest in the NASA rockets outside the museum， but don't bother unless you have kids to keep you company． Pros—Cool interactive science exhibits， the rockets． Cons—Hard to reach by public transportation．
Queens County Farm Museum (QCFM) (Year round 7 days a week) It is an actual farm in New York City and home to animals your kids can feed and a yard full of a climbing plant whose fruits can be made into wine．A good chance to meet sheep， goats， pigs， chickens and cows! The animals are mostly readily accessible to visitors．And the museum sells feed for young hands willing to get licked by sheep and goats． Pros—Outdoor fun． Cons—Expensive festivals， a long bus ride， no subway．
Queens Museum of Art (QMA) (Monday and Tuesday Closed) Opened in 1972 to serve as a cultural center for the borough (行政区)， it exhibits artworks by local and international artists．Its best exhibits are on the two World's Fairs， and of course， the Panorama of New York City， a giant， highly detailed diorama (透视画) of all five New York City boroughs． Pros—The Panorama， great gift shops．Easy subway access． Cons—Not much for kids．
1．What do MMI and NYHS have in common
A．They both target people of different ages．
B．They both feature impressive science exhibits．
C．The hands on experience is available in both places．
D．They are difficult to reach by public transportation．
2．What can we know from the passage
A．Visitors can often see a rare bird flying in the sky above MMI．
B．There is only one museum people can pay a visit to on any day．
C．The Panorama of New York City is actually a great gift shop．
D．Kids can climb a plant to pick up fruits and make wine in QCFM．
3．Where can you read the article
A．From a brochure for visitors．
B．From a history book．
C．From an ad for a project．
D．From a museum poster．
B
When Laura Smith was 14 years old， she volunteered at a non profit food community organization．As she was filling bags with donated(捐赠) food， she noticed something that didn't seem right: Canned and packaged goods were plentiful， but she saw nothing fresh or green to give to families in need．She thought it would be great to change that．She wanted to start a garden on part of her parents' farmland to provide families with home grown produce．
While being proud of her， Laura's father expressed worry about the workload involved．Laura had raised rabbits and lambs before， but she had never tried growing vegetables on such an extensive level．However， he soon realized that his daughter was ready．Laura did a lot of research online to find out what worked and what didn't， which plants needed shade， which needed more water， and when was the best time to harvest each crop．
In spring 2021 Laura planted 15 types of vegetables on a land of 5，000 square meters．When the first green shoots appeared， it was an exciting feeling．Yet， that's where the real work began．“Our summers are very hot and dry， so I had to water every day，” said Laura．Throughout the summer， she checked her plants daily for weeds and watered them by hand， using two water tanks attached to a farm vehicle to continually refill her watering can．
Laura was soon ready to harvest and weigh her first crops—the first batch weighed 40 pounds．She then packaged them and donated the products to eight local groups．“It felt really good to know that anyone who wanted fresh vegetables could get them，” Laura said．
Over the past two years， Laura has donated more than 8，000 pounds of fruits and vegetables．“Laura's confidence and generous hand in helping those in need have made a greater impact than she could have imagined，” said Remi Freeman， an official from one of the charity groups．“It helps our mission to end hunger， and also demonstrates the selflessness and kindness that is so wonderful to see in younger people．”
4．What inspired Laura to start a garden
A．Her interest in gardening．
B．Her parents' expectations．
C．Lack of fresh produce in the donated food．
D．Poor quality of canned and packaged food．
5．What concerned Laura's father about her plan at first
A．The money needed．
B．The amount of work．
C．Her farming knowledge．
D．Her working experience．
6．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．Laura's hard work．
B．Laura's ambitious plan．
C．The poor weather condition．
D．The skills needed for farming．
7．What is the best title for the passage
A．A Great Gardening Dream
B．A Journey to Green Living
C．A Close Study on Organic Food
D．A Harvest of Growing Kindness
Ⅳ．阅读七选五
Why Is Optimism Important in Your Life
Our minds are powerful—they can make us or break us．When we water our minds with healthy and positive thinking， we will enjoy our personal and professional life． 1
There are many types of research done to understand the effectiveness and impact optimism has on a person's life．Some of the benefits of optimism are：
Better Health
Many studies show that optimistic people are more likely to have better physical health than pessimists． 2 Having an optimistic mindset can also help you fight many health problems including relapses．
Better Resilience (恢复力)
3 Optimism can help you get up and fight to reach your goals， regardless of your obstacles and challenges．When faced with a setback， optimistic people will believe the ways the situation can change in their favour．
Better Emotional Health
In some research， it was found that in cognitive therapy or therapy that includes reframing a person's thought process， optimism can be beneficial in treating depression． 4 Learning optimism in therapy can help bring a sense of confidence in dealing with future despair and helplessness．
Lesser Stress
Optimistic people are less stressed because they see minor problems either as opportunities or as minor setbacks that can be easily overcome． 5 Optimistic people know that they are in control of their stressors and are more active with managing their stress， hence they are less stressed than pessimistic people．
A．Optimists don't like to give up when faced with a problem．
B．The importance of optimism in your life should not be ignored．
C．Depression often accompanies negative and pessimistic thinking．
D．Optimism can help you decrease the risk of heart disease by 50%．
E．Optimism is a mental state which can be defined as hope， confidence， and positivity．
F．But when we stop nourishing them， we will get unhappy and constantly put ourselves down．
G．Pessimistic people， on the other hand， focus on a problem rather than look for ways to overcome it．
课时分层作业(一)
Ⅰ．1．theory　2．released　3．impression　4．parcel　5．random
Ⅱ．1．disagreements　2．envious　3．encouraging　4．disturbed　5．apologies
Ⅲ．
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C B A C B A D
Ⅳ．
1 2 3 4 5
F D A C G
Ⅲ．【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个博物馆的游览信息。
1．C　[细节理解题。根据Museum of the Moving Image (MMI) (Monday Closed)部分中的“As the best museum in New York City and with a balance of handson activities and information”以及New York Hall of Science (NYHS) (Monday Closed)部分中的“Being New York City's only handson science and technology center, it is an interactive science museum targeting children．”可知，MMI和NYHS的共同点是都可以进行实际操作。故选C。]
2．B　[细节理解题。根据Queens County Farm Museum (QCFM) (Yearround 7 days a week)部分中的“(Yearround 7 days a week)”和另外三个博物馆的开放时间可知，只有QCFM全年开放，人们在任意一天都能参观。故选B。]
3．A　[文章出处题。根据文章通过介绍四个博物馆的历史、展出内容以及提供的活动等吸引读者前去参观这些博物馆可知，文章应该是出自给游客的小册子。故选A。]
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了14岁的Laura Smith在一家非营利性食品社区组织做志愿者。她发现捐赠的食品中缺少新鲜或绿色的蔬菜和水果，所以她决定自己在家里种植。她在两年中捐赠了8 000多磅的水果和蔬菜，展示了年轻人的无私和善良。
4．C　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“As she was filling bags with donated food, she noticed something that didn't seem right: Canned and packaged goods were plentiful, but she saw nothing fresh or green to give to families in need．”可知，Laura Smith发现捐赠的食品中缺少新鲜或绿色的蔬菜和水果，这激发了她创办菜园的想法。故选C。]
5．B　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“While being proud of her, Laura's father expressed worry about the workload involved．”可知，Laura 的父亲是在为她将要做的工作量而担心。故选B。]
6．A　[段落大意题。根据第三段中的“Yet, that's where the real work began．‘Our summers are very hot and dry, so I had to water every day，’ said Laura．Throughout the summer, she checked her plants daily for weeds and watered them by hand, using two water tanks attached to a farm vehicle to continually refill her watering can．”可知，第三段主要讲述了Laura在种植菜园时付出的辛苦工作。故选A。]
7．D　[标题归纳题。根据最后一段内容并结合全文可知，本文主要讲述了14岁的Laura Smith在一家非营利性食品社区组织做志愿者。她发现捐赠的食品中缺少新鲜或绿色的蔬菜和水果，所以她决定自己在家里种植。她在两年中捐赠了8 000多磅的水果和蔬菜，展示了年轻人的无私和善良。所以“日益增长的善意的收获”最适合作本文的标题。故选D。]
Ⅳ．【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了乐观的一些益处。
1．F　[由上文“Our minds are powerful—they can make us or break us．When we water our minds with healthy and positive thinking, we will enjoy our personal and professional life．”可知，这里主要讲我们的思想是很强大的。F项符合语境，与上文形成转折，其中them指代上文Our minds。故选F项。]
2．D　[由上文“Many studies show that optimistic people are more likely to have better physical health than pessimists．”可知，这里指乐观的人身体更健康。D项符合语境，其中decrease the risk of heart disease by 50%与上文better physical health对应，有承上作用。故选D项。]
3．A　[由下文“Optimism can help you get up and fight to reach your goals, regardless of your obstacles and challenges．When faced with a setback, optimistic people will believe the ways the situation can change in their favour．”可知，这里主要讲乐观的人更能勇敢地面对困难，不轻言放弃。A项符合语境，对下文有总结作用。故选A项。]
4．C　[由下文“Learning optimism in therapy can help bring a sense of confidence in dealing with future despair and helplessness．”可知，乐观可用于治疗绝望和无助。C项符合语境，其中negative and pessimistic thinking与下文future despair and helplessness对应，有启下作用。故选C项。]
5．G　[由上文“Optimistic people are less stressed because they see minor problems either as opportunities or as minor setbacks that can be easily overcome．”可知，这里主要讲乐观的人压力较小。G项符合语境，其中Pessimistic people与上文Optimistic people形成对比，有承上作用。故选G项。]
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