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U2 现在分词作宾补和状语
一、现在分词作宾补
1. 5种基本句型之一：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
2. v-ing形式作宾补常放在宾语后，常表示宾语和宾补之间是主动关系或表示v-ing形式的动作正在进行（强调一个过程或一种状态）
She heard someone knocking at the door. （宾语someone与补语knocking存在主动关系，且动作正在发生）
It’s cold. We should have the fire burning all the time. (宾语the fire与补语burning存在主动关系）
3. 能用V -ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词
①感官动词，常见的有：一闻smell；一感feel；二听hear，listen to；
三发现 find，discover， catch；五看see，watch，look at, notice，observe
I didn’t notice him waiting.
②使役动词，常见的有 ，have, keep, leave, get, set等，表示，“使……一直处于某种状态”。
I won’t have you doing that.
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
③表示“观点，认知”的动词，如：think, believe, consider, find, feel等。这类词可以接情绪类形容词作宾补。
I considered the book rather boring.
We all found the child very annoying
④with的复合结构中：with+宾语+宾语补足语（v-ing), 可位于句首或句末，常作原因、伴随、方式、时间等状语。
With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous.
4. 注意事项：当主句转换为被动结构时，原来作宾语补足语的-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。
They found a dog sleeping on the street.=The dog is found sleeping on the street.
5. 非谓语作宾补的区别：不定式 do、现在分词doing、过去分词done、现在分词被动式being done作宾补的区别
I saw him get off the bus. (省to的不定式, 强调动作从开始到结束的全过程)
I saw him lying on the road just now. (doing强调主动和动作正在进行)
I saw him knocked down by a car. (done强调被动或完成)
I saw him being knocked down by a car. (being done被动和进行）
二、现在分词作状语
1.现在分词作状语，用来修饰句子，v-ing形式可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随等，作用相当于状语从句或并列句。
状语从句：When I walked in the street, I saw a tailor’s shop.
现在分词作状语：Walking in the street, I saw a tailor's shop.
并列句：He sat in the chair and read a newspaper.
现在分词作状语：He sat in the chair reading a newspaper.
2. 现在分词作状语句式特点：
①逗号前后两动作，共用一主语，无连词，必有一个非谓语（作状语）。
Being ill, he didn’t go to school.
He sat on the sofa, watching TV.
Jack，knowing where I live, never comes to see me.
②-ing形式作状语，常与主句用逗号隔开；
时间，原因，让步等状语时，一般在句首；
结果，伴随，方式等状语时，一般在句末。
Being poor, he couldn't afford a TV set. （原因）
Studying hard, he didn't pass the exam.（让步）
He earns a living driving a truck. （伴随）
His father died, leaving the family even worse off.（结果）
动词-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。
Looking out of the window, the garden was beautiful. （错误）
Looking out of the window, we found the garden beautiful. （正确）
3.V-ing的形式（时态）
Looking into the sky, he imagined flying like an eagle. （look与imagined动作同时发生）
Having finished his work, he went biking with his friend. （finish动作先于went动作）
V-ing的一般式的动作表示和主句的动作是同时进行或者在主句的的动作之后发生；
完成式的动作是先于主句的动作发生。
4. V-ing的被动式（语态）
Being scolded（责骂） by his mother, the boy hung his head.(分词动作与主句谓语同时发生，分词与主句主语是被动关系）
Having been criticized（批评） by the teacher, he gave up smoking.
(分词动作先于主句谓语发生，分词与主句主语是被动关系）
5.现在分词的否定形式
现在分词作状语的否定由“ not+ 现在分词”构成
Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt.
6. 两类特殊现在分词状语
①V-ing的独立成分作状语(评注性状语)
有些V-ing短语可以做独立成分，用来解释整个句子，表示说话人的态度、观点等, 我们称这类状语为评注性状语，语法上叫“悬垂分词”。（评注性状语，不受句子主语的限制，无需考虑其逻辑主语，以现在分词形式独立存在，与主句用逗号隔开）。
这类常见的分词短语有：
generally speaking(大体来说)
frankly /honestly/ strictly speaking 坦白/诚实/严格地说
personally speaking 就我个人而言
supposing (假设), judging from/by(从…判断)
talking of/about（谈到...), speaking of（谈到）
seeing=considering =taking...into consideration/account (考虑到)等。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful than boys.
Supposing you lose, what will you do
② V-ing的独立主格结构作状语
The clock striking twelve, I went to bed. (分词striking的逻辑主语是the clock, 不是主句主语I)
分词作状语，其逻辑主语要与句子主语一致。否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成“独立主格结构”。简言之，独立主格结构是自带主语的分词短语。
7.ving形式结果状语与to do形式结果状语的区别
The fire lasted nearly two days, thus leaving nothing valuable. (ving结果状语，表示自然而然的必然结果，可在分词前加thus）
I hurried to train station only to find the train has left. (to do作结果状语，表示令人意想不到的结果，to do前可加only/just）
8. 状语从句转换成分词作状语三步曲：
①检查从句与主句的主语是否一致（一致才能转）;
②分析从句主谓间的关系，主动关系，从句谓语变成现在分词；若为被动关系，从句谓语变成过去分词
③去掉从句的连词与主语（连词可以保留）；
If you turn to the left, you will find the station.
Turning to the left, you will find the station.

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