资源简介

Unit 2　Out of this world
一、 单词学记
(一) 英汉对记(33组)
1. astronaut n. 宇航员，航天员 (16)
2. float vi. 飘动，漂流；浮
vt. 使浮动，使漂流(16)
3. ceiling n. 天花板；上限(16)
4. bother vt. 使烦恼，使担心；花费时间精力(做某事)；打扰
vi. 花费时间精力(做某事)
n. 麻烦，困难(16)
5. mission n. 任务；使命，天职；军事行动；太空飞行任务(16)
6. creature n. 动物，生物；人(16)
7. mosquito n. (pl. mosquitoes or mosquitos) 蚊子(16)
8. circumstance n. 条件，状况；(circumstances)境况，(尤指)经济状况(17)
9. radiation n. 辐射，放射线 (17)
10. visible adj. 看得见的；明显的 (17)
11. tube n. 管，管子；软管(17)
12. pill n. 药丸，药片(17)
13. vital adj. 必不可少的，对……极重要的；维持生命所必需的(17)
14. discipline vt. 严格要求(自己)；惩罚；训练
n. 训练，纪律；行为准则；自制力(17)
15. leisure n. 闲暇，空闲(17)
16. crew n. 全体工作人员；全体乘务人员，全体船员；专业团队(17)
17. altogether adv. 完全；总共；总之(19)
18. kit n. 成套设备，成套工具；配套元件 (19)
19. crucial adj. 至关重要的，关键性的(20)
20. orbit vt. & vi. 围绕……运动，沿轨道运行
n. (天体等运行的)轨道(20)
21. astronomer n. 天文学家 (20)
22. agency n. 机构；代理处(21)
prise vt. 包括，包含；组成，构成(21)
24. scan vt. & vi. 扫描；细看；浏览
n. 扫描检查；快速查阅(21)
25. purse n. 资金，财源；钱包(25)
26. tale n. 故事；讲述，叙述(25)
27. shuttle n. 航天飞机；来往于两地之间的航班(或班车、火车)
vi. 频繁往来(于两地之间)(26)
28. hydrogen n. 氢，氢气(26)
29. rocket n. 火箭；火箭武器(26)
30. motive n. 原因，动机，目的(26)
31. mechanic n. 机械师，技工(26)
32. shelter n. 居所，住处；庇护
vt. 保护，掩蔽
vi. 躲避(27)
33. nuclear adj. 核能的，原子能的；核武器的(27)
(二) 拓展倍记(22组)
1. gravity n. 重力；严重性；严肃(16)→grave adj. 重大的；严重的；严肃的；庄严的 n. 坟墓；墓穴；死亡；抑音符
2. absence n. 缺乏，不存在；缺席(16)→absent adj. 缺席；不在；心不在焉的；缺少 vt. 缺席；不在；不参加
3. occupy vt. 占用，使用；居住；占领，侵占；使忙于(16)→occupation n. 职业；工作；占领；(土地、房屋、建筑等的)使用；消遣
4. evaluate vt. 评估，估计，评价(16)→evaluation n. 评估，评价
5. microscope n. 显微镜(16)→telescope n. 望远镜(20)→scope n. 机会，能力；范围；……镜(观察仪器) vt. 仔细看；彻底检查
6. maintenance n. 维护，保养；维持，保持(16)→maintain vt. 维持；保持；坚持(意见)；维修；保养
7. exposure n. 面临，遭受；揭露；报道(17)→expose vt. 揭穿；暴露；使面临；使接触 n. 阐述，揭露
8. luxury n. 不常有的乐趣(或享受)；奢侈品(17)→luxurious adj. 奢侈的；十分舒适的
9. permanent adj. 永久的，永恒的(19)→permanence n. 永久；持久性
10. universe n. (the universe) 宇宙，天地万物(20)→universal adj. 普遍的；全体的；广泛适用的→universally adv. 全体地；到处
11. merely adv. 仅仅，只不过(20)→mere adj. 仅仅的，只不过；只凭……就足以 n. 小湖；池塘
12. administration n. 行政部门；管理，行政(21)→administer vt. 管理；施行；给予
13. foundation n. 基础，根据；地基；创办；基金会(21)→found vt. 建立，兴建；创办；铸造
14. origin n. 起源，起因；出身(25)→original adj. 起初的；独创的；原作的 n. 原件；原稿；独特的人→originate vi. 起源；发源 vt. 创立；创建
15. frequency n. 发生率，出现率；频繁；频率(26)→frequent adj. 频繁的 vt. 常到(某处)
16. investment n. 投资；投入(26)→invest vt. & vi. 投资；投入(时间、精力等)；授予
17. calculate vt. 计算，核算；预测(26)→calculation n. 计算；估计；算计→calculator n. 计算器
18. coverage n. 新闻报道；覆盖范围；信息范围(26)→cover vt. 遮盖；覆盖；撒上；包括；报道；足以支付 vi. 遮掩；顶替 n. 掩护；避难所；覆盖物；自然植被；遮盖；封皮；保险
19. assistant n. 助理；售货员；助教 adj. 助理的，副的(26)→assist vt. & vi. 帮助；援助；促进 n. (曲棍球等)助攻；(棒球等)助杀→assistance n. 帮助；援助；支持
20. incredibly adv. 极其，极端地；令人难以置信(26)→incredible adj. 极好的，极大的；不能相信的，难以置信的(44)→credible adj. 可信的；可靠的；可接受的
21. dust n. 沙土，尘土；灰尘，尘埃(27)→dusty adj. 布满灰尘的；土灰色的
22. constant adj. 固定的，不变的；连续发生的，重复的(27)→constantly adv. 始终；一直；重复不断地
(三) 合成并记(2组)
1. cupboard n. 壁橱；橱柜，衣柜(16)
2. furthermore adv. 此外，再者 (17)
(四) 短语强记(5组)
1. cast new light on 使进一步了解……(16)
2. in the circumstances 在这种情况下，既然如此(17)
3. in view of 鉴于，考虑到(17)
4. plain to see 显而易见的(21)
5. lay the foundation for 为……打下基础(21)
(五) 重点例释(16组)
1. absence n. 缺乏，不存在；缺席
(1) in the absence of 在……不在的时候；缺乏
(2) in one's absence在某人缺席的时候
(3) absence of mind心不在焉
(4) absent adj. 缺席；不在；心不在焉的；缺少
(5) be absent from不在某处，缺席
(6) absent minded adj. 心不在焉的；健忘的
①In the absence of my commanding officer, I acted on my own initiative.
指挥官不在场，我主动见机行事。
②His absence of mind in driving caused the accident.
他开车时的心不在焉，引起了一场事故。
③Nobody is absent today.
今天没人缺席。
④The soldier was absent from his camp for three days without asking for leave.
这个士兵没有请假就离开了营地三天。
2. bother vt. 使烦恼，使担心；花费时间精力(做某事)；打扰vi. 花费时间精力(做某事) n. 麻烦，困难
①Don't bother with/about it.
别为此操心。
②We had a lot of bother finding our way.
我们费了很大劲才找到路。
③You needn't bother to come/about coming.
你不必费心来了。
3. occupy vt. 占用，使用；居住；占领，侵占；使忙于
(1) be occupied in/with 忙于
(2) occupation n. 职业；工作；占领；(土地、房屋、建筑等的)使用；消遣
(3) occupational adj. 职业的
①The speech occupied three hours.
发言占去了三个小时。
②The newcomers were occupied in writing letters home.
新来的人正忙着给家里写信。
③She wants to have an occupation where her management skills can be put to good use.
她想要一份能充分发挥她管理才能的职业。
④In the hospital, we have specific physical therapist and occupational therapist.
在医院，我们这有专门的理疗师和职业治疗师。
4. evaluate vt. 评估，估计，评价
①With many major economic problems remaining to be addressed, there is no point evaluating the growth rate of this year now.
有这么多重大经济问题有待解决，现在评估今年的增长率没有意义。
②We've still got to carry out an evaluation of the results.
我们仍需对结果进行评估。
5. cast new light on使进一步了解……
①That information may cast light on the mystery.那项情报可能有助于查明那件疑案。
6. exposure n. 面临，遭受；揭露；报道
(1) expose vt. 暴露；揭穿；使接触
(2) be exposed to 暴露于，接触
①I threatened them with public exposure.
我扬言要公开揭发他们。
②Being exposed to nuclear radiation, even for a short time, may influence genes in human bodies.
暴露于核辐射中，即使是很短的时间，也可能影响人体的基因。
③The newspaper exposed his terrible secret.
报纸揭露了他骇人听闻的秘密。
7. in view of鉴于，考虑到
(1) view n. 看法，见解；风景，景色
vt. 看；把……视为
(2) in one's view在某人看来，依某人看
(3) from one's point of view从某人的观点看，从某人的角度考虑
①His view of life is different from yours.
他的人生观与你的不同。
②We can view the problem in many ways.
我们可以从多方面来考虑这个问题。
③In my view it was a waste of time and energy, but she didn't accept my advice.
在我看来，这是在浪费时间和精力，可是她根本不接受我的建议。
④You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view.
除非你从别人的角度考虑问题，否则你不会真正了解他。
⑤In view of the fact that your payment misses the deadline, you'll have to pay a fine according to the contract.
鉴于你的支付逾期，根据合同你得交罚款。
8. comprise vt. 包括，包含；组成，构成
(1) be comprised of包括；包含；由……组成
(2) consist of包括；包含；由……组成
①Women comprise 44% of hospital medical staff.女性占医院医护人员的44%。
②A cricket team is comprised of eleven players.
一个板球队由11名队员组成。
③Their diet consists largely of vegetables.
他们的日常饮食以蔬菜为主。
9.plain to see显而易见的
(1) plain adj. 清楚的；浅白的；直率的；简单的；极普通的
(2) as plain as day一目了然；显而易见
①The facts were plain to see.
事实显而易见。
②It is plain to see we will not have anything to eat yet again.
很明显我们又将没有任何东西可吃了。
③She's in love with him—it's as plain as day.
她爱上了他——这是显而易见的。
10. lay the foundation for为……打下基础
(1) foundation n．基础，根据；地基；创办；基金会
(2) found vt. 建立，兴建；创办；铸造
①What we are learning at school will lay the foundation for the future.
我们在学校学到的东西将为我们的将来打下基础。
②The Communist Party of China was founded on July 23, 1921.
中国共产党成立于1921年7月23日。
③The issue strikes at the very foundation of our community.
这个问题严重影响了我们社会的基本根基。
11. origin n. 起源，起因；出身
(1) originate vi. 起源；发源 vt. 创立；创建
(2) original adj. 起初的；独创的；原作的
①The question of the origin of the universe is still hotly debated by scientists.
关于宇宙起源问题，科学家仍进行着激烈辩论。
②Originating in the invention of the steam engine, the industrial revolution played a vital role in human history.
起源于蒸汽机的发明，工业革命在人类历史上起着重要的作用。
③I would like to thank them for allowing me to develop their original idea.
我想感谢他们允许我深入完善他们最初的想法。
12. frequency n. 发生率，出现率；频繁；频率
(1) frequent adj. 频繁的 vt. 常到(某处)
(2) frequently adv. 频繁地；经常
①Fatal road accidents have decreased in frequency over recent years.
近年来，致命交通事故发生率已经下降。
②Sudden rainstorms are frequent on this coast.
这一带海岸经常有骤来的暴风雨。
③Buses run frequently between the city and the airport.
公共汽车频繁地来往于市区与机场之间。
13. investment n. 投资；投入
(1) invest vt. & vi. 投资；投入(时间、精力等)；授予
(2) investor n. 投资者；投资机构
①He said the government must introduce tax incentives to encourage investment.
他说政府必须推出税收激励政策来鼓励投资。
②I would rather invest time in Rebecca than in the kitchen.
我宁愿把时间花在丽贝卡身上也不愿花在厨房里。
③Of the 2，000 stock investors surveyed last month, 90% was found lacking financial knowledge.
在去年接受调查的2 000个股票投资人之中，90%被发现缺乏金融知识。
14. calculate vt. 计算，核算；预测
(1) calculate on指望，依靠
(2) be calculated to do sth打算或计划做某事
(3) calculation n. 计算；估计；算计
(4) calculator n. 计算器
①Have you calculated the result
你算出结果了吗？
②We calculate on their cooperation.
我们指望着他们的合作。
③This advertisement is calculated to attract the attention of housewives.
这个广告是为引起家庭主妇们的注意而设计的。
④After much calculation, they offered him the job.经过慎重考虑，他们把这项工作交给他了。
⑤The calculator was damaged accidentally, and we needed to buy a new one.
这个计算器意外被弄坏了，我们需要买一个新的。
15. assistant n. 助理；售货员；助教
adj. 助理的，副的
(1) assist vt. & vi. 帮助；援助；促进
n. (曲棍球等)助攻；(棒球等)助杀
(2) assistance n. 帮助；援助；支持
(3) with the assistance of在……的帮助下
(4) come to sb's assistance援助/帮助某人
(5) give assistance to给以/提供援助/帮助
①Who is going to be his assistant
谁将当他的助手？
②She assisted him in correcting the proof.
她帮助他做改校样的工作。
③The plan was carried out with the assistance of foreign experts.
该计划是在外国专家的帮助下进行的。
④She felt sure that all her friends would come to her assistance.
她确信她所有的朋友都会来帮助她。
⑤The colleges were founded to give assistance to poor scholars.
创建学院的目的是给贫困的学者提供帮助。
16. incredibly adv. 极其，极端地；令人难以置信
①It was incredibly hard work.
那是个极其艰苦的工作。
②The wildflowers will be incredible after this rain.这场雨过后，野花会变得美不胜收。
二、 短语扩充
(一) 英汉对记(105组)
1. out of this world(P15) 好(或美等)得不得了；非凡；呱呱叫
2. a space station 空间站
3. (be) based on 基于；根据；以……为基础
4. a comic strip连环漫画
5. the reasons for … ……的原因
6. space exploration空间探索
7. provide solutions for living beyond the Earth
为在地球之外的生活提供解决方案
8. journey into outer space进入外太空的旅程
9. travel in a wheeled vehicle乘坐轮式车辆旅行
10. make achievements取得成就
11. live in space(P16) 在太空中生活
12. every would be astronaut's dream每个准宇航员的梦想
e to an end 结束；期满
14. a challenging but magical adventure一次具有挑战性但又神奇的冒险
15. differ from 与……不同
16. the low gravity低重力
17. due to the near absence of gravity由于几乎没有重力
18. sleeping bags 睡袋
19. (be) attached to附在；隶属于；依恋
20. the routine tasks常规任务
21. conduct scientific research进行科学研究
22. in a low gravity environment在低重力环境中
23. biological experiments生物实验
24. carry out experiments进行实验
25. work on从事于……；继续工作；致力于
26. locate and track lightning定位和跟踪雷电
27. go on 发生；进行；过去；继续
28. support systems支持系统
29. do some cleaning 做扫除，打扫卫生
30. perform tasks outside the space station(P17)
在空间站外执行任务
31. monitor scientific experiments监测科学实验
32. allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事
33. protect sb from exposure to the cold and radiation保护某人免受寒冷和辐射
34. head out出发；启程
35. at a time一次
36. electric shocks电击；触电
37. fresh produce新鲜农产品
38. in liquid form液体形式
39. ensure a balanced supply of nutrients确保营养物质的平衡供应
40. of vital importance 极其重要的
41. a significant amount of 大量的
42. discipline oneself律己
43. average workout平均训练量
44. during one's leisure time在闲暇时间
45. go by (时间)流逝；遵照；经过
46. take pictures照相，拍照
47. at a speed of … 以……的速度
48. set up permanent bases(P19) 建立永久基地
49. adjust to life on the space station适应空间站的生活
50. the starry sky(P20) 星空
51. ground based telescopes地面望远镜
52. play a crucial role in …在……中发挥重要作用
53. the mysterious dark energy神秘的暗物质能量
54. Earth size planets orbiting other stars围绕着其他恒星运行的地球大小的行星
55. develop advanced telescopes开发先进的望远镜
56. the largest single dish radio telescope最大的单口径射电望远镜
57. carry out observations with extraordinary sensitivity 以非同寻常的灵敏度进行观察
58. detect communication signals侦查通信信号
59. beyond one's expectations(P21) 超出某人的预期
60. a worry for the people back on the Earth地球上人们的担忧
61. launch a space rocket发射太空火箭
62. the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program中国的月球勘探计划
63. the China National Space Administration中国国家航天局
plete a more detailed scan of the Moon
完成更详细的月球观测
65. head into deep space进入外太空
66. prove to be a success证明是成功的人(事)
67. land on the far side of the Moon着落在月球的另一边(远端)
68. make advances取得进步
69. give vivid descriptions(P24) 给予生动的描述
70. create a mysterious atmosphere创造一种神秘的氛围
71. argue for(P25) 为赞成……而辩；支持；赞成
72. cost a huge amount of money花费了一大笔钱
73. expand one's understanding of the universe
拓展了某人对宇宙的认知
74. enhance the quality of one's lives提高某人的生活质量
75. in one's nature在某人的天性中
76. one's curiosity about the unknown一个人对未知事物的好奇心
77. long to do sth渴望做某事
78. vast mountain ranges广阔的山脉
79. be fascinated by … 被……迷住
80. address fundamental questions解决基本问题
81. through one's research into … 通过对……的研究
82. (be) applied to(P26) 适用于；应用于
83. solve real life problems解决现实生活中的问题
84. a clean alternative energy source一种清洁的可再生能源
85. receive widespread media coverage得到媒体的广泛报道
86. a space shuttle launch航天飞机的发射
87. shape one's lives塑造某人的生活
88. keep … alive让……保有活力；使……活着
89. one's thirst for knowledge某人对知识的渴望
90. two and a half times higher(P27) 高出2.5倍
91. contract cancer患上癌症
92. dust storms沙尘暴
93. block sth from … 阻止某物……
94. (be) caught in … 陷在……之中
95. offer long term protection from sth提供防止某物影响的长期保护
96. protect sb against radiation保护某人免受辐射
97. be bathed in沐浴于，被……笼罩
98. take advantage of利用；占……的便宜
99. meet one's energy needs满足某人的能源需求
100. construct nuclear power stations建造核电站
101. a three episode science documentary series (P28) 三集的科学系列纪录片
102. the fundamental questions of time and space
时间和空间的基本问题
103. give sb breathtaking insights into sth带给某人对某事的惊人见解
104. one's fascination with sth某人对某物的迷恋
105. imagine the seemingly impossible想象似乎不可能的东西
(二) 同词类记(2组)
● in(32)
1. in a while 一会儿
2. in a word 一句话，简而言之
3. in addition 另外
4. in advance 提前，事先
5. in case 以防万一
6. in common with 与……一样
7. in despair 绝望
8. in disapproval 反对；不赞成
9. in fact 实际上
10. in general 一般来说
11. in honour of 为了纪念……；为了庆祝……
12. in one's opinion 在某人看来
13. in order to 为了……
14. in other words 换句话说
15. in pain 处于痛苦中
16. in particular 特别地
17. in person 亲自
18. in place of 代替
19. in place 在适当的位置上
20. in practice 在实践中
21. in praise of sb 表扬某人
22. in reach 够得着
23. in return 回报
24. in that case 如果那样的话
25. in that 因为；在于
26. in the 1870's/1870s 在19世纪70年代
27. in the beginning 开始
28. in the following years 在接下来的几年里
29. in the front of 在……内部的前面
30. in the future 在未来；在将来
31. in the old days 过去的时候；从前
32. in time 及时
● on(17)
1. on arrival 一到那里
2. on average 平均
3. on condition that 如果；条件是
4. On doing …， … 一……就……(后接从句)
5. on earth 在地球上；究竟
6. on one's arrival 在某人抵达时
7. on one's feet 走路
8. on one's own 自己；靠自己
9. on one's way to sp 在某人去某地的路上
10. on purpose 故意地，特意地
11. on sale 出售；廉价出售
12. on the contrary 正相反
13. on the other side 另一边；另一方面
14. on the radio 从收音机里
15. on the two sides 两边
16. on the whole 整体上，总的来说
17. on time 准时，按时
三、 精选句型
1. The pursuit of the ultimate truth of the universe is the final objective and destination of civilization. (P15)
2. My six month stay on a space station has come to an end, and it has been a challenging but magical adventure. (P16)
3. We usually sleep in private quarters, which are more like large cupboards, or in sleeping bags attached to the walls or the ceiling. (P16)
4. The routine tasks that occupy most of the day are demanding, but they can also be extremely rewarding. (P16)
5. With so much going on, the space station needs a lot of maintenance, so we constantly check support systems and do some cleaning. (P16)
6. The most challenging work takes place when we need to perform tasks outside the space station, such as testing new equipment, monitoring scientific experiments or repairing the space station. (P17)
7. It's a luxury to eat fresh food, because fresh produce such as fruit and vegetables can only be delivered to the space station from the Earth every couple of months.(P17)
8. Considering these negative effects low gravity has on the human body, we discipline ourselves to do at least two hours of exercise every day. (P17)
9. During our leisure time, there's nothing we like more than to sit back with the rest of the crew and watch our remarkable planet go by, taking pictures for our family and friends back home. (P17)
10. December 2013 witnessed the Chinese spacecraft's first soft landing on the Moon. (P21)
11. The reality is that space exploration is extremely difficult and dangerous, can take a very long time and costs a huge amount of money. (P25)
12. Some people believe that while space exploration expands our understanding of the universe, it is a waste of the public purse and does nothing to enhance the quality of our lives here on the Earth.(P25)
13. It is through our research into space that we have confirmed that the Earth is round and that it orbits the Sun. (P2526)
14. Shock absorbers originally applied to the space shuttle launch have also been set up in the cities with a high frequency of earthquakes in order to protect buildings and save lives. (P26)
15. For example, liquid hydrogen is a clean alternative energy source that is used widely as rocket fuel, and it is likely that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will be mass produced and launched in the near future.(P26)
16. Such wonders as a space shuttle launch or astronauts walking on the Moon are incredibly exciting and inspiring to witness, and it can be these moments that shape children's lives forever and motivate them to become the scientists and engineers of the future. (P26)
四、 语法指南
主语从句(Subject clauses)
在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。根据它们在句中的语法作用，这类从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。顾名思义，在句子中做主语的从句为主语从句。
(一) 主语从句的连词
引导主语从句的连词主要有：
从属连词：that、whether/if
连接代词：whose、who、whom、whoever、whomever、what、whatever、which、whichever
连接副词：when、whenever、where、wherever、how、however、why
1. 由连词that引导的主语从句：引导词that无实义，且在句中不充当成分，但不可以省略。
①That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
②That you are so indifferent bothers me.
③That she survived the accident is a miracle.
2. 用连词 whether/if引导的主语从句：whether/if有实义(是否)，但在句中不做成分且不可以省略。
[注意]whether引导的主语从句既可置于句首，也可置于句末；而if引导的主语从句只能置于句末，不能置于句首。
①Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
②It is still under discussion whether/if the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel.
3. 用连接代词引导的主语从句。
在由连接代词whose、who、whom、which、what、whoever、whomever、whichever、whatever引导的名词性从句中，其连接代词在句中起名词性作用，充当一定成分。
①What you need is more practice.
②Whatever we do is to serve the people.
[注意]whatever/whoever的用法
whatever、whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义，引导主语从句，并在从句中做主语、宾语、表语等。
whatever＝anything that; whoever＝anyone who。要注意和whatever、whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别。
①Whoever breaks the law should be punished. (主语从句)＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
②Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. (让步状语从句)＝No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished.
4. 用连接副词when、whenever、where、wherever、why、how、however引导名词性从句，连接副词有含义，在从句中做状语。
①Where we should leave it is a problem.
②Wherever he goes becomes the centre of attention.
5. it构成的主语从句：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在句首位置，真正的主语置于句末。
(1) 由连词that引导的主语从句，在多数情况下放到句子的后面，而用代词it做形式主语
①That light travels in straight lines is known to all.＝It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.
②When the plane is to take off has not been announced.＝It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.
(但当what引导的主语从句表示“……的东西”时，一般不用it做形式主语)
What he wants is a book.
[注意]it做形式主语代替主语从句与as引导的定语从句的区别。
①It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. (主语从句)
②As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack. (定语从句)
(2) 用it做形式主语的常见复合句结构
It is＋名词(短语)＋从句
It is a fact that … 事实是……
It is good news that … ……是好消息
It is a question that … ……是个问题
类似的名词(短语)还有：a pity、a wonder、a mystery、an honour、a good thing、no wonder、no surprise、common knowledge等。
①It is a mystery to me how it all happened.
②It's a pity that you missed the film.
It is＋形容词＋从句
It is necessary that … 有必要……
It is clear that … 很清楚……
It is likely that … 很可能……
It is important that … 重要的是……
类似的形容词还有：strange、natural、obvious、true、good、wonderful、possible、likely、unlikely、unusual、certain、evident、worthwhile、surprising、interesting、astonishing等。
①It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.
②It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you.
③It is essential that he should be here by the weekend.
需要注意的是，这类主语从句中，谓语动词很多为“(should＋)动词原形”，即要用虚拟语气。
It is＋过去分词＋从句
It is said that … 据说……
It is reported that … 据报道……
It has been proved that … 已证明……
类似的过去分词(短语)还有：known、estimated、expected、believed、thought、hoped、noted、discussed、required、decided、suggested、demanded、made clear、found out、pointed out等。
①It is thought that he is the best player.
②It is estimated that the vase is 2，000 years old.
③It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.
其他情况：
It seems(happened/appears/turned out/doesn't matter/makes no difference/occurred …) that …
①It seems that they will win the game.
②It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not.
③It does not matter if I missed my train.
④It happened that I saw him yesterday.
(二) 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
1. if引导的主语从句不可置于复合句句首。
2. It is said/reported … 结构中的主语从句不可提前。
It is said that the president will visit our school next week.
3. It happens/occurs … 等结构中的主语从句不可提前。
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
4. It doesn't matter how/whether … 结构中的主语从句不可提前。
It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not.
5. 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening
(三) 主语从句与强调句型的区别
1. 在主语从句中，把It was/is … that去掉之后，句子不完整；在强调句中，把It was/is … that去掉之后，句子仍然完整。
2. 主语从句有以下引导词：what、who、whom、whose、which、whatever、whoever、whichever等；强调句的引导词只有：that、who。
主语从句：
①It was strange that he had made a mistake. (本句若将It was和that去掉，句子则不完整，所以本句不是强调句型，而是主语从句。)
②It is exciting that we have succeeded in sending up Shenzhou 20. (本句若将It is 和 that去掉，句子显然也错误，所以本句不是强调句型，而是主语从句。)
强调句：
①It was in London that I first saw her. (强调地点状语)
②It is Li Lei's brother that you met in the street yesterday. (强调宾语)
(四) 主语从句的时态
主语从句的时态不受主句时态的影响和限制
①That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
②Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
③Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
④Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.
⑤What caused the accident remains unknown.
⑥Whatever you did is right.
五、 话题写作
(一) 佳句积累
1. Living in space is every would be astronaut's dream. (动名词短语做主语，would be是合成形容词，意为“即将成为的，未来的”)
2. I bet you'd love to know what daily life is like up in space and how it differs from that on the Earth—the low gravity definitely makes ordinary things strange！(bet意为“打赌”，在此意为“相信”，后接一个省略that的宾语从句)
3. As well as doing these biological experiments, we carry out experiments in other research fields. (as well as意为“除了”，后接动名词短语)
4. Hopefully, it will cast new light on the Earth's climate and lead to better lightning protection. (副词hopefully开头；cast new light on意为“使进一步了解……”)
5. Splendid as the view of the Earth is, spacewalking is not as exciting as you might think. (as引导让步状语从句，形容词置于句首的部分倒装)
6. Furthermore, to keep our body healthy, we must ensure a balanced supply of nutrients by taking pills. (副词furthermore开头，意为“此外，再者”)
7. One challenge is that the environment in space is altogether different from that back on the Earth.(前一个that引导表语从句；后一个that为比较替代词)
8. It is clear that telescopes are crucial tools for space exploration and that developing the required technology will help astronomers all over the world make exciting discoveries. (it做形式主语，两个that从句为真正的主语)
9. As Stephen Hawking once said, “Remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be curious.” (引用名人名言)
10. That we are fascinated by the sky is evident in ancient tales from around the world, such as that of Chang'e. (第一个that引导主语从句；后一个that为代词，指代其中一类)
11. With each space mission comes greater insight, thus motivating us to continue along the same path of adventure. (介词短语置于开头引出完全倒装；thus doing为结果状语)
12. With technologies first researched and developed for space exploration, we can solve some of the big problems facing mankind, making our lives safer and easier. (with的复合结构；后面两个doing，一为后置定语，一为结果状语)
13. It is this kind of inspiration that keeps our thirst for knowledge alive and ensures that advances in space exploration and many other fields will continue to be made. (强调句型that后面两个谓语，一为复合宾语〈宾语＋宾语补足语〉，一为〈动词＋宾语从句〉)
(二) 佳作欣赏
也许你未曾遇见过外星人(alien)，但一定从报刊杂志或影视剧以及我们的课本中了解到许多关于外星人的传说和故事。请你写一篇短文，说说你想象中的外星人是什么模样？他们有什么突出的、与我们人类不同的行为或能力？假如有机会请传说中神通广大的外星人帮你解答三个难题，你会向他们提哪三个问题呢？
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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One possible version：
In my memory, an alien must be an octopus like creature with a big and round head. It has two green eyes, and eight long and curly legs.
It's said that they fly to the Earth in UFOs. And they can do lots of things that people on the Earth can't. For example, they can fly very fast to anywhere they like to go. I would like to ask them for help with the following three questions:
1. How can I fly in the air
2. Where and when can I really find a UFO
3. Why can't I be No.1 on study

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