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Period Five　Grammar
语法归纳
【即学即练一】
●Ⅰ 1.to eat　2.to meet　3.studying　4.to post　5.chatting
6.cleaning　7.sleeping　8.to inform　9.to be studying
10.to be repaired/repairing
●Ⅱ 1.When it comes to improving
2.have difficulty/trouble/problems (in) making friends
3.had/has no choice/alternative but to ask for
4.be worth buying
【即学即练二】
1.has　2.has attracted　3.wear　4.is; are　5.is; are
6.encourages　7.is made; love　8.have been　9.is regarded
10.arePeriod Five　Grammar
Ⅰ.1.making　2.to be sent　3.leaving/having left　4.sailing
5.to rest　6.being punished
Ⅱ.1.not to have seen me　2.laughing from time to time
3.being left alone at home　4.working with Jane; to stop talking
Ⅲ.1.are　2.have seen　3.are; was built　4.seems
5.is playing　6.was; were
Ⅳ.1.hasn’t been decided yet　2.is a primary school　3.is covered with fruit trees; have been planted　4.have signed up for
Ⅴ.A
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现。文章基于一项在英国进行的新研究,探讨了亚洲短爪水獭的社会学习和长期记忆能力。研究人员表示,这些能力有助于亚洲短爪水獭适应环境和生存。
1.C　细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Scientists from University of Exeter observed groups of Asian short-clawed otters in different places. They gave each group a selection of transparent (透明的) containers with meatball treats inside. Each box could be opened by twisting or pulling a particular lid or handle.”可知,科学家给水獭提供了一些透明的容器,里面装有肉丸作为奖励。每个盒子都可以通过扭转或拉动特定的盖子或手柄来打开。故选C。
2.D　推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The researchers found that if one otter cracked the puzzle, its closest friends quickly solved it, too. The findings provide evidence of ‘social learning’—animals can learn from each other.”可知,如果一只水獭解开了谜题,它的亲密朋友也能很快解开它,由此可推测水獭会将知识教给其他水獭。故选D。
3.D　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“‘Our study is the first to show evidence of social learning and long-term memory in Asian short-clawed otters, which may be good news in terms of their adaptability and future survival,’ said Alex Saliveros, lead author of the Centre for Ecology and Conservation on Penryn Campus in Cornwall.”可知,Alex Saliveros认为研究首次证明了亚洲短爪水獭具有社会学习和长期记忆的能力,这从它们适应环境和未来生存的角度来看可能是个好消息。由此可知,研究结果有意义是因为其表明社会学习和良好的记忆力对水獭的生存是有益的。故选D。
4.B　主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Asian short-clawed otters (水獭) can teach each other how to solve puzzles to get food, according to a new study that took place in England.”以及全文内容可知,文章主要介绍了一项在英国进行的新研究。该研究发现亚洲短爪水獭具有社会学习和长期记忆的能力。选项B“Puzzled otters learn from each other”(困惑的水獭互相学习)准确地概括了文章的主要内容,即亚洲短爪水獭能够互相学习如何解决谜题。故选B。
B
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。研究表明人们在学习时通过做手势能更好地记住词汇。文章介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及手势在学习中发挥的重要作用,且图片和手势可能对孩子都有帮助。
5.C　细节理解题。根据第一段中“But Brian Mathias’ research team found out that if you gesture (做手势) with your arms while you are studying, you can remember the vocabulary better, even months later.”可知,手势有助于词汇学习。故选C。
6.D　细节理解题。根据第三段中“After two months, the two methods were still tied. But after six months, the adults benefited more from the gestures than the pictures, while the children were helped equally by both.”可知,从长远来看,手势的好处在成年人中更为明显。故选D。
7.B　词义猜测题。根据最后一段“But it is not only the motor cortex itself that promotes learning. The meaning expressed by the gesture also figures in.”以及其中的not only和also可推知,第二句在语义上是第一句的递进,说明手势所传达的含义也发挥作用。make a deal达成协议;play a part发挥作用;take a chance碰碰运气;make a proposal提出建议。故选B。
8.A　推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘I think we underuse the gesture in our classrooms,’ Goldin-Meadow says. ‘Good teachers and good listeners use it, but not always in a systematic way. Others don’t necessarily bring it into the class—and it could be used more often and more effectively.’”可知,Goldin-Meadow建议教师应在课堂上更好地使用手势。故选A。
Ⅵ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文,主要讲的是孙子在《孙子兵法》里讲的一些理念。
1.influential　考查形容词。空格处用形容词作定语,修饰名词短语military books。influence的形容词形式是influential,意为“有影响力的”。故填influential。
2.has been read　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。由for more than 2,000 years可知,空格处的时态是现在完成时,《孙子兵法》这本书是被读,因此空格处是现在完成时的被动语态,主语Sun Zi Bingfa是单数,因此空格处是has been read。故填has been read。
3.composed　考查非谓语动词。句中谓语动词是moved和completed,空格处应用非谓语动词,work和compose之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,因此空格处应用过去分词表被动。故填composed。
4.where　考查定语从句。空格处引导非限制性定语从句,从句中不缺主语或宾语,先行词work是抽象地点,因此空格处用关系副词where。故填where。
5.knowing　考查非谓语动词。短语suggest doing sth意为“建议做某事”,因此空格处用现在分词作宾语。故填knowing。
6.with　考查介词。空格处是be familiar with,为了避免重复,省去be familiar,保留介词with。故填with。
7.effectiveness　考查名词。由the和of可知,空格处应填名词,effective的名词形式是effectiveness,在此处意为“战斗力”,是不可数名词。故填effectiveness。
8.the　考查冠词。空格处用定冠词the特指战争的本质。故填the。
9.to defeat　考查非谓语动词。由空前的the supreme art and goal可知,空格处应用不定式作表语。故填to defeat。
10.uniquely　考查副词。空格处应用unique的副词形式uniquely修饰动词remind。故填uniquely。Period Five　Grammar
动词后接v.-ing或不定式作宾语
在英语中某些动词后只能接v.-ing形式作宾语,还有一些动词只能接动词不定式作宾语,还有一些动词后可接v.-ing形式与动词不定式作宾语,但意义不同。
一、常接v.-ing形式作宾语的动词
enjoy, finish, avoid, admit, practise, consider, imagine, involve, keep, advise, suggest, escape, appreciate, understand, allow, permit, forbid, mind, miss, excuse, risk, deny等。如:
When will you finish reading that book
你什么时候读完那本书
He is considering studying abroad.
他正在考虑出国留学。
注意:advise, allow, permit, forbid等词后直接跟v.-ing形式作宾语,如果后面有名词、代词作宾语,则其后用不定式作宾语补足语。
二、常接v.-ing形式作宾语的动词短语
insist on, object to, be good at, give up, put off, keep on, look forward to, feel like, devote…to, be/get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth, be busy (in), can’t help(忍不住……), have difficulty/trouble/problems (in), have a hard time (in)等。如:
We are looking forward to meeting our old friend again.
我们期待着再见到我们的老朋友。
I don’t get used to getting up so early in the morning.
我不习惯早晨起那么早。
【巧学助记】
歌诀巧记常接v.-ing形式作宾语的动词(短语):
建议 考虑 坚持　练(suggest, advise, consider, insist on, practise)
允许 想象 弃　冒险(permit, allow, imagine, give up, risk)
阻止 抵抗 否　逃脱(prevent, resist, deny, escape)
不禁 介意 保持　完(can’t help, mind, keep, finish)
耽误 推迟 求　原谅(delay, put off, require, forgive, excuse)
承认 错过 喜　欣赏(admit, miss, enjoy, appreciate)
注意:用v.-ing形式作宾语的常见句型:
What/How about doing… 做……怎么样
When it comes to doing… 当谈及做……
There is no point in doing sth.做某事毫无意义。
三、后接不定式作宾语的动词
refuse, promise, pretend, wish, hope, agree, ask, decide, expect, manage, offer等。如:
She promised to give him a chance.
她许诺给他一次机会。
【巧学助记】
用动词不定式作宾语的动词:
三个希望两答应:hope, wish, want, agree, promise
两个要求莫拒绝:demand, ask, refuse
设法学会做决定:manage, learn, decide
不要假装在选择:pretend, choose
打算提出两计划:intend, offer, plan, mean
申请失败负担起:apply, fail, afford
准备愿望又碰巧:prepare, desire, happen
四、but+动词不定式
1.用于can’t but, can’t help but, can’t choose but等短语后,意为“不得不,只能”,不定式不带to。如:
We can’t but face the reality.
我们只能面对现实。
When your pet dies, you can’t choose but feel sad.
当你的宠物去世时,你只能感到悲伤。
Even till today, whenever I think of the “ice cream” story, I still can’t help but laugh at myself.
甚至直到今天,每当我想起那个“冰淇淋”的故事,我就会情不自禁地嘲笑自己。
2.当but(表示“除……之外”)前有实义动词do的某种形式时,其后的不定式通常不带to。其他情况不定式通常都要带to。如:
There was nothing to do but send for a doctor.
除了请医生来,没有什么可以做的。
I have no choice but to accept the fact.
除了接受这一事实,我别无选择。
五、后接v.-ing形式与不定式作宾语均可,但意义不同的动词
动词 宾语的形式 意义
remember to do sth 记住要做某事
doing sth 记得做过某事
forget to do sth 忘记要做某事
doing sth 忘记做过某事
regret to do sth 遗憾/抱歉要做某事
doing sth 后悔已做过某事
try to do sth 设法/尽力做某事
doing sth 尝试做某事
mean to do sth 打算做某事
doing sth 意味着做某事
stop to do sth 停下去做某事
doing sth 停止做某事
如:
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
我原来打算赶上早班公共汽车。
This means wasting a lot of money.
这意味着浪费很多钱。
I regret to tell you that you have been dismissed.
我很遗憾地告诉你,你被开除了。
I greatly regret not having told the truth.
我非常后悔没有说出真相。
注意:
(1)begin或start后面既可接v.-ing形式,也可接不定式,意义没有多大差别,但在下列三种情况下,只接不定式:
①主语是物时;
②begin或start本身用于进行时态的时候;
③begin或start后的非谓语动词指心理状态或精神活动时(如think, realize, wonder, understand)。
(2)like, love, hate, prefer后接动名词时,多表示一种习惯或倾向;接不定式时,表示一次特定的或具体的行动。
(3)want, need, require后的动名词,主动形式表被动意义,等于其后加不定式的被动形式(即want/need/require doing/to be done需要被……)。
【即学即练一】
●Ⅰ 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
1.I didn’t mean 　　　　(eat) anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn’t help trying it.
2.If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but 　　　　(meet) an even greater challenge.
3.Lydia doesn’t feel like 　　　　　　(study) abroad. Her parents are old.
4.Please remember 　　　　　(post) the letter for the old man.
5.Stop 　　　　　(chat), everyone. Our English teacher is coming.
6.Tom went out after he finished 　　　　　　　(clean) the sitting room.
7.The parents suggested 　　　　　　(sleep) in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.
8.We regret 　　　　　　　(inform) you that you will have to give up this chance.
9.He pretended 　　　　　　　　(study) when his mother stepped into the room.
10.This door is broken, and it needs 　　　　　(repair) at once.
●Ⅱ 句型训练
1.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 spoken English,my suggestion is that you should listen to and speak English as often as possible.
说到提高英语口语水平,我的建议是,你应该尽可能经常地听和说英语。(应用文写作之建议信)
2.Knowing you 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, I am writing to give you some advice.
知道你在交友方面有困难,我写信给你一些建议。(应用文写作之建议信) 　
3.She 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　a few days’ leave.
她别无选择,只好请几天假。
4.He’s decided to get a look at the house and see if it might 　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
他决定去瞧瞧那个房子,看它是否值得买。
主谓一致
　　主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致, 一般遵循三个原则, 即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则
　　语法一致原则指主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。
1.动名词(短语)、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数形式。如:
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.　
听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后感到放松。
Everything is in a complete mess, which drives people crazy.　
所有的事情完全是一团糟, 让人发疯。
[温馨提示] what引导的从句作主语时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式, 但如果从句表示复数意义, 则谓语动词用复数形式。如:
What he said is far from the truth.
他所说的与事实相差太远了。
What the school needs are qualified teachers.
这个学校需要的是合格的老师。
2.主语后接介词短语或其他插入语,如with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。如:
The teacher as well as his students was very excited.
老师和他的学生们都很兴奋。
I think Tom, rather than you, is to blame for the accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
3.and, both…and…连接两个不同的主语,谓语动词用复数形式;但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出现时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Her teacher and her friends are in the living room.
她的老师和朋友们都在客厅。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家创作了许多作品。
A knife and fork is used on the table in Western countries.
刀叉被用在西方国家的餐桌上。
4.定语从句中关系代词作主语时,从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。如:
My friend showed me around the town, which was very attractive.
我的朋友带我参观了这个小镇,它非常迷人。
5.“many a/more than one+单数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时,即使有and连接,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:
Many a parent has to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都不得不经历这个相同的痛苦的过程。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个男孩和女孩都希望参加即将在周日举办的聚会。
二、意义一致原则
　　意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数,主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。
1.集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。如:
The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.
这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。
The class are doing an experiment.
全班学生都在做实验。
2.“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义;all, some, half, most, the rest等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。如:
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有三分之一值得一读。
Only 60 per cent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。
All of this is wonderful, but the best part of this film is the acting.
所有这些都很精彩,但这个电影最精彩的部分是表演。
3.“the+形容词”表示一类人,在句中作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。如:
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人已被治愈,失踪的人也被找到了。
4.“a number of+复数名词”作主语时表示“许多……”,谓语动词用复数形式;“the number of+复数名词”作主语时表示“……的数量”,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
A number of students have gone for an outing.
许多学生去远足了。
The number of the students is increasing year after year.
学生的数量在逐年增加。
5.表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:
Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.
对于一个男孩来说, 3000美元是很大一笔钱。
6.以-s/-ics结尾的学科名词及news作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Bad news travels quickly.
[谚]坏事传千里。
三、就近一致原则
　　就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。
1.由or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。如:
Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
你或者你的一名学生应该出席预定明天召开的会议。
2.由there, here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。如:
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
【即学即练二】
用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
1.In this country it is hoped that anyone who has recently come here 　　　　　　(have) to pass a language test.
2.Either the beautiful sights of this modern city or its local custom 　　　　　　　　　(attract) thousands of visitors during the past years.
3.Almost two thirds of the students in this class 　　　　(wear) glasses.
4.The population of China 　　　　(be) very large and about 80% of the population 　　　　　(be) peasants.
5.He as well as his children 　　　　(be) looking forward to the summer holiday but unluckily, his children rather than he 　　　　(be) going to enjoy it as he will have to work anyway.
6.All the teachers are more than willing to offer help, which 　　　　　　　　(encourage) us a lot.
7.Our family 　　　　　　　(make) up of five people, and all of us 　　　　(love) music.
8.Large quantities of money 　　　　　　(be) paid for their daughter’s college tuition already, resulting in their plain life.
9.Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming,　　　　　　　(regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
10.Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 　　　　(be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. Period Five　Grammar
接动词-ing形式或不定式的动词
●Ⅰ 用括号里所给动词的适当形式填空
1.In fact, no one can avoid 　　　　(make) mistakes.
2.I wish 　　　　　　　　(send) to work in Shanghai upon my graduation.
3.I always regret 　　　　(leave) school at such a young age.
4.I can hardly imagine Peter 　　　　(sail) across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
5.She reached the top of the hill and stopped 　　　　(rest) on a big rock by the side of the path.
6.Some naughty boys wanted to escape 　　　　　　　　(punish), but eventually they weren’t very lucky.
●Ⅱ 句型训练
1.She pretended 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　when I passed by.
当我走过的时候,她假装没看见我。
2.While listening to the funny story, all of us couldn’t help 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
在听那个滑稽的故事时,我们所有人时不时忍不住笑出来。
3.It seemed that the little girl didn’t mind 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
这个小女孩好像不介意一个人被留在家里。
4.I can’t stand 　　　　　　　　　　in the same office. She just refuses 　　　　　　while she works.
我受不了跟简在一个办公室工作。她工作时总是喋喋不休。
主谓一致专练
●Ⅲ 用括号里所给动词的适当形式填空
1.He has three sons, all of whom 　　　　　(be) doctors.
2.So far, neither the teacher nor his students 　　　　　　　(see) the film.
3.By the lake 　　　　　　(be) two chemical works, one of which 　　　　　(build) last year.
4.Two hours 　　　　　(seem) to be a long time when you are waiting for a bus.
5.At present, mail, as well as cellphones, 　　　　　　　　(play) a more and more important part in our daily communication.
6.The number of people invited 　　　　(be) fifty, but a number of them 　　　　(be) absent for different reasons.
●Ⅳ 句型训练
1.We’ll have an English speech contest this term, but when and where to hold it 　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
这个学期我们要举行一次英语演讲比赛,但何时何地举行还没决定。
2.At the foot of the hill 　　　　　　　　　, where I was educated about 10 years ago.
在山脚下是一所小学,大约十年前我就是在那里接受教育的。
3.Two thirds of the island 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, 70% of which 　　　　　in the past 20 years.
这个岛屿的三分之二被果树覆盖,其中70%的果树是在过去20年间栽种的。
4.Not only I but also many of my classmates 　　　　　　　　　　　the photography competition recently.
最近,不仅我,还有我的许多同学都报名参加了摄影大赛。
●Ⅴ 阅读理解
A
Asian short-clawed otters (水獭) can teach each other how to solve puzzles to get food, according to a new study that took place in England. The research also showed that these cute animals have a good long-term memory—they could remember how to solve the puzzles even after several months.
Scientists from University of Exeter observed groups of Asian short-clawed otters in different places. They gave each group a selection of transparent (透明的) containers with meatball treats inside. Each box could be opened by twisting or pulling a particular lid or handle.
To get the food, the otters had to solve the puzzle of how to open the containers. The otters had two attempts at the puzzle several months apart. The researchers found that if one otter cracked the puzzle, its closest friends quickly solved it, too. The findings provide evidence of “social learning”—animals can learn from each other.
The scientists also found that on average the otters solved puzzles 69% faster the second time. It means that they can remember the details of how each puzzle works. “Our study is the first to show evidence of social learning and long-term memory in Asian short-clawed otters, which may be good news in terms of their adaptability and future survival,” said Alex Saliveros, lead author of the Centre for Ecology and Conservation on Penryn Campus in Cornwall.
Saliveros says the findings are important, because Asian short-clawed otters are declining in the wild, partly due to overfishing and pollution affecting the crustaceans and small fish they feed on. The discovery that the otters are able to find food in new ways and to pass on that knowledge to others could be significant to their long-term survival.
(　)1.What task did the scientists set for the otters
A.Separating one container from another.
B.Finding ways to break the containers.
C.Opening the containers to get the food.
D.Picking out meatballs from different containers.
(　)2.What can be inferred about the otters from Paragraph 3
A.They had to remember the puzzles.
B.They learned from human society.
C.They solved unfamiliar puzzles faster.
D.They passed on knowledge to others.
(　)3.Why are the findings significant according to Alex Saliveros
A. For they show Asian short-clawed otters solve puzzles faster.
B.For they reveal decline in otter population.
C.For they show otters have strong physical strength and hunting skills.
D.For they show social learning and good memory are good for otters’ survival.
(　)4.Which of the following could be the best title for the text
A.Asian short-clawed otters love puzzles
B.Puzzled otters learn from each other
C.Pollution reduces otters’ food
D.Animals can pass on knowledge
B
When learning a foreign language, most people fall back on traditional ways: reading, writing, listening and repeating. But Brian Mathias’ research team found out that if you gesture (做手势) with your arms while you are studying, you can remember the vocabulary better, even months later.
As Mathias describes, they had 22 German-speaking adults learn a total of 90 invented words over four days. When the test subjects first heard the new vocabulary, they were shown a video of a person making a gesture that matched the meaning of the word. When the word was repeated, the subjects performed the gesture themselves. Five months later, they were asked to translate the vocabulary they had learned into German. Those who performed better on the task showed a higher level of activity in their motor cortex—the part of the brain that is responsible for our body movements. The researchers concluded that the motor cortex contributed to the translation of the vocabulary learned with gestures. The effect did not occur when the subjects were only presented with matching pictures instead of gestures.
Another research group led by Leipzig had young adults and eight-year-old children listen to new vocabulary for five days, paired with matching pictures or videos of gestures. After two months, the two methods were still tied. But after six months, the adults benefited more from the gestures than the pictures, while the children were helped equally by both.
But it is not only the motor cortex itself that promotes learning. The meaning expressed by the gesture also figures in. “I think we underuse the gesture in our classrooms,” Goldin-Meadow says. “Good teachers and good listeners use it, but not always in a systematic way. Others don’t necessarily bring it into the class—and it could be used more often and more effectively.”
(　)5.What do we know according to Brian Mathias’ research
A.Those only presented with matching pictures performed better.
B.The motor cortex had nothing to do with the vocabulary learning.
C.The research concluded that gestures benefited vocabulary learning.
D.22 German-speaking adults and children were chosen as the test subjects.
(　)6.What does Leipzig’s research tell us about language learning
A.Adults and children are equally good learners.
B.Pictures have little influence on language learning.
C.Pictures are found more helpful than videos for children.
D.Benefits of gestures are more obvious in adults in the long run.
(　)7.What do the underlined words “figures in” in the last paragraph mean
A.Makes a deal.　 B.Plays a part.
C.Takes a chance. D.Makes a proposal.
(　)8.What does Goldin-Meadow suggest teachers do in the classroom
A.Make better use of gestures.
B.Teach listening in a systematic way.
C.Don’t use traditional teaching approaches.
D.Do some scientific research on teaching.
●Ⅵ 语法填空
Sun Zi Bingfa, or The Art of War, is one of the most 1.　　　　　　(influence) military books in the whole history of humankind and 2.　　　　　　　　(read) for more than 2,000 years. Sun Tzu, a legendary military Chinese strategist during the Spring and Autumn Period, is regarded as the ultimate master of war.
Sun Tzu moved to the State of Wu in 532 BC, and later completed the great military work 3.　　　　　　　(compose) of 13 articles altogether, 4.　　　　　　　　　 he fully demonstrated his insight into warfare. He suggested 5.　　　　　　　　(know) the conditions between one side and the rival before drawing the war plan. He emphasized the victorious general must be familiar with his enemies just as 6.　　　　　 himself. He also explained two types of decisive factors: the objective and stable one, like the 7.　　　　(effective) of the army and the subjective and changeable one, like the spirit of the soldiers. He believed that competition of the economy between states is 8.　　　　　 nature of war. Meanwhile, the supreme art and goal of war is 9.　　　　(defeat) the enemy with strategies instead of only force. His spirit and wisdom 10.　　　　　(unique) remind us that peace is the common objective we should pursue. (共39张PPT)
语法归纳
动词后接v.-ing或不定式作宾语
在英语中某些动词后只能接v.-ing形式作宾语,还有一些动词只能
接动词不定式作宾语,还有一些动词后可接v.-ing形式与动词不定式作
宾语,但意义不同。
一、常接v.-ing形式作宾语的动词
enjoy, finish, avoid, admit, practise, consider, imagine, involve,
keep, advise, suggest, escape, appreciate, understand, allow,
permit, forbid, mind, miss, excuse, risk, deny等。如:
When will you finish reading that book
你什么时候读完那本书
He is considering studying abroad.
他正在考虑出国留学。
注意:advise, allow, permit, forbid等词后直接跟v.-ing形式作宾语,如
果后面有名词、代词作宾语,则其后用不定式作宾语补足语。
二、常接v.-ing形式作宾语的动词短语
insist on, object to, be good at, give up, put off, keep on, look
forward to, feel like, devote…to, be/get used to, pay attention to,
be fond of, be worth, be busy (in), can't help(忍不住……), have
difficulty/trouble/problems (in), have a hard time (in)等。如:
We are looking forward to meeting our old friend again.
我们期待着再见到我们的老朋友。
I don't get used to getting up so early in the morning.
我不习惯早晨起那么早。
【巧学助记】
歌诀巧记常接v.-ing形式作宾语的动词(短语):
建议 考虑 坚持 练(suggest, advise, consider, insist on, practise)
允许 想象 弃 冒险(permit, allow, imagine, give up, risk)
阻止 抵抗 否 逃脱(prevent, resist, deny, escape)
不禁 介意 保持 完(can't help, mind, keep, finish)
耽误 推迟 求 原谅(delay, put off, require, forgive, excuse)
承认 错过 喜 欣赏(admit, miss, enjoy, appreciate)
注意:用v.-ing形式作宾语的常见句型:
What/How about doing… 做……怎么样
When it comes to doing… 当谈及做……
There is no point in doing sth.做某事毫无意义。
三、后接不定式作宾语的动词
refuse, promise, pretend, wish, hope, agree, ask, decide, expect,
manage, offer等。如:
She promised to give him a chance.
她许诺给他一次机会。
【巧学助记】
用动词不定式作宾语的动词:
三个希望两答应:hope, wish, want, agree, promise
两个要求莫拒绝:demand, ask, refuse
设法学会做决定:manage, learn, decide
不要假装在选择:pretend, choose
打算提出两计划:intend, offer, plan, mean
申请失败负担起:apply, fail, afford
准备愿望又碰巧:prepare, desire, happen
四、but+动词不定式
1.用于can't but, can't help but, can't choose but等短语后,意为“不
得不,只能”,不定式不带to。如:
We can't but face the reality.
我们只能面对现实。
When your pet dies, you can't choose but feel sad.
当你的宠物去世时,你只能感到悲伤。
Even till today, whenever I think of the “ice cream” story, I still
can't help but laugh at myself.
甚至直到今天,每当我想起那个“冰淇淋”的故事,我就会情不自禁地嘲
笑自己。
2.当but(表示“除……之外”)前有实义动词do的某种形式时,其后的不
定式通常不带to。其他情况不定式通常都要带to。如:
There was nothing to do but send for a doctor.
除了请医生来,没有什么可以做的。
I have no choice but to accept the fact.
除了接受这一事实,我别无选择。
五、后接v.-ing形式与不定式作宾语均可，但意义不同的动词
动词 宾语的形式 意义
remember to do sth 记住要做某事
doing sth 记得做过某事
forget to do sth 忘记要做某事
doing sth 忘记做过某事
regret to do sth 遗憾/抱歉要做某事
doing sth 后悔已做过某事
动词 宾语的形式 意义
try to do sth 设法/尽力做某事
doing sth 尝试做某事
mean to do sth 打算做某事
doing sth 意味着做某事
stop to do sth 停下去做某事
doing sth 停止做某事
续表
如:
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
我原来打算赶上早班公共汽车。
This means wasting a lot of money.
这意味着浪费很多钱。
I regret to tell you that you have been dismissed.
我很遗憾地告诉你,你被开除了。
I greatly regret not having told the truth.
我非常后悔没有说出真相。
注意:
(1)begin或start后面既可接v.-ing形式,也可接不定式,意义没有多大差
别,但在下列三种情况下,只接不定式:
①主语是物时;
②begin或start本身用于进行时态的时候;
③begin或start后的非谓语动词指心理状态或精神活动时
(如think, realize, wonder, understand)。
(2)like, love, hate, prefer后接动名词时,多表示一种习惯或倾向;接不
定式时,表示一次特定的或具体的行动。
(3)want, need, require后的动名词,主动形式表被动意义,等于其后加
不定式的被动形式(即want/need/require doing/to be done需要
被……)。
【即学即练一】
Ⅰ 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
1.I didn't mean _______(eat) anything but the ice cream looked
so good that I couldn't help trying it.
2.If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but
_________(meet) an even greater challenge.
3.Lydia doesn't feel like _________(study) abroad. Her parents
are old.
to eat
to meet
studying
4.Please remember ________(post) the letter for the old man.
5.Stop _________(chat), everyone. Our English teacher is coming.
6.Tom went out after he finished _________(clean) the sitting
room.
7.The parents suggested _________(sleep) in the hotel room but
their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.
8.We regret __________(inform) you that you will have to give
up this chance.
to post
chatting
cleaning
sleeping
to inform
9.He pretended _______________(study) when his mother
stepped into the room.
to be studying
10.This door is broken, and it needs _______________________
(repair) at once.
to be repaired/repairing
Ⅱ 句型训练
1.____________________________ spoken English,my suggestion
is that you should listen to and speak English as often as
possible.
说到提高英语口语水平,我的建议是,你应该尽可能经常地听和说英语。
(应用文写作之建议信)
When it comes to improving
2.Knowing you _____________________________________________
______, I am writing to give you some advice.
知道你在交友方面有困难,我写信给你一些建议。(应用文写作之建议信)
have difficulty/trouble/problems (in) making friends
3.She __________________________________________ a few days'
leave.
她别无选择,只好请几天假。
had/has no choice/alternative but to ask for
4.He's decided to get a look at the house and see if it might
_________________.
他决定去瞧瞧那个房子,看它是否值得买。
be worth buying
主谓一致
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致, 一般遵循三个
原则, 即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则
语法一致原则指主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。
1.动名词(短语)、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词
常用单数形式。如:
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后感到放松。
Everything is in a complete mess, which drives people crazy.
所有的事情完全是一团糟, 让人发疯。
［温馨提示］what引导的从句作主语时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式,
但如果从句表示复数意义, 则谓语动词用复数形式。如:
What he said is far from the truth.
他所说的与事实相差太远了。
What the school needs are qualified teachers.
这个学校需要的是合格的老师。
2.主语后接介词短语或其他插入语,如with, together with, as well as,
like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition
to等,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。如:
The teacher as well as his students was very excited.
老师和他的学生们都很兴奋。
I think Tom, rather than you, is to blame for the accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
3.and, both…and…连接两个不同的主语,谓语动词用复数形式;但是如
果由and连接的两个名词表示同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出现时,谓语
动词用单数形式。如:
Her teacher and her friends are in the living room.
她的老师和朋友们都在客厅。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家创作了许多作品。
A knife and fork is used on the table in Western countries.
刀叉被用在西方国家的餐桌上。
4.定语从句中关系代词作主语时,从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持
一致。如:
My friend showed me around the town, which was very
attractive.
我的朋友带我参观了这个小镇,它非常迷人。
5.“many a/more than one+单数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
each, every, no所修饰的名词作主语时,即使有and连接,谓语动词仍
用单数形式。如:
Many a parent has to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都不得不经历这个相同的痛苦的过程。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held
on Sunday.
每个男孩和女孩都希望参加即将在周日举办的聚会。
二、意义一致原则
意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数,主语的意义决
定了谓语动词的单复数。
1.集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看
作是构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词
有family, class, team, group, public, committee, government,
audience等。如:
The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.
这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。
The class are doing an experiment.
全班学生都在做实验。
2.“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数
取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义;all, some, half, most, the
rest等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。如:
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有三分之一值得一读。
Only 60 per cent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。
All of this is wonderful, but the best part of this film is the
acting.
所有这些都很精彩,但这个电影最精彩的部分是表演。
3.“the+形容词”表示一类人,在句中作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。如:
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人已被治愈,失踪的人也被找到了。
4.“a number of+复数名词”作主语时表示“许多……”,谓语动词用复
数形式；“the number of+复数名词”作主语时表示“……的数量”,谓
语动词用单数形式。如:
A number of students have gone for an outing.
许多学生去远足了。
The number of the students is increasing year after year.
学生的数量在逐年增加。
5.表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常
用单数形式。如:
Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.
对于一个男孩来说, 3000美元是很大一笔钱。
6.以-s/-ics结尾的学科名词及news作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:
Bad news travels quickly.
［谚］坏事传千里。
三、就近一致原则
就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语
的单复数。
1.由or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…
等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。如:
Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting
that is due tomorrow.
你或者你的一名学生应该出席预定明天召开的会议。
2.由there, here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和最邻近
的主语保持一致。如:
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
【即学即练二】
用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
1.In this country it is hoped that anyone who has recently come
here _____(have) to pass a language test.
has
2.Either the beautiful sights of this modern city or its local
custom _____________(attract) thousands of visitors during the
past years.
has attracted
3.Almost two thirds of the students in this class ______(wear)
glasses.
4.The population of China ___(be) very large and about 80% of
the population ____(be) peasants.
wear
is
are
5.He as well as his children ___(be) looking forward to the
summer holiday but unluckily, his children rather than he
____(be) going to enjoy it as he will have to work anyway.
is
are
6.All the teachers are more than willing to offer help, which
____________(encourage) us a lot.
7.Our family _________(make) up of five people, and all of us
_____(love) music.
8.Large quantities of money ___________(be) paid for their
daughter's college tuition already, resulting in their plain life.
encourages
is made
love
have been
9.Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming,________
________(regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
is regarded
10.Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three
are declining, six ____(be) stable, one is increasing, and nine
lack enough data.
are

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