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Period 4　 单元语法讲练
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
一、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的概述
1．限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的一部分，若去掉，主句的内容就不完整，意义也会发生改变。从句和先行词的关系十分密切，从句紧跟先行词，两者之间不可用逗号隔开。
She has found the necklace that she lost two weeks ago．
她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。
2．非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明。没有从句，主句也能独立存在；非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系不是很密切，两者之间可用逗号隔开。
He has two sisters，who are working in the city．
他有两个姐姐，她们在城里工作。
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空
①At restaurants，we enjoy food_________ we may never take the time to prepare．
②He said that he had never seen her before，_________was not true．
二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1．从句的作用不同
限制性定语从句对先行词起到修饰限制的作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，一旦省略，主句的内容就不完整。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明，若将其去掉，主句的内容仍然完整。
The next day，my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball．
第二天，我和弟弟去了海边。在那里，我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。
Alice received a letter from her former classmate，which came as a surprise．
Alice收到了她以前同学的一封信，这真是件令人惊奇的事情。
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空
①I wish to thank Professor Smith，without_________ help I would never have got this far．
②Life is like a long race_________ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves．
③Some pictures of the river brought the days back to the old_________ they swam in it．
④English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of_________ uses it differently．
2．关系词的选用不同
限制性定语从句可以用关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，关系副词when，where，why等引导，而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。
Yesterday he bought a new car，which was made in China．
(which不可换用that)昨天他买了一辆新车，是中国生产的。
He didn't give the reason，which explained his absence from the meeting held last week．
(which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语。此句也可以这样表达：He didn't give the reason，for which he was absent from the meeting held last week．)对于缺席上周的会议，他没有给出理由。
[即时训练3]　补全句子
①This novel，____________________________(我已经读过三遍)，is very touching．
②I had told them the reason，_________________________________(为此我没有去开会)．
3．从句所修饰的先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组，而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是句子。
This is the best book that I have ever read．
这是我曾经读过的书中的最好的一本。
He won the first prize in the contest，which was more than we expected．
他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们预料。
[即时训练4]　单句语法填空
①Take time to search for the music_________ you love and play it gently in the background．
②They can make decisions for themselves，_________they learn from their environment and the people around them．
4．关系词的省略不同
在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。
I still remember the days we spent together in college．
我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。(we前省略了that/which)
She is not the one (that) she used to be．
她已不再是昔日的她了。(that在定语从句中作表语)
[即时训练5]　单句语法填空
①If you find a new word_____________ you do not know，look up its meaning in a dictionary．
②The apple trees，_________I planted 3 years ago，have not borne any fruit．
5．英译汉时有所不同
译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday
上星期天我们用的机器是哪一台？
The concert，which was held last week，was a great success．
那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。
He may be late，in which case we ought to wait for him．
他可能迟到，要是那样的话我们就等等他。
[即时训练6]　单句语法填空
①If you send a message_____________ might be mean or unpleasant，that's going to hurt people receiving it．
②The city，_________has a population of over 10 million，is probably the fastest growing city in the world．
③Many countries are now setting up national parks_________ animals and plants can be protected．
④We will be shown around the city: schools，museums，and some other places，_________other visitors seldom go．
三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后。
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如：see，hear，know，expect，remember，guess，hope等。
句意上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样”
The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months．
正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，which turned out to be a wise decision．
大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。
[即时训练7]　单句语法填空
①_________is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month．
②He didn't pass the exam yesterday，_________made his parents unhappy．
短文语境填空(根据所学语法知识，在空白处填入适当的词)
I have a good friend 1．_________name is Wang Fang．She is from a town 2．_________rice is grown．She likes reading novels 3．_________are written by Americans．She often goes to the park 4．_________many beautiful flowers are grown．She often discusses the problems 5．_________she can't solve by herself．
She went to the city 6．_________her father 7．________(work) last year to experience life．This year she wants to visit the city of Beijing 8．_________her aunt lives．She is so kind 9．_________she is ready to help the people 10．_________are in trouble．
1 / 5Period 4　 单元语法讲练
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
一、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的概述
1．限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的一部分，若去掉，主句的内容就不完整，意义也会发生改变。从句和先行词的关系十分密切，从句紧跟先行词，两者之间不可用逗号隔开。
She has found the necklace that she lost two weeks ago．
她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。
2．非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明。没有从句，主句也能独立存在；非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系不是很密切，两者之间可用逗号隔开。
He has two sisters，who are working in the city．
他有两个姐姐，她们在城里工作。
[即时训练1]　单句语法填空
①At restaurants，we enjoy food that/which we may never take the time to prepare．
②He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true．
二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1．从句的作用不同
限制性定语从句对先行词起到修饰限制的作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，一旦省略，主句的内容就不完整。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明，若将其去掉，主句的内容仍然完整。
The next day，my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball．
第二天，我和弟弟去了海边。在那里，我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。
Alice received a letter from her former classmate，which came as a surprise．
Alice收到了她以前同学的一封信，这真是件令人惊奇的事情。
[即时训练2]　单句语法填空
①I wish to thank Professor Smith，without whose help I would never have got this far．
②Life is like a long race where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves．
③Some pictures of the river brought the days back to the old when they swam in it．
④English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of which uses it differently．
2．关系词的选用不同
限制性定语从句可以用关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，关系副词when，where，why等引导，而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。
Yesterday he bought a new car，which was made in China．
(which不可换用that)昨天他买了一辆新车，是中国生产的。
He didn't give the reason，which explained his absence from the meeting held last week．
(which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语。此句也可以这样表达：He didn't give the reason，for which he was absent from the meeting held last week．)对于缺席上周的会议，他没有给出理由。
[即时训练3]　补全句子
①This novel，which I have read three times(我已经读过三遍)，is very touching．
②I had told them the reason，for which I didn't attend the meeting (为此我没有去开会)．
3．从句所修饰的先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组，而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是句子。
This is the best book that I have ever read．
这是我曾经读过的书中的最好的一本。
He won the first prize in the contest，which was more than we expected．
他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们预料。
[即时训练4]　单句语法填空
①Take time to search for the music that/which you love and play it gently in the background．
②They can make decisions for themselves，which they learn from their environment and the people around them．
4．关系词的省略不同
在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。
I still remember the days we spent together in college．
我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。(we前省略了that/which)
She is not the one (that) she used to be．
她已不再是昔日的她了。(that在定语从句中作表语)
[即时训练5]　单句语法填空
①If you find a new word that/which/不填 you do not know，look up its meaning in a dictionary．
②The apple trees，which I planted 3 years ago，have not borne any fruit．
5．英译汉时有所不同
译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday
上星期天我们用的机器是哪一台？
The concert，which was held last week，was a great success．
那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。
He may be late，in which case we ought to wait for him．
他可能迟到，要是那样的话我们就等等他。
[即时训练6]　单句语法填空
①If you send a message which/that might be mean or unpleasant，that's going to hurt people receiving it．
②The city，which has a population of over 10 million，is probably the fastest growing city in the world．
③Many countries are now setting up national parks where animals and plants can be protected．
④We will be shown around the city：schools，museums，and some other places，where other visitors seldom go．
三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后。
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如：see，hear，know，expect，remember，guess，hope等。
句意上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样”
The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months．
正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，which turned out to be a wise decision．
大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。
[即时训练7]　单句语法填空
①As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month．
②He didn't pass the exam yesterday，which made his parents unhappy．
短文语境填空(根据所学语法知识，在空白处填入适当的词)
I have a good friend 1．whose name is Wang Fang．She is from a town 2．where rice is grown．She likes reading novels 3．which/that are written by Americans．She often goes to the park 4．where many beautiful flowers are grown．She often discusses the problems 5．which/that she can't solve by herself．
She went to the city 6．where her father 7．worked(work) last year to experience life．This year she wants to visit the city of Beijing 8．where her aunt lives．She is so kind 9．that she is ready to help the people 10．who are in trouble．
课时提升作业(七)　(UNIT 3　Section Ⅰ　TOPIC
TALK & LESSON 1)
(总分：45分)
Ⅰ．单词拼写(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
1．Drivers who park their cars illegally (违法地) deserve to be punished．
2．I suggest that you attend to the most urgent (紧急的) matters and let the rest wait．
3．The threat (威胁) of losing their jobs is a constant source of worry to them．
4．The society was set up to preserve endangered (濒危的) species from extinction．
5．It is essential that your diet is varied (各种各样的) and balanced．
Ⅱ．单句语法填空(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
1．He had seen his life's work destroyed (destroy) before his very eyes．
2．Some products can be recycled (recycle) at the end of their useful life．
3．Would you mind switching (switch) seats with me I prefer window seats on planes．
4．Changes in farming methods have affected (affect) employment in the area in the past 5 years．
5．The local government has adopted effective measures to decrease (decrease) unemployment．
Ⅲ．阅读理解(共7小题；每小题2.5分，满分17.5分)
A
The annual Community Garden Day is a cherished event that invites residents to embrace the beauty of nature．This year，the garden will open its gates on a sunny Saturday morning，offering a variety of activities suitable for all ages and gardening skills．
Making Your Own Fertiliser
An informative session by Mrs．Johnson will guide participants through the process of making natural fertiliser from kitchen waste．This practical skill will help gardeners enrich their soil and grow healthier plants．
Date and Time：22nd September，at 11：30
Location：Fertiliser Making Spot
Duration：2.5 hours
Plant Care and Growth
Gardeners with some experience will enjoy a session with Mr．Smith，who will share tips on how to keep plants growing healthily．He will show effective watering techniques and discuss the importance of sunlight and nutrients．
Date and Time：21st September，at 14：00
Location：Garden Care Area
Duration：3 hours
Kids' Garden Adventure
Children are welcome to join in the fun at the Kids' Garden Adventure，where they can plant their own small plot of vegetables and flowers．This activity includes storytelling sessions that bring to life the stories of plants and the importance of gardening．
Date and Time：22nd September，at 9：00
Location：Kids' Garden Area
Duration：1.5 hours
Starting Seeds Workshop
For those new to gardening，a workshop led by experienced gardener，Mrs．Brown，will introduce the basics．Participants will learn how to start to play seeds，care for young plants，and understand the joy of growing their own food．
Date and Time：21st September，at 10：00
Location：Garden Learning Center
Duration：2 hours
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一些关于种植的活动情况。
1．Which activity lasts the longest
A．Starting Seeds Workshop．
B．Plant Care and Growth．
C．Making Your Own Fertiliser．
D．Kids' Garden Adventure．
B　[细节理解题。根据Making Your Own Fertiliser部分中“Duration：2.5 hours”；Plant Care and Growth部分中“Duration：3 hours”；Kids' Garden Adventure部分中“Duration：1.5 hours”；Starting Seeds Workshop部分中“Duration：2 hours”可知，Plant Care and Growth时间最久。故选B。]
2．What will Mrs．Brown teach in her session
A．How to identify different flower species．
B．How to improve watering skills for plants．
C．How to grow seeds and tend young plants．
D．How to create fertiliser from kitchen waste．
C　[细节理解题。根据Starting Seeds Workshop中“For those new．．．own food．(对于那些刚接触园艺的人，有一个由经验丰富的园丁布朗夫人主持的讲习班，将介绍基本知识。参与者将学习如何开始播种、照料幼苗，并了解种植自己食物的乐趣。)”可知，布朗夫人在课堂上将教如何种植种子和照料幼苗。故选C。]
3．What is the text
A．A report．　　　　　 B．A guide．
C．A letter． D．A journal．
B　[推理判断题。根据第一段“一年一度的社区花园日是一项珍贵的活动，该活动邀请居民拥抱大自然的美丽。今年，花园将在一个阳光明媚的周六早上开放，提供各种适合所有年龄的活动和园艺技能。”并结合文章主要介绍了一些关于种植的活动情况可知，文章是一则活动指南。故选B。]
B
Although the northern right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) has remained the most endangered of the world's whale species，we removed it from our Top 10 Endangered Species List a few years back．Because of effective conservation regulations，the number of right whales that travel the Atlantic coasts of Canada and the US had rebounded (回升) from an all-time low of 350 to at least 450 by the middle of the 21st century's second decade．
However，the tide of good news for the species now seems to have been reversed，due，apparently，to global climate change．Warming ocean waters，particularly in the Gulf of Marine where the whales often feed，have caused kill—the tiny creatures right whales feed on—to decrease and become more difficult for the whales to find．As a result，right whale reproduction has fallen to an alarmingly low level，deaths due to all causes have increased，with 16 of the huge cetaceans (鲸) found dead in 2017 alone．Researchers are finding evidence of increased levels of stress on the animals．So alarming is the situation that we've decided to put the northern right whale right back at the top of our list．
The right whale got its name because 19th century whalers considered it “right”whale to kill，as it was not only full of valuable whale oil，but it also floated after it was dead，which made it easy to handle and process．As a result，it was driven to near extinction．Though now protected by law，right whales continue to suffer losses due to commercial fishing—and now，increasingly，as a result of global climate change，due to the lack of the tiny crustaceans (甲壳动物) on which they feed．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍因为气候变暖，曾被移出十大濒危物种名单中首位的露脊鲸现状堪忧。
4．Why was the northern right whale taken off the Top 10 Endangered Species List for a time
A．Only a few people focused on it．
B．Its population was on the rise again．
C．It wasn't considered as endangered．
D．Many of them settled along Atlantic coasts．
B　[细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Because of effective conservation regulations．．．by the middle of the 21st century's second decade．”可知，北露脊鲸被移出十大濒危物种名单的原因是它的数量再次上升。故选B项。]
5．What does the underlined word “reversed”in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Protected．　　　　　　 B．Similar．
C．Opposite． D．Accepted．
C　[词义猜测题。根据第一段第二句“Because of effective conservation regulations．．．by the middle of the 21st century's second decade．”和画线单词所在句子中的“However，the tide of good news for the species now seems”可知，原本的好消息现在已经不是好消息了，再结合第二段第三句“As a result．．．with 16 of the huge cetaceans found dead in 2017 alone．”可知，露脊鲸的数量在减少，因此好消息已经逆转(与以前相反)了。由此猜测画线词意为“相反的”，与opposite同义。故选C项。]
6．Why does the author mention 16 dead cetaceans in paragraph 2
A．To stress cetaceans need to be taken seriously．
B．To show oceans got seriously polluted in 2017．
C．To suggest taking measures to protect cetaceans．
D．To warn that cetaceans are on the way to dying out．
A　[推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“So alarming is the situation that we've decided to put the northern right whale right back at the top of our list．”可推知，作者在第二段提到16条死鲸是为了说明鲸类动物需要被严肃对待。故选A项。]
7．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．The tiny crustaceans do harm to the right whales．
B．Commercial fishing has been forbidden for years．
C．The decrease of right whales is related to humans．
D．Climate change results from the number of whales．
C　[推理判断题。根据最后一段前两句“The right whale got its name．．．it was driven to near extinction．”可推知，露脊鲸的减少与人类有关。故选C项。]
Ⅳ．阅读七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
All living things in the ocean are endangered by humans polluting the water．1 One way is the dumping (倾倒) of certain waste materials，such as garbage and used water，into the ocean．The harmful bacteria that feed on the garbage use up much of the oxygen in the surrounding water，so other creatures in the area often don't get enough．
Other substances (物质)，such as radioactive waste materials，can also cause pollution．2 But after years of being exposed to the ocean water，the containers may begin to leak (漏)．
3 Oil is spilled into the ocean when oil ships sink or when oil wells in the ocean cannot be capped．The oil covers the gills (鳃) of fish and prevents them from breathing．Diving birds get the oil on their wings and are unable to fly．When they clean themselves，they are often poisoned by the oil．
Rivers also can contribute to the pollution of oceans．4 Fertilizers used on the farmlands may be carried to the ocean，where they cause a great increase in the amount of certain plants．Too much of some plants can actually be poisonous to fish．
Worse yet are the pesticides (杀虫剂) carried to the ocean．These chemicals slowly build up in fish and other small animals． 5 The build-up of these chemicals in the animals can make them ill or cause their babies to be born dead or sick．
A．Fish and turtles suffer the most．
B．Pollution occurs in several ways．
C．Oil is another major source of concern．
D．Many rivers receive the run-off water from farmlands．
E．Farmers use these artificial fertilizers to increase crop harvest．
F．These materials are often placed in the water in safely sealed containers．
G．These animals then pass the pesticides on to the larger animals that feed on them．
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了海洋面临着人类倾倒的废物，放射性物质，泄漏的石油和河流的污染，海洋中所有生物都会因水被污染而濒临灭绝。
1．B　[设空句下一句“One way．．．”及第二段首句“Other substances．．．”，提示设空句是总领句，总领污染的各种来源、方式，选项B “污染以多种方式发生”是总领句，切题，故选B。]
2．F　[设空句下一句的But，提示设空句是和exposed to相反的情况，选项F中的sealed，是其反义词，符合上下文语境，切题，故选F。]
3．C　[设空句为段首句，本段多次出现了oil这一词汇，根据词汇复现，选项C 切题，故选C。]
4．D　[设空句所在的段落中讲农田里使用的化肥通过河流流入了海洋，其中的farmlands是关键词，选项D中同样有这个关键词，且根据上下文语境，选项D切题，故选D。]
5．G　[设空句前一句有词组small animals，选项G中的larger animals与此对应，讲了杀虫剂污染海洋的过程，选项G切题，故选G。]
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