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引人入胜的凤头与回味无穷的豹尾
纵观近几年的高考英语书面表达的命题思路和趋势，均可以划分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。尤其是在近几年的高考英语书面表达已经不再给出开头和结尾的背景下，文章的开头和结尾的作用就更加明显了。一个好的开头自然会给人留下好的印象，引起读者的阅读兴趣；而一个好的结尾就是点睛之笔，起到引发读者共鸣，升华文章主题的作用。由此可见，文章开头和结尾的表达是否准确到位、安排是否得体，在整篇文章中具有举足轻重的作用，直接影响到整篇文章的质量。
一、引人入胜的开头
【开门见山式】
一般来说，文章的开头应尽量做到“开门见山”，即要用简单明了的语言引出文章的话题，使人一开始就能了解文章要说明的内容。多见于邀请信和求助信。
① 对于叙事类的文章，可以在开头把人物、时间、事件和环境交代清楚。
1. I’m happy to receive your letter and know you’re coming to China. 我很高兴收到你的来信，知道你要来中国。
2. I am writing to invite you to see the Chinese paper-cutting exhibition to be held this Sunday. 我写信是想邀请你参观本周日举行的中国剪纸艺术展。
② 对于论述性的文章，可以在开头处先阐明自己的观点，接着展开进一步的论述。
1. Most people say that money is more important than time. But I don't think so. First, when money is used up, you can earn it back, but……
2.I’m happy to receive your letter and know you’re coming to China.So--- 我很高兴收到你的来信，知道你要来中国。因此------
【背景介绍式】
这类开头多用于要求就某一社会现象进行分析的书面表达。文章开头往往要交代事件或者社会现象发生的背景，比如网络投票、公共场所的不文明现象、环境保护、节约型社会建设活动等。
1. We’re going to Yendang Mountain to have an outing on July 8. We really hope that you can join us. 我们将于7月8日去雁荡山郊游，我们真的希望你能加入我们。
2. On-line voting becomes increasingly popular, and many competitions get people involved in it. It is beneficial to some people, while it puts others into a dilemma over whether to vote or not. 网上投票日益普遍，许多比赛都让人们参与投票。这对一些人是有好处的，然而，也让一些人陷入到了是否要投票的窘境中。
【自我介绍式】
自我介绍式的开头多用于与陌生人之间的通信与交流，由于双方关系陌生，故需要先做一番自我介绍，比如询问信、申请信、投诉信、求助信、建议信等。
①I am Li Hua, a student from your writing class. There is going to be a paper-cutting exhibition in the Art Museum on Sunday. 我是来自你的写作班的学生，李华。星期天在美术馆将举行剪纸艺术展。
②I’m one of your students, Li Hua, from Class Two. I’m writing to ask for your help. 我是来自二班的你的学生，李华。我写信想寻求你的帮助。
【疑问性开头】
在叙事类或论述性的文章中，都可采用疑问型开头，这样既可以吸引阅卷者的注意又容易抓住中心。
1. Have you ever planted trees Don't you think planting trees is ……
2.If you have an opportunity to travel abroad, why not consider Singapore？
3. How are you doing I am Li Hua. I’m glad to tell you that the table tennis team in our school is recruiting new players. 你好吗？我是李华，我很高兴告诉你，我们学校乒乓球队正在招收新队员。
【感谢来信式】
此类开头用于回信，开头往往是表示感谢、请求建议或帮助等。
①I’m so glad to hear from you. I’m writing to tell you that everything goes well with me.
我很高兴收到你的来信。我写信告诉你我一切都好。
②It’s great to hear from you. I feel proud knowing your interest in Chinese history. 收到你的来信真是太好了。知道你对中国历史感兴趣，我感到自豪。
【列举事例式】
列举事例式的开头往往通过一个事例或现象引出相关话题，接着点明文章主题。
①Last night I was preparing for the coming examination when the noise from my neighbor interrupted me. 昨天晚上，我正在准备即将来临的考试，这时，来自邻居的噪音打断了我。
②Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about heavy traffic, which has seriously influenced people’s daily life and economic development. 现今，许多大城市的人们都在抱怨交通拥堵，它严重地影响了人们的日常生活和经济发展。
【描述图表式】
这类开头形式用于图表类书面表达，首先从描述图表所呈现的信息入手，先分析图表内容，然后正文部分再透过现象看本质。
①As is indicated in the graph, the box-office income of Chinese films increased constantly from 2012 to 2015, but its growth, for some reason, slowed down in 2016. 如图所示，中国电影的票房收入从2012年到2015年一直在上升，但由于某种原因，其票房增长率在2016年有所放缓。
②As is vividly shown in the picture, one person is asking the other to do some voluntary labour. 正如图画中生动形象地显示的那样，一个人正在请另一个人做义务劳动。
【回忆性开头】
在描述事件或游记类的文章中，采用回忆性的开头往往更能吸引人的眼球。
这种类型的开头中通常含有描述自己心情或情绪的词汇，如never forget(永远无法忘记)、 remember (记得)、unforgettable(难以忘怀的)、 exciting(令人激动的)、surprising(令人惊讶的)、sad (难过的)……
1.I will never forget my first trip to Huangshan. 或 It was really an unforgettable experience I had.
【倒叙式开头】
在有的文章，特别是叙事类的文章中，可以采用倒叙的写作手法，先写出事件的结果，再陈述过程。
1.I lay in bed in the hospital. I smiled at my friends even though my legs hurt. Do you want to know what happened to me Let me tell you. It's a ... story.
【举一反三】根据汉语提示完成句子。
1．我写信请你帮忙。我正在申请去一家外资公司做兼职。(开门见山式)
________________________________________.
2．收到你在市图书馆作报告的邀请我很高兴。(开门见山式)
________________________________________.
3．上周日，我和同学们去了香山公园。(背景介绍式)
________________________________________.
4．谢谢你的来信，多谢你对我的照顾和关心。(感谢来信式)
________________________________________.
5．你过得如何啊？希望你状况不错。(询问问候式)
________________________________________.
答案：1. I’m writing to ask you for help I’m applying for a part-time job in a foreign capital company. 2. I’m so glad to receive your invitation to your lecture in the city library. 3. Last Sunday, my classmates and I went to the Xiangshan Park. 4. Thank you for your letter I really appreciate your care and concern for me. 5. How are you doing I hope you’re in good condition.
【具体应用】
一)书信的常用开头法——开门见山法
①I am Li Hua. I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation and I also want you to do me a favor. 我是李华，我写信告诉你我的暑假计划，我也希望你帮我一个忙。
②I'd like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double Ninth Festival.我想邀请你在下周六和我们一块去附近的敬老院过重阳节。
二)记叙文的常用开头法
1．故事背景法——交代人物、事件、时间、地点、背景等
A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth. 在地球日之前的一周，我们学校周围张贴了海报，呼吁我们加入一个更环保的地球的行动。
2．往事追忆法——回忆过去发生的某件事
I still remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.我依然记得第一次去泰山旅游的事情，就像是在昨天一样。
三)说明文的常用开头法
1．点明中心法——开门见山点明所要介绍的事物
Among the four seasons in a year, summer is my favorite, which makes me free, excited and energetic. 在一年的四个季节中，我最喜欢夏天。它让我感到自由、兴奋、充满活力。
2．引用数据法——运用数据引出所要论证的主题
A recent study shows that 50% of the school kids don't have breakfast.最近的研究表明，有50%的学生不吃早饭。
四)议论文的常用开头法
1．点明主题法——提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题
Through my years of school life, I've learned that if we are to make a difference in life, it's vital that we should begin with small things. 通过几年的校园生活，我学会了如果我们要在生活中有所改变，从小事开始是非常重要的。
2．引用名言法——摘录或引用某些名人的名言或常见的习语、谚语作为文章的开头。
When it comes to how to succeed, many people may think of the proverb “Where there is a will, there is a way.”当谈到如何成功时，很多人或许会想到谚语“有志者事竟成”。
3．列举实例法——通过一个实例或现象引出话题
Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about heavy traffic, which has seriously influenced people's daily life and economic development.现今，许多大城市的人们都在抱怨交通拥堵，它严重地影响了人们的日常生活和经济发展。
(五)图画作文的常用开头法
描述图画法——描写图画内容，为下文做好铺垫
As is vividly shown in the picture, one person is asking the other to do some voluntary labour.正如图画中生动形象地显示的那样，一个人正在请另一个人做义务劳动。
【举一反三】根据汉语提示完成句子。
1．我想请你给我们学校的英语报纸写一篇文章。(开门见山法)
________________________________________.
2．上周日，我和同学们去了香山公园。 (故事背景法)
________________________________________.
3．俗话说，“没有努力就没有收获”。 (引用名言法)
________________________________________.
4．人们普遍认为阅读能增长我们的知识、拓宽我们的视野。(往事追忆法)
________________________________________.
5．每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的水溪，就忍不住感到悲伤。(点明主题法)
________________________________________.
答案：1. I'd like to ask you to write an article for our school's English newspaper. 2. Last Sunday, my classmates and I went to the Xiangshan Park. 3. As the saying goes, “No pains, no gains.” 4. It is universally acknowledged that reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind. 5. Whenever I think of the clean stream near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.
二、回味无穷的结尾
文章的结尾形式是多种多样的，不过一般来说还是以照应开头、深化文章主题为主。高考英语书面表达常见的结尾有以下几种：
【表达期待式】
①Hope you’ll have a good time in China.希望你在中国玩得开心。
②I also hope that there will be more events of this kind in the future. 我也希望将来会有更多这类活动。
【表示感谢式】
①I’d appreciate it if you could do me a favour.如果你能帮助我，我将感激不尽。
②I’ll appreciate you taking my suggestion into account. 我非常感激你能考虑我的建议。
【表达观点式】
①We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and get prepared for the future. 我们应该通过学习努力提高自己，为将来做好准备。
②As far as I’m concerned, I think it is a good idea for us senior 3 students to have daily exercise. 在我看来，对高三学生来说进行日常锻炼是一个好的主意。
【请求询问式】
①Please let me know which day is OK with you. 请让我知道哪一天适合你。
②Please let me know if you are interested and if you have any other questions. 请让我知道你是否感兴趣，是否还有其他的问题。
【征求意见式】
①If it is convenient for you, let’s meet at 8：30 outside the school gate. If not, let me know what time suits you best.如果你方便，我们在校门口外8：30见面。如果不方便，告诉我什么时间最适合你。
【总结全文式】
①In a word, my life will be much richer and more colorful.总之，我的生活将会更加丰富多彩。
【补充细节式】
①By the way, if you need any other kind of books, please do tell me. 顺便说一下，如果你需要其他种类的书，请务必告诉我。
【自然结尾，点明主题式】
①The two children were praised by the police and they felt happy.
②When the hare got to the tree, the tortoise had already been there。
【首尾呼应式】
升华主题在文章的结尾可以用含义较深的话点明主题，深化主题，起到“画龙点睛”的效果。
①I love my hometown, and I am proud of it.
【反问结尾，引起深思式】
这种方式的结尾虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，而且具有一定的强调作用，可引起他人的深思。
①If we learn English well, we can…Don't you think learning English is great fun
【表达祝愿，阐述愿望式】
这种方式的结尾常出现在书信或演讲稿的文体中，表示对他人的祝福或对将来的展望等。
①I hope the farmers' life will be better and better.
②Best wishes. I wish you a merry Christmas and a happy new year. I wish you have a good time。
【举一反三】根据汉语提示完成句子。
1.我希望明年我们能再相聚。(表示期待式)
________________________________________.
2.如果你能考虑我一下，我将感激不尽。(表示感谢式)
________________________________________.
3.找一个伙伴和我们一起去如何？如果这样，我们可以互相帮助并且在旅途中保持愉快。(请求询问式)
________________________________________.
4.作为一个学生，我会做我能做的事情来保护环境。(表达观点式)
________________________________________.
5.如果你方便的话，我明天下午想要去拜访你。(征求意见式)
________________________________________.
答案：1. I hope we’ll get together again next year. 2. I will be grateful if you could give me a kind consideration. 3. How about finding a companion to be with us If so, we can help each other and be happy during the trip. 4. As a student, I will do whatever I can to protect the environment. 5. If it is convenient for you, I’d like to visit you tomorrow afternoon.
【具体应用】
一)书信的常用结尾法
1．表示期待法
Hope to hear from you soon. 希望不久能收到你的来信。
Hope to meet you at the training camp this summer. 希望今年夏天在训练营见到你。
I'm waiting for your early reply.我期待你的早日答复。
2．表示感谢法
I would be grateful if you could consider my application.如果你能考虑我的申请我将不胜感激。
I must thank you again for your generous help.我必须对你慷慨的帮助再次表示感谢。
I'll appreciate you taking my suggestion into account.我非常感激你能考虑我的建议。
Please accept my gratitude, now and always.请接受我的感谢，现在到永远。
二)记叙文的常用结尾法
1．点题升华法——结尾总结全文，进一步升华主题
We are very proud of ourselves and believe we can do more for a better world. 我们为自己感到骄傲，相信我们可以为一个更美好的世界做更多的事情。
2．问题设问法——通过问答的形式总结全文
Will you join us in the next century？How romantic and fantastic it will be! 你愿意在下个世纪加入我们吗？那将是多么浪漫和奇妙啊！
三)说明文的常用结尾法
总结全文法——总结说明的事物，进一步说明其特征
In a word, changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us convenience and comfort.总之，过去20年里我们生活中的变化给我们带来了便利和舒适。
四)议论文的常用结尾法
1．得出结论法——结尾总结全文，得出结论
Therefore, respecting children and letting them develop their own characters are the key to their real success.因此，尊重孩子，让他们形成自己的个性是他们获得真正成功的关键。
2．深化中心法——结尾进一步深化主题
In a word, we must protect the water as well as find ways to reuse it. If not, the last drop of water will be a teardrop.总之，我们必须保护水资源，也要寻找再利用水的方法。如果不这样做，最后一滴水将是人类的泪水。
3．提出建议法——结尾提出建议及应对措施
So we have to cherish friendship. Let's take good care of our friends to enjoy life to the fullest. 因此我们必须珍视友谊，让我们善待朋友，尽情地享受生活。
It is high time that the government took proper steps to solve traffic problems.该是政府采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
4．引用名言法——结尾用名言总结全文
Anyhow, different cultures, different customs. If you “Do as the Romans do when in Rome”， you will enjoy more your stay here.不管怎样，有不同的文化，就有不同的习俗，如果你能“入乡随俗”，就会更好地享受这里的生活。
5．照应开头法——结尾对开头进行照应
Everyone enjoys beautiful things. And seeing sunrise may be one of the most unusual experiences in our life.每个人都喜欢美好的事情，看日出也许是我们人生中最不平凡的经历之一。
Different ways of traveling can make people happy, but I like traveling by train most.不同的旅行方式能让人们愉快，但我还是最喜欢乘火车旅行。
【举一反三】根据汉语提示完成句子。
1．我希望你会在中学过丰富多彩的生活。 (表示期待法)
________________________________________.
2．如果你能到机场接我我将不胜感激。(表示感谢法)
________________________________________.
3．找一个伙伴和我们一起去如何？如果这样，我们可以互相帮助并且在旅途中保持愉快。 (问题设问法)
________________________________________.
4．因此我们得出结论：世界上没有什么东西和自由一样珍贵。 (得出结论法)
________________________________________.
5．总之，成功是重要的，失败也是重要的，因为它是成功之母。(引用名言法)
________________________________________.
答案：1. I hope you will live a rich and colorful life in high school. 2. I'd appreciate it if you could meet me at the airport. 3. How about finding a companion to be with us If so, we can help each other and be happy during the trip. 4. We, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world. 5. In a word, success is important, and so is failure, because it's the mother of success.字顺意畅的衔接
连接（过渡）性词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。在句与句之间，段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的连接（过渡）性词语是非常必要的。中学阶段应该掌握的连接（过渡）性词语可以归纳如下：
一、根据衔接词本身在文章中起到的作用，主要分为以下四类，即“起”、“承”、“转”、“合”。
一）表示“起”的词/词组：用于开篇引出扩展句。
at present 现在；当今
at first 最初
recently最近
first(ly)第一
in the beginning 起初
to begin with 首先
first of all 首先；第一
in the first place 首先；第一
currently 目前；最后
lately 最近
presently 现在；此刻
in general 一般说来
generally speaking 一般地说
on the whole 总起来说
【典型例句】
1. I am sorry to say that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
2. As a student, I can tell you that there is nothing better than being praised by my teacher before my classmates.
3. I’m glad to hear that you will come to our school as an exchange student.
4.As is known to us all,language is the most important means of communication.众所周知,语言是最重要的交流工具。
5. At the beginning, I wiped the dust off all the furniture.Then I collected all the things scattered in the rooms and put them in place.After that, I mopped the floor. 首先我擦去所有家具上的灰尘,接着我把所有的散落在屋子里的东西收拾起来放好,然后拖了地。
二）有关“承”的常用词语：用来承接上文。
after a few days 几天以后
after a while过了一会儿
after/after that/afterwards此后
therefore 因此；结果
for example 例如
for instance 例如
such as 正如
beside 此外
in addition 此外
in addition to… 除…之外
Besides/what,s more 而且此外
moreover 而且，此外
what is more 而且；此外
also/too 并且，又
for this purpose 为了这个目的
from now on 从此
secondly 第二；第二点
secondly 第二
third 第三；第三点
thirdly 第三
in fact 事实上
similarly 同样地
in other words 换句话说
in particular 特别（地）
soon 不久
still 仍然
by the way 顺便提一句
then 然后
indeed 的确
by this time 此时
meanwhile 与此同时
at the same time 同时
in the same way 同样地
for another 其次
no doubt 无疑地
certainly 无疑地；当然地
obviously 明显地
later 后来
of course当然
truly 事实上；真实地
particularly特别地
unlike …不像……；和……不同
【典型例句】
1. Besides, I have such a good command of English that I am elected as assistant to my English teacher.
2. What’s worse, some drivers, cyclists and pedestrians do not think it vital to obey traffic rules.
3. Besides, I wish there would not be too many students in a class.
4. Moreover, it seems that he always thinks more of himself than of others.
5. Worse still, I took many falls off the bike.
6. If you want to join, you can send your photos to intlphotoshow@. 如果你想参加,就发送你的照片到intlphotoshow@。
7. Therefore, there is no reason for us to be anxious about the result. 因此,我们不必为结果而担心。
三）有关“转”的常用词语：用来表示不同或相反的意见。
after all 毕竟
fortunately 幸运地
luckily 幸运地
all the same 依然；照样
though/although 尽管
however 然而；无论如何
anyway 无论如何
in spite of 尽管……；虽然……
at the same time同时；然而
by this time 此时
in/by contrast 对比之下
on the contrary 相反地
even though即使
otherwise 否则
still 仍然
unfortunately 不幸地
in fact 事实上
unlike 不像……；和……不同
as a matter of fact 事实上
yet仍；然而但是
especially 特别地
【典型例句】
1. However, what amazes you most is the following new functions.
2. Otherwise we' ll have to answer for our selfishness sooner or later.
3. But now, because my left foot was injured, I cannot go with you as planned.
4. On the one hand,I can earn some money by doing it to help my parents.On the other hand,I can gain some experience from it. 一方面,我能通过做这样的事赚些钱来帮助父母;另一方面,我能从中获得一些经验。
5.Many of them can hardly look after themselves,still less manage their own life.他们中的很多人几乎不能照顾自己,更别说经营他们自己的人生了。
6. Furthermore, voting on the Internet makes instant feedback possible. 此外,在互联网上投票使即时反馈成为可能。
四）有关“合”的常用词语：用于小结上文或结束本段落的内容。
above all 最重要的是
accordingly 于是
as a result结果
at last 最后
eventually 最后
finally 最后
in sum 总之，简而言之
in summary 简要地说
briefly 简单扼要地
in brief 简言之
in short 简而言之
to sum up 总而言之
to conclude 总而言之
on the whole 总体来说；整个看来
in conclusion 总之，最后
in a word 总之
all in all 总之
as has been noted 如前所述
as I have said 如我所述
therefore 因此
thus 因此
to speak frankly 坦白地说
surely 无疑
no doubt 毫无疑问
ruly 的确
certainly 当然地；无疑地
obviously 显然
【典型例句】
1. I am sure that I can perfectly live up to your expectations.
2. In a word, my life will be much richer and more colorful.
3. I’ll be glad if you can consider my recommendation.
4. In my opinion, Internet voting has begun to show its negative impacts on people and society. 我看来,网络投票已经开始显示其对人和社会的负面影响。
5. On the whole, traveling is the best choice to enrich our lives and get ready for the new challenges. 总的来说,旅游是丰富我们的生活、准备迎接新的挑战的最好的选择。
6. In short, Internet voting, to some extent, is unfair. 简而言之,网络投票在某种程度上是不公平的。
【举一反三】根据汉语提示完成句子。
1.除此之外，有时一些外国人乐意加入到我们之中。
________________________________________.
2.我会永远爱读书，因为书籍在我的生命中既像良师又像益友。
________________________________________.
3.第二，科学主修课可以帮助我实现儿时要当科学家的梦想。
________________________________________.
4.更重要的是，我能学会一些学习技能与方法，它们在我学习过程中起着重要的作用。
________________________________________.
5.总之，条条大路通罗马。我相信有付出就有回报。
________________________________________.
6.然而，有些课文含太多的我们觉得很难懂的生僻单词和短语。
________________________________________.
7.不久，我就成了班里的尖子生之一，这极大地激起了我的自信心并使我产生了动力。
________________________________________.
8.一方面，他们希望改善我的写作技能并开拓我的视野。另一方面，他们能丰富我的生活，且带给我极大的快乐。
________________________________________.
9.我知道你很会拍照,并且一直想为环境保护做贡献。
________________________________________.
10. 然而,我不太确定我所使用的语言和格式。
________________________________________.
答案：1. Besides, sometimes, some foreigners are glad to join us. 2. I can never stop the love for reading because books are likewise teachers as well as good friends in my life. 3. Secondly, the science major can help me achieve my childhood dream of becoming a scientist. 4. What's more, I can learn some learning skills and methods, which play an important part in my study process. 5. All in all, every road leads to Rome. I believe hard work pays off. 6. However, some of the texts have too many new ords and expressions which are hard for us. 7. Soon, I became one of the top students in my class, which greatly ncreased my confidence and got me motivated. 8. For one thing, they hope to improve my writing skills and broaden my horizon. For another, they can enrich my life and provide me with great fun. 9.I know you take good pictures and you’ve always wanted to do something for environmental protection. 10. However,I am not quite sure of the language and the format I’ve used.
【雕词琢句】
1)I would love to go to a museum, _______________________________ (但是我的绝大部分同学想去野餐).
2)它不仅影响我们的日常生活,而且也可能威胁人们的生命。
_______________________________.
3)We can set out early _______________________________ (以便我们有更多的时间)to read and select books.
4) ____________ (如果你对它感兴趣的话),you can visit the school website to sign up.
5)Several days later, _______________________________ (当视频在毕业典礼上被播放的时候), it was well received.
6) ____________ (同时), some beautiful paper-cutting works, collected from all over the country, will be exhibited there.
7)The increase in the box-office income can be attributed to several factors. ① _________________________ (首先),the quality of life has improved and watching films is regarded as a good means of entertainment. ②____________ ____________ (另外),filming technology has advanced and more quality films are on offer. ③____________ (此外),the Internet plays a vital role.
答案：1)I but most of my classmates wanted to go for a picnic 2)It not only affects our everyday life, but may also threaten people’s lives. 3) so that we will have more time 4) If you are interested in it 5) when the video was played on the graduation ceremony 6) Meanwhile 7) ① Firstly/To begin with/To start with② In addition/Besides/What’s more③ Moreover/Also
【选用适当的过渡性词语补全短文（观点对比类）】
however，besides，meanwhile，personally，additionally，on one hand，on the other hand，as far as I'm concerned
It is necessary for senior one students to take the oneweek military training. Views vary from person to person.
Some hold that it is necessary. 1. ______________ ，it can improve students' teamwork spirit，which will play an important part in their life and study.
2. _____________________ ，there is no doubt that they become stronger physically and mentally through the training.
3．___________ ，others have opposite views. They think it is a waste of time. 4 ．______________________ ，students get burnt easily without any protection in the sun.
5． __________________________________ ，though we may feel tired during the training，it goes without saying that the oneweek military training is meaningful.
Yours，
Li Hua
答案：1. On one hand 2. On the other hand 3. However 4. Besides / Additionally 5. Personally/As far as I'm concerned引人入胜的凤头与回味无穷的豹尾
纵观近几年的高考英语书面表达的命题思路和趋势，均可以划分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。尤其是在近几年的高考英语书面表达已经不再给出开头和结尾的背景下，文章的开头和结尾的作用就更加明显了。一个好的开头自然会给人留下好的印象，引起读者的阅读兴趣；而一个好的结尾就是点睛之笔，起到引发读者共鸣，升华文章主题的作用。由此可见，文章开头和结尾的表达是否准确到位、安排是否得体，在整篇文章中具有举足轻重的作用，直接影响到整篇文章的质量。
一、引人入胜的开头
【开门见山式】
一般来说，文章的开头应尽量做到“开门见山”，即要用简单明了的语言引出文章的话题，使人一开始就能了解文章要说明的内容。多见于邀请信和求助信。
① 对于叙事类的文章，可以在开头把人物、时间、事件和环境交代清楚。
1. I’m happy to receive your letter and know you’re coming to China. 我很高兴收到你的来信，知道你要来中国。
2. I am writing to invite you to see the Chinese paper-cutting exhibition to be held this Sunday. 我写信是想邀请你参观本周日举行的中国剪纸艺术展。
② 对于论述性的文章，可以在开头处先阐明自己的观点，接着展开进一步的论述。
1. Most people say that money is more important than time. But I don't think so. First, when money is used up, you can earn it back, but……
2.I’m happy to receive your letter and know you’re coming to China.So--- 我很高兴收到你的来信，知道你要来中国。因此------
【背景介绍式】
这类开头多用于要求就某一社会现象进行分析的书面表达。文章开头往往要交代事件或者社会现象发生的背景，比如网络投票、公共场所的不文明现象、环境保护、节约型社会建设活动等。
1. We’re going to Yendang Mountain to have an outing on July 8. We really hope that you can join us. 我们将于7月8日去雁荡山郊游，我们真的希望你能加入我们。
2. On-line voting becomes increasingly popular, and many competitions get people involved in it. It is beneficial to some people, while it puts others into a dilemma over whether to vote or not. 网上投票日益普遍，许多比赛都让人们参与投票。这对一些人是有好处的，然而，也让一些人陷入到了是否要投票的窘境中。
【自我介绍式】
自我介绍式的开头多用于与陌生人之间的通信与交流，由于双方关系陌生，故需要先做一番自我介绍，比如询问信、申请信、投诉信、求助信、建议信等。
①I am Li Hua, a student from your writing class. There is going to be a paper-cutting exhibition in the Art Museum on Sunday. 我是来自你的写作班的学生，李华。星期天在美术馆将举行剪纸艺术展。
②I’m one of your students, Li Hua, from Class Two. I’m writing to ask for your help. 我是来自二班的你的学生，李华。我写信想寻求你的帮助。
【疑问性开头】
在叙事类或论述性的文章中，都可采用疑问型开头，这样既可以吸引阅卷者的注意又容易抓住中心。
1. Have you ever planted trees Don't you think planting trees is ……
2.If you have an opportunity to travel abroad, why not consider Singapore？
3. How are you doing I am Li Hua. I’m glad to tell you that the table tennis team in our school is recruiting new players. 你好吗？我是李华，我很高兴告诉你，我们学校乒乓球队正在招收新队员。
【感谢来信式】
此类开头用于回信，开头往往是表示感谢、请求建议或帮助等。
①I’m so glad to hear from you. I’m writing to tell you that everything goes well with me.
我很高兴收到你的来信。我写信告诉你我一切都好。
②It’s great to hear from you. I feel proud knowing your interest in Chinese history. 收到你的来信真是太好了。知道你对中国历史感兴趣，我感到自豪。
【列举事例式】
列举事例式的开头往往通过一个事例或现象引出相关话题，接着点明文章主题。
①Last night I was preparing for the coming examination when the noise from my neighbor interrupted me. 昨天晚上，我正在准备即将来临的考试，这时，来自邻居的噪音打断了我。
②Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about heavy traffic, which has seriously influenced people’s daily life and economic development. 现今，许多大城市的人们都在抱怨交通拥堵，它严重地影响了人们的日常生活和经济发展。
【描述图表式】
这类开头形式用于图表类书面表达，首先从描述图表所呈现的信息入手，先分析图表内容，然后正文部分再透过现象看本质。
①As is indicated in the graph, the box-office income of Chinese films increased constantly from 2012 to 2015, but its growth, for some reason, slowed down in 2016. 如图所示，中国电影的票房收入从2012年到2015年一直在上升，但由于某种原因，其票房增长率在2016年有所放缓。
②As is vividly shown in the picture, one person is asking the other to do some voluntary labour. 正如图画中生动形象地显示的那样，一个人正在请另一个人做义务劳动。
【回忆性开头】
在描述事件或游记类的文章中，采用回忆性的开头往往更能吸引人的眼球。
这种类型的开头中通常含有描述自己心情或情绪的词汇，如never forget(永远无法忘记)、 remember (记得)、unforgettable(难以忘怀的)、 exciting(令人激动的)、surprising(令人惊讶的)、sad (难过的)……
1.I will never forget my first trip to Huangshan. 或 It was really an unforgettable experience I had.
【倒叙式开头】
在有的文章，特别是叙事类的文章中，可以采用倒叙的写作手法，先写出事件的结果，再陈述过程。
1.I lay in bed in the hospital. I smiled at my friends even though my legs hurt. Do you want to know what happened to me Let me tell you. It's a ... story.
【举一反三】根据汉语提示完成句子。
1．我写信请你帮忙。我正在申请去一家外资公司做兼职。(开门见山式)
________________________________________.
2．收到你在市图书馆作报告的邀请我很高兴。(开门见山式)
________________________________________.
3．上周日，我和同学们去了香山公园。(背景介绍式)
________________________________________.
4．谢谢你的来信，多谢你对我的照顾和关心。(感谢来信式)
________________________________________.
5．你过得如何啊？希望你状况不错。(询问问候式)
________________________________________.
【具体应用】
一)书信的常用开头法——开门见山法
①I am Li Hua. I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation and I also want you to do me a favor. 我是李华，我写信告诉你我的暑假计划，我也希望你帮我一个忙。
②I'd like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double Ninth Festival.我想邀请你在下周六和我们一块去附近的敬老院过重阳节。
二)记叙文的常用开头法
1．故事背景法——交代人物、事件、时间、地点、背景等
A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth. 在地球日之前的一周，我们学校周围张贴了海报，呼吁我们加入一个更环保的地球的行动。
2．往事追忆法——回忆过去发生的某件事
I still remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.我依然记得第一次去泰山旅游的事情，就像是在昨天一样。
三)说明文的常用开头法
1．点明中心法——开门见山点明所要介绍的事物
Among the four seasons in a year, summer is my favorite, which makes me free, excited and energetic. 在一年的四个季节中，我最喜欢夏天。它让我感到自由、兴奋、充满活力。
2．引用数据法——运用数据引出所要论证的主题
A recent study shows that 50% of the school kids don't have breakfast.最近的研究表明，有50%的学生不吃早饭。
四)议论文的常用开头法
1．点明主题法——提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐明和论述的主题
Through my years of school life, I've learned that if we are to make a difference in life, it's vital that we should begin with small things. 通过几年的校园生活，我学会了如果我们要在生活中有所改变，从小事开始是非常重要的。
2．引用名言法——摘录或引用某些名人的名言或常见的习语、谚语作为文章的开头。
When it comes to how to succeed, many people may think of the proverb “Where there is a will, there is a way.”当谈到如何成功时，很多人或许会想到谚语“有志者事竟成”。
3．列举实例法——通过一个实例或现象引出话题
Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about heavy traffic, which has seriously influenced people's daily life and economic development.现今，许多大城市的人们都在抱怨交通拥堵，它严重地影响了人们的日常生活和经济发展。
(五)图画作文的常用开头法
描述图画法——描写图画内容，为下文做好铺垫
As is vividly shown in the picture, one person is asking the other to do some voluntary labour.正如图画中生动形象地显示的那样，一个人正在请另一个人做义务劳动。
【举一反三】根据汉语提示完成句子。
1．我想请你给我们学校的英语报纸写一篇文章。(开门见山法)
________________________________________.
2．上周日，我和同学们去了香山公园。 (故事背景法)
________________________________________.
3．俗话说，“没有努力就没有收获”。 (引用名言法)
________________________________________.
4．人们普遍认为阅读能增长我们的知识、拓宽我们的视野。(往事追忆法)
________________________________________.
5．每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的水溪，就忍不住感到悲伤。(点明主题法)
________________________________________.
二、回味无穷的结尾
文章的结尾形式是多种多样的，不过一般来说还是以照应开头、深化文章主题为主。高考英语书面表达常见的结尾有以下几种：
【表达期待式】
①Hope you’ll have a good time in China.希望你在中国玩得开心。
②I also hope that there will be more events of this kind in the future. 我也希望将来会有更多这类活动。
【表示感谢式】
①I’d appreciate it if you could do me a favour.如果你能帮助我，我将感激不尽。
②I’ll appreciate you taking my suggestion into account. 我非常感激你能考虑我的建议。
【表达观点式】
①We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and get prepared for the future. 我们应该通过学习努力提高自己，为将来做好准备。
②As far as I’m concerned, I think it is a good idea for us senior 3 students to have daily exercise. 在我看来，对高三学生来说进行日常锻炼是一个好的主意。
【请求询问式】
①Please let me know which day is OK with you. 请让我知道哪一天适合你。
②Please let me know if you are interested and if you have any other questions. 请让我知道你是否感兴趣，是否还有其他的问题。
【征求意见式】
①If it is convenient for you, let’s meet at 8：30 outside the school gate. If not, let me know what time suits you best.如果你方便，我们在校门口外8：30见面。如果不方便，告诉我什么时间最适合你。
【总结全文式】
①In a word, my life will be much richer and more colorful.总之，我的生活将会更加丰富多彩。
【补充细节式】
①By the way, if you need any other kind of books, please do tell me. 顺便说一下，如果你需要其他种类的书，请务必告诉我。
【自然结尾，点明主题式】
①The two children were praised by the police and they felt happy.
②When the hare got to the tree, the tortoise had already been there。
【首尾呼应式】
升华主题在文章的结尾可以用含义较深的话点明主题，深化主题，起到“画龙点睛”的效果。
①I love my hometown, and I am proud of it.
【反问结尾，引起深思式】
这种方式的结尾虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，而且具有一定的强调作用，可引起他人的深思。
①If we learn English well, we can…Don't you think learning English is great fun
【表达祝愿，阐述愿望式】
这种方式的结尾常出现在书信或演讲稿的文体中，表示对他人的祝福或对将来的展望等。
①I hope the farmers' life will be better and better.
②Best wishes. I wish you a merry Christmas and a happy new year. I wish you have a good time。
【举一反三】根据汉语提示完成句子。
1.我希望明年我们能再相聚。(表示期待式)
________________________________________.
2.如果你能考虑我一下，我将感激不尽。(表示感谢式)
________________________________________.
3.找一个伙伴和我们一起去如何？如果这样，我们可以互相帮助并且在旅途中保持愉快。(请求询问式)
________________________________________.
4.作为一个学生，我会做我能做的事情来保护环境。(表达观点式)
________________________________________.
5.如果你方便的话，我明天下午想要去拜访你。(征求意见式)
________________________________________.
【具体应用】
一)书信的常用结尾法
1．表示期待法
Hope to hear from you soon. 希望不久能收到你的来信。
Hope to meet you at the training camp this summer. 希望今年夏天在训练营见到你。
I'm waiting for your early reply.我期待你的早日答复。
2．表示感谢法
I would be grateful if you could consider my application.如果你能考虑我的申请我将不胜感激。
I must thank you again for your generous help.我必须对你慷慨的帮助再次表示感谢。
I'll appreciate you taking my suggestion into account.我非常感激你能考虑我的建议。
Please accept my gratitude, now and always.请接受我的感谢，现在到永远。
二)记叙文的常用结尾法
1．点题升华法——结尾总结全文，进一步升华主题
We are very proud of ourselves and believe we can do more for a better world. 我们为自己感到骄傲，相信我们可以为一个更美好的世界做更多的事情。
2．问题设问法——通过问答的形式总结全文
Will you join us in the next century？How romantic and fantastic it will be! 你愿意在下个世纪加入我们吗？那将是多么浪漫和奇妙啊！
三)说明文的常用结尾法
总结全文法——总结说明的事物，进一步说明其特征
In a word, changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us convenience and comfort.总之，过去20年里我们生活中的变化给我们带来了便利和舒适。
四)议论文的常用结尾法
1．得出结论法——结尾总结全文，得出结论
Therefore, respecting children and letting them develop their own characters are the key to their real success.因此，尊重孩子，让他们形成自己的个性是他们获得真正成功的关键。
2．深化中心法——结尾进一步深化主题
In a word, we must protect the water as well as find ways to reuse it. If not, the last drop of water will be a teardrop.总之，我们必须保护水资源，也要寻找再利用水的方法。如果不这样做，最后一滴水将是人类的泪水。
3．提出建议法——结尾提出建议及应对措施
So we have to cherish friendship. Let's take good care of our friends to enjoy life to the fullest. 因此我们必须珍视友谊，让我们善待朋友，尽情地享受生活。
It is high time that the government took proper steps to solve traffic problems.该是政府采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
4．引用名言法——结尾用名言总结全文
Anyhow, different cultures, different customs. If you “Do as the Romans do when in Rome”， you will enjoy more your stay here.不管怎样，有不同的文化，就有不同的习俗，如果你能“入乡随俗”，就会更好地享受这里的生活。
5．照应开头法——结尾对开头进行照应
Everyone enjoys beautiful things. And seeing sunrise may be one of the most unusual experiences in our life.每个人都喜欢美好的事情，看日出也许是我们人生中最不平凡的经历之一。
Different ways of traveling can make people happy, but I like traveling by train most.不同的旅行方式能让人们愉快，但我还是最喜欢乘火车旅行。
【举一反三】根据汉语提示完成句子。
1．我希望你会在中学过丰富多彩的生活。 (表示期待法)
________________________________________.
2．如果你能到机场接我我将不胜感激。(表示感谢法)
________________________________________.
3．找一个伙伴和我们一起去如何？如果这样，我们可以互相帮助并且在旅途中保持愉快。 (问题设问法)
________________________________________.
4．因此我们得出结论：世界上没有什么东西和自由一样珍贵。 (得出结论法)
________________________________________.
5．总之，成功是重要的，失败也是重要的，因为它是成功之母。(引用名言法)
________________________________________.字顺意畅的衔接
连接（过渡）性词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。在句与句之间，段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的连接（过渡）性词语是非常必要的。中学阶段应该掌握的连接（过渡）性词语可以归纳如下：
一、根据衔接词本身在文章中起到的作用，主要分为以下四类，即“起”、“承”、“转”、“合”。
一）表示“起”的词/词组：用于开篇引出扩展句。
at present 现在；当今
at first 最初
recently最近
first(ly)第一
in the beginning 起初
to begin with 首先
first of all 首先；第一
in the first place 首先；第一
currently 目前；最后
lately 最近
presently 现在；此刻
in general 一般说来
generally speaking 一般地说
on the whole 总起来说
【典型例句】
1. I am sorry to say that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.
2. As a student, I can tell you that there is nothing better than being praised by my teacher before my classmates.
3. I’m glad to hear that you will come to our school as an exchange student.
4.As is known to us all,language is the most important means of communication.众所周知,语言是最重要的交流工具。
5. At the beginning, I wiped the dust off all the furniture.Then I collected all the things scattered in the rooms and put them in place.After that, I mopped the floor. 首先我擦去所有家具上的灰尘,接着我把所有的散落在屋子里的东西收拾起来放好,然后拖了地。
二）有关“承”的常用词语：用来承接上文。
after a few days 几天以后
after a while过了一会儿
after/after that/afterwards此后
therefore 因此；结果
for example 例如
for instance 例如
such as 正如
beside 此外
in addition 此外
in addition to… 除…之外
Besides/what,s more 而且此外
moreover 而且，此外
what is more 而且；此外
also/too 并且，又
for this purpose 为了这个目的
from now on 从此
secondly 第二；第二点
secondly 第二
third 第三；第三点
thirdly 第三
in fact 事实上
similarly 同样地
in other words 换句话说
in particular 特别（地）
soon 不久
still 仍然
by the way 顺便提一句
then 然后
indeed 的确
by this time 此时
meanwhile 与此同时
at the same time 同时
in the same way 同样地
for another 其次
no doubt 无疑地
certainly 无疑地；当然地
obviously 明显地
later 后来
of course当然
truly 事实上；真实地
particularly特别地
unlike …不像……；和……不同
【典型例句】
1. Besides, I have such a good command of English that I am elected as assistant to my English teacher.
2. What’s worse, some drivers, cyclists and pedestrians do not think it vital to obey traffic rules.
3. Besides, I wish there would not be too many students in a class.
4. Moreover, it seems that he always thinks more of himself than of others.
5. Worse still, I took many falls off the bike.
6. If you want to join, you can send your photos to intlphotoshow@. 如果你想参加,就发送你的照片到intlphotoshow@。
7. Therefore, there is no reason for us to be anxious about the result. 因此,我们不必为结果而担心。
三）有关“转”的常用词语：用来表示不同或相反的意见。
after all 毕竟
fortunately 幸运地
luckily 幸运地
all the same 依然；照样
though/although 尽管
however 然而；无论如何
anyway 无论如何
in spite of 尽管……；虽然……
at the same time同时；然而
by this time 此时
in/by contrast 对比之下
on the contrary 相反地
even though即使
otherwise 否则
still 仍然
unfortunately 不幸地
in fact 事实上
unlike 不像……；和……不同
as a matter of fact 事实上
yet仍；然而但是
especially 特别地
【典型例句】
1. However, what amazes you most is the following new functions.
2. Otherwise we' ll have to answer for our selfishness sooner or later.
3. But now, because my left foot was injured, I cannot go with you as planned.
4. On the one hand,I can earn some money by doing it to help my parents.On the other hand,I can gain some experience from it. 一方面,我能通过做这样的事赚些钱来帮助父母;另一方面,我能从中获得一些经验。
5.Many of them can hardly look after themselves,still less manage their own life.他们中的很多人几乎不能照顾自己,更别说经营他们自己的人生了。
6. Furthermore, voting on the Internet makes instant feedback possible. 此外,在互联网上投票使即时反馈成为可能。
四）有关“合”的常用词语：用于小结上文或结束本段落的内容。
above all 最重要的是
accordingly 于是
as a result结果
at last 最后
eventually 最后
finally 最后
in sum 总之，简而言之
in summary 简要地说
briefly 简单扼要地
in brief 简言之
in short 简而言之
to sum up 总而言之
to conclude 总而言之
on the whole 总体来说；整个看来
in conclusion 总之，最后
in a word 总之
all in all 总之
as has been noted 如前所述
as I have said 如我所述
therefore 因此
thus 因此
to speak frankly 坦白地说
surely 无疑
no doubt 毫无疑问
ruly 的确
certainly 当然地；无疑地
obviously 显然
【典型例句】
1. I am sure that I can perfectly live up to your expectations.
2. In a word, my life will be much richer and more colorful.
3. I’ll be glad if you can consider my recommendation.
4. In my opinion, Internet voting has begun to show its negative impacts on people and society. 我看来,网络投票已经开始显示其对人和社会的负面影响。
5. On the whole, traveling is the best choice to enrich our lives and get ready for the new challenges. 总的来说,旅游是丰富我们的生活、准备迎接新的挑战的最好的选择。
6. In short, Internet voting, to some extent, is unfair. 简而言之,网络投票在某种程度上是不公平的。
【举一反三】根据汉语提示完成句子。
1.除此之外，有时一些外国人乐意加入到我们之中。
________________________________________.
2.我会永远爱读书，因为书籍在我的生命中既像良师又像益友。
________________________________________.
3.第二，科学主修课可以帮助我实现儿时要当科学家的梦想。
________________________________________.
4.更重要的是，我能学会一些学习技能与方法，它们在我学习过程中起着重要的作用。
________________________________________.
5.总之，条条大路通罗马。我相信有付出就有回报。
________________________________________.
6.然而，有些课文含太多的我们觉得很难懂的生僻单词和短语。
________________________________________.
7.不久，我就成了班里的尖子生之一，这极大地激起了我的自信心并使我产生了动力。
________________________________________.
8.一方面，他们希望改善我的写作技能并开拓我的视野。另一方面，他们能丰富我的生活，且带给我极大的快乐。
________________________________________.
9.我知道你很会拍照,并且一直想为环境保护做贡献。
________________________________________.
10. 然而,我不太确定我所使用的语言和格式。
________________________________________.
【雕词琢句】
1)I would love to go to a museum, _______________________________ (但是我的绝大部分同学想去野餐).
2)它不仅影响我们的日常生活,而且也可能威胁人们的生命。
_______________________________.
3)We can set out early _______________________________ (以便我们有更多的时间)to read and select books.
4) ____________ (如果你对它感兴趣的话),you can visit the school website to sign up.
5)Several days later, _______________________________ (当视频在毕业典礼上被播放的时候), it was well received.
6) ____________ (同时), some beautiful paper-cutting works, collected from all over the country, will be exhibited there.
7)The increase in the box-office income can be attributed to several factors. ① _________________________ (首先),the quality of life has improved and watching films is regarded as a good means of entertainment. ②____________ ____________ (另外),filming technology has advanced and more quality films are on offer. ③____________ (此外),the Internet plays a vital role.
【选用适当的过渡性词语补全短文（观点对比类）】
however，besides，meanwhile，personally，additionally，on one hand，on the other hand，as far as I'm concerned
It is necessary for senior one students to take the oneweek military training. Views vary from person to person.
Some hold that it is necessary. 1. ______________ ，it can improve students' teamwork spirit，which will play an important part in their life and study.
2. _____________________ ，there is no doubt that they become stronger physically and mentally through the training.
3．___________ ，others have opposite views. They think it is a waste of time. 4 ．______________________ ，students get burnt easily without any protection in the sun.
5． __________________________________ ，though we may feel tired during the training，it goes without saying that the oneweek military training is meaningful.
Yours，
Li Hua

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