中考专区二轮专题构词法讲解+练习(含答案)

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中考专区二轮专题构词法讲解+练习(含答案)

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构词法
构词法是指通过一定的规则将单词组合或变形,形成新单词的方法。掌握构词法能帮助我们快速记忆单词、扩大词汇量。初中阶段常见的构词法主要有三种:派生法、合成法、转化法。
一、派生法(通过前缀/后缀改变词义或词性)
在单词前加“前缀”或后加“后缀”,形成新单词。
1. 前缀(改变词义,不改变词性)
- 常见前缀:un-(不)、dis-(否定)、re-(再,又)、im-(不,向内)
- 例子:
- happy(adj. 开心的)→ unhappy(adj. 不开心的)
-fair(公平的)→ unfair(不公平的)
-able(能够的)→ unable(不能够的)
- like(v. 喜欢)→ dislike(v. 不喜欢)
-appear(出现)→ disappear(消失)
-agree(同意)→ disagree(不同意)
- write(v. 写)→ rewrite(v. 重写)
-built(建立)→ rebuilt(重建)
- possible(adj. 可能的)→ impossible(adj. 不可能的)
-polite(礼貌的)→ impolite(不礼貌的)
2. 后缀(改变词性,词义基本不变)
- 常见后缀:
- 名词后缀:-er(人)、or(人)、-tion(动作/状态)、-ment(结果)ness(性质/状态)
例:-work(v. 工作)→ worker(n. 工人);
- act(行动;表演)→ actor(演员)
- visit(参观;访问)→ visitor(参观者;游客)
- invent(发明)→ inventor(发明家)
-invent(v. 发明)→ invention(n. 发明)
- happy(快乐的)→ happiness(幸福;快乐)
- sad(悲伤的)→ sadness(悲伤)
- ill(生病的)→ illness(疾病)
- kind(善良的)→ kindness(善良;仁慈)
- dark(黑暗的)→ darkness(黑暗)
- weak(虚弱的)→ weakness(虚弱)
- busy(忙碌的)→ business(商业;生意
-Improve(v.改进) improvement(n.改进)
- 形容词后缀:-ful(充满的)、-less(没有的)、-able(可……的)
例:care(n. 关心)→ careful(adj. 仔细的);
- help(帮助)→ helpful(有帮助的)
- use(用处)→ useful(有用的)
- beauty(美丽)→ beautiful(美丽的)
- wonder(奇迹)→ wonderful(极好的)
- peace(和平)→ peaceful(和平的)
-home(n. 家)→ homeless(adj. 无家可归的)
-price(价格)→ priceless(无价的)
-hope(希望)→ hopeless(无望的)
-count(计数)→countless(无数的)
-comfort(安慰)- comfortable(舒适的)
-enjoy(享受)- enjoyable(令人愉快的)
-forget(忘记)- forgettable(易被忘记的)-反义词unforgettable(难忘的
-value(价值)- valuable(值钱的)
- 副词后缀:-ly(……地)
例:quick(adj. 快的)→ quickly(adv. 快速地)
deep(深的)→ deeply(深深地)
Proper(恰当的)→ properly(恰当地)
二、合成法(两个单词组合成新单词)compound-word(合成词)
将两个独立的单词直接拼接,形成新的单词,词义通常与原词相关。
- 例子:
- class(班级)+ room(房间)→ classroom(教室)
- foot(脚)+ ball(球)→ football(足球)
- good(好的)+ bye(再见)→ goodbye(再见)
- hard(艰难的)+ work(工作)→ hardwork(努力)
三、转化法(单词不改变形式,直接转换词性)
一个单词在不同语境中,词性发生变化,拼写不变。
- 例子:
- water(n. 水)→ water(v. 浇水)(The flowers need to be watered.)
- study(v. 学习)→ study(n. 书房)(He is reading in the study.)
- love(v. 爱)→ love(n. 爱)(We all need love.)
当堂巩固
一、根据构词法规则填空(每空一词)
1. The little girl looks _______ (happy) because she can’t find her mother.
2. We should _______ (use) plastic bags to protect the environment.
3. The _______ (invent) of the computer changed the world greatly.
4. My brother is a _______ (collect) who has over 500 stamps.
5. The _______ (develop) of technology makes our life easier.
6. It’s _______ (hope) to finish the work in such a short time.
7. “ ” is a compound-word made from “sun” and “flower”.
二、单项选择
1. The movie was so _______ that I couldn’t forget it.
A. forgetful B. unforgettable C. forgotten D. forgetting
2. Tom is a _______ boy. He always helps his parents with housework.
A. helpful B. helpless C. helpfully D. help
3. Which of the following is a compound word
A. unhappy B. worker C. classroom D. quickly
4. The word “_______” is formed by adding the prefix “dis-” to “agree”.
A. agreeable B. agreement C. disagree D. disagreeable
5. In the sentence “Please water the plants every day”, the word “water” is a _______.
A. noun B. verb C. adjective D. adverb
三、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. She sings _______ (beautiful) and won the first prize in the competition.
2. It’s _______ (polite) to talk loudly in the library.
3. The _______ (teach) in this school are all very experienced.
4. After the storm, the village was left _______ (home).
5. We need to _______ (build) the old house to make it safer.
四、句型转换
1. The boy is not able to solve the problem alone.
The boy is _______ to solve the problem alone.
2. She has a lot of hope for her future.
She is _______ about her future.
3. The meeting was important. We all attended it.(合并句子,用合成词修饰meeting)
The _______ meeting was attended by all of us.
答案:一、1. unhappy 2. reuse 3. invention 4. collector 5. development 6. hopeless 7. sunflower
二、1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B
三、1. beautifully 2. impolite 3. teachers 4. homeless 5. rebuild
四、1. unable 2. hopeful 3. important(解析:此处“important”虽非合成词,但通过构词法体现形容词修饰名词,符合转化法逻辑)

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