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Unit 4　Protecting our heritage sites
一、 单词学记
(一) 英汉对记(44组)
1. heritage n. 遗产(44)
2. awe vt. 使惊叹，使敬畏
n. 敬畏，惊叹(44)
3. pyramid n. 金字塔(44)
4. ruin vt. 破坏，毁坏；使破产，毁灭
n. 毁坏，毁灭；破产；残垣断壁(44)
5. clay n. 黏土，陶土(44)
6. sculpture n. 雕像，雕塑品；雕刻术(45)
7. missile n. 导弹(45)
8. conflict n. (军事)冲突，战斗；争论；矛盾，不一致
vi. 冲突，抵触(45)
9. status n. 身份，地位；状况，情形(45)
10. internal adj. 内部的；国内的(45)
11. reef n. 礁，礁脉(45)
12. coral n. 珊瑚
adj. 珊瑚色的(45)
13. ecology n. 生态，生态学(45)
14. agenda n. 计划，方案；议程表，议事日程(45)
15. pagoda n. 佛塔(47)
16. nail n. 钉子；指甲
vt. 固定(47)
17. panel n. 专家咨询组，讨论小组；嵌板；仪表盘(47)
18. collapse vi. 倒塌，坍塌；昏倒
n. 昏倒；倒塌 (47)
19. suspend vt. 暂停；悬，挂(47)
20. dam n. 水坝(48)
21. architect n. 建筑师；设计师(48)
22. incident n. 事件；冲突(48)
23. cooperation n. 合作，协作；协助，配合(48)
24. interrupt vt. 打扰，插嘴；使暂停，使中断
vi. 打扰，插嘴(49)
25. motion n. 提议，动议；运动；动作(49)
26. vote vt. & vi. 投票，表决
n. 选票；投票(49)
27. canal n. 运河(49)
28. migration n. 迁徙，迁移，移居 (50)
29. legacy n. 遗产(50)
30. basin n. 盆地；洗脸盆；盆；流域(50)
31. primitive adj. 简陋的，落后的；原始的，远古的(50)
32. humble vt. 使感到谦卑，使感到自惭
adj. 谦虚的，谦卑的(50)
33. corridor n. 走廊，地带；通道(53)
34. emerge vi. 出现；暴露；露头(53)
35. string n. 一批，一连串，一系列；线；弦(54)
36. wool n. 毛织物；羊毛(54)
37. cotton n. 棉织物；棉，棉花 (54)
38. cave n. 山洞，洞穴(54)
39. Buddhist adj. 佛教的
n. 佛教徒(54)
40. initiative n. 倡议，新方案；主动性(54)
41. equator n. 赤道 (55)
42. entry n. 进入；参与，加入；参赛(55)
43. fee n. 费；报酬(55)
44. ban vt. 明令禁止，取缔；禁止做某事
n. 禁令(55)
(二) 拓展倍记(19组)
1. civilization (also civilisation) n. 文明；社会文明；文明社会，文明世界(44)→civil adj. 国民的；国家的；民事的(45)→civilian n. 平民；老百姓 adj. 平民的
2. preserve vt. 维护，保护，保存；维持(44)→preservation n. 保留；保护；保存的状况
3. urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的；催促的，急切的(44)→urge vt. 敦促；大力推荐；驱赶 n. 冲动；强烈的欲望
4. incredible adj. 极好的，极大的；不能相信的，难以置信的(44)→credible adj. 可信的；可靠的；可接受的→incredibly adv. 极其，极端地；令人难以置信(26)
5. violence n. 暴力，暴行；狂热，激情(45)→violent adj. 暴力的；强烈的；剧烈的；鲜艳夺目的
6. specialist n. 专家；专科医生 adj. 专业的(47)→special adj. 特殊的；重要的 n. 特制产品；特价
7. assess vt. 评估，评定；估算(47)→assessment n. 看法；评估；评定；核定的付款额
8. consultation n. 咨询，商讨；就诊(47)→consult vt. & vi. 咨询；(与某人)商量；查阅→consultant n. 顾问；会诊医师
9. division n. 分歧；分开，分隔(48)→divide vt. & vi. (使)分开；分配；除以；分隔；使产生分歧 n. 差异；分水岭
10. operator n. 操作人员，技工；接线员(48)→operate vt. & vi. 经营；工作；运转；操作；动手术→operation n. 活动；企业；手术；运算；运行；军事行动
11. forecast vt. (forecast, forecast; forecasted, forecasted) 预测，预报 n. 预测，预报(48)→cast vt. 向……投以(视线、笑容等)；投射(光、影子等)；投票；分配角色；浇铸 n. 全体演员；铸件；模子；特征；投，抛
12. conservation n. 保护；保持(49)→conserve vt. 保护；保存；节约→conservative adj. 保守的；保守党的 n. 保守党党员；因循守旧者
13. splendour (AmE splendor) n. 壮丽，雄伟(50)→splendid adj. 壮丽的；极佳的 exclamation(表示赞许或满意)好极了，痛快
14. reserve n. 自然保护区；储备 vt. 预订；预留；保留(50)→reservation n. 预订；保留意见；保留地
15. intense adj. 很大的，十分强烈的；有强烈感情的，热切的；激烈的(50)→intensely adv. 强烈地，专注地
16. pursue vt. 追求，致力于，执行；追逐(53)→pursuit n. 追求；追赶；爱好
17. submit vt. & vi. 提交，呈递；屈服(53)→submission n. 投降；提交；意见
18. assign vt. 指定，指派；分配；确定 (53)→assignment n. 任务；分派
19. expansion n. 扩展，扩大，膨胀(54)→expand vt. & vi. 扩大；发展
(三) 合成并记(4组)
1. outcome n. 结果，效果(45)
2. milestone n. 重要阶段，里程碑 (54)
3. showcase n. 展示的场合；玻璃柜台(55)
4. elsewhere adv. 在(或去)别处(55)
(四) 短语强记(3组)
1. wear down (使)磨损，(使)逐渐磨平(44)
2. wear and tear (正常使用造成的)磨损，损耗(45)
3. take shape 成形，有了模样(54)
(五) 重点例释(18组)
1. civilization (also civilisation) n. 文明；社会文明；文明社会，文明世界
(1) civil adj. 国民的；国家的；民事的
(2) civilian n. 平民；老百姓 adj. 平民的
①Traditional Chinese culture contains rich material civilization and spiritual civilization.
中国传统文化包含了丰富的物质文明和精神文明。
②He has written several books on civil law.
他著有好几本有关民事法的书。
③Attempts to find civilian volunteers have met with embarrassing failure.
寻找平民志愿者的种种尝试都遭遇了令人难堪的失败。
2. preserve vt. 维护，保护，保存；维持
(1) preservation n. 保护；保留；保存的状况
(2) preserver n. 保护人；木材防腐剂
①Efforts to preserve peace have failed.
维持和平的努力以失败告终。
②The aim of the policy is the preservation of peace.
这一政策旨在维护和平。
③Her preserver was everywhere sought for, but he did not appear.
大家到处找她的救命恩人，但那个人就是没有露面。
3. urgent adj. 紧急的，紧迫的；催促的，急切的
(1) urge vt. 敦促；大力推荐；驱赶
n. 冲动；强烈的欲望
(2) urge表示“要求”时，若后接动词，要用动名词，不用不定式；但是，表示此义时却可接不定式的复合结构
(3) urge表示“要求”且后接that从句时，从句谓语通常用“(should)＋动词原形”；表示“强调，力言”，则要用陈述语气(表示所陈述情况为事实)
(4) urgency n. 紧急；迫切
①I have an urgent matter to attend to.
我有一件急事要办。
②He urged our going.＝He urged us to go.
他要求/催促我们去。
③He urged that I should apologize.
他要求我道歉。
④He urged employers and trade unions to adapt their pay settlements to the economic circumstances.
他敦促雇主和工会根据经济形势调整工资方案。
⑤They recognize the urgency of righting the economy.
他们认识到了复苏经济的紧迫性。
4. wear down (使)磨损，(使)逐渐磨平
(1) wear and tear(正常使用造成的)磨损，损耗
(2) wear vt. & vi. (wore, worn) 穿；戴；留；流露；磨损；耐用；接受
(3) wear off逐渐停止；消逝；逐渐消失
①They hoped the waiting and the uncertainty would wear down my resistance.
他们希望拖延搁置会瓦解我的抵抗。
②The carpet is designed to stand up to a lot of wear and tear.
这种地毯设计得十分耐用。
③You are what you wear.
衣如其人。
④The effects of the drug began to wear off.
药效开始消退了。
5. ruin vt. 破坏，毁坏；使破产，毁灭
n. 毁坏，毁灭；破产；残垣断壁
(1) in ruins一片废墟
(2) damage n. 损害；损失；损坏；(pl.) damages 损害赔偿金 vt. 损害；伤害；毁坏；破坏
(3) destroy vt. 摧毁；毁灭；杀死，消灭
(4) destruction n. 摧毁；毁灭；破坏
①Heavy smoking ruined his health.
吸烟过量毁坏了他的健康。
②A few minutes as the earthquake lasted, the whole village was left in ruins, with thousands of people killed, injured or homeless.
虽然地震只持续了几分钟，但整个村子都成了废墟，成千上万的人丧生、受伤或无家可归。
③The storm did a lot of damage to the crops.
暴风雨使庄稼受到了很大损失。
④It wasn't a serious accident. The car was only slightly damaged.
这场事故不严重。那辆汽车只是轻微受损。
⑤The flood having destroyed everything, the victims became homeless and could only live temporarily in shelters.
洪水毁了一切，灾民们无家可归，只能暂时住在避难所。
⑥It is vital that we act to stop the destruction of the rainforests.
至关紧要的是，我们应当采取行动制止对雨林的破坏。
6. assess vt. 评估，评定；估算
①We assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.
我们时时在评估决策的利弊。
②What is your assessment of the situation
你对时局的看法如何？
7. consultation n. 咨询，商讨；就诊
(1) consult vt. & vi. 咨询；(与某人)商量；查阅
(2) consult/refer to a dictionary 查字典
(3) consultant n. 顾问；会诊医生
①The decision was taken after close consultation with local residents.
这项决定是在与当地居民仔细磋商后作出的。
②In order to make sure what the word really means, they consulted the dictionary in class.
为了确定这个词的真正含义，他们在课堂上查阅了字典。
③I must consult my wife on this matter.
这事我要与我妻子商量一下。
④Shirley's brother is now a consultant heart surgeon in Sweden.
雪莉的哥哥现在在瑞典做心脏外科高级顾问医师。
8. suspend vt. 暂停；悬，挂
suspension n. 暂令停职(或停学、停赛等)；暂缓；推迟；延期；(车辆减震用的)悬架
①A lamp was suspended from the ceiling.
一盏吊灯悬在天花板上。
②These events have led to the suspension of talks.这些事件导致谈判延期。
9. operator n. 操作人员，技工；接线员
(1) operate vt. & vi. 动手术；操作；运转；经营；工作
(2) operate on sb给某人做手术
(3) operation n. 手术；活动；企业；运算；运行；军事行动
①She is the local representative for a British tour operator.
她是一家英国旅行社的当地代表。
②The doctor will operate on her leg tomorrow.
医生明天给她的腿动手术。
③Can you operate a computer
你会操作电脑吗？
④Protective clothing must be worn when the machine is in operation.
在操作机器的时候必须穿防护服。
10. interrupt vt. 打扰，插嘴；使暂停，使中断
vi. 打扰，插嘴
①Traffic in the city was interrupted by a snowstorm.
市内交通被暴风雪阻断了。
②She has kept up physical training for several years without interruption.
她坚持锻炼，多年来从未间断。
11. reserve n. 自然保护区；储备
vt. 预订；预留；保留
(1) in reserve备用；储备
(2) reservation n. 预订；保留意见；保留地
(3) have some reservation about对……有顾虑
①These seats are reserved for old and sick people.这些座位是留给老人和病人的。
②A country should have a large amount of grain in reserve to distribute to victims of natural disasters.
一个国家需要贮备大量的粮食，以供灾难时分发给灾民。
③Do you have a reservation
你有预约吗？
④You can have some reservation about what I have said, but you had better follow my orders as closely as possible.
你可以对我的话有所顾虑，但是你最好严格遵守我的命令。
12. pursue vt. 追求，致力于，执行；追逐
①We intend to pursue this policy with determination.
我们准备坚决贯彻这项政策。
②She travelled the world in pursuit of her dreams.她走遍天下，追寻她的梦想。
13. submit vt. & vi. 提交，呈递；屈服
(1) submit to向……呈交/递送；屈服于……
(2) submission n. 投降；提交；意见
①I have decided to submit my proposal for urban development to the city council.
我已决定向市议会提交我的城市发展建议。
②Those who tend to submit to their fate are sure not to make any achievements.
那些容易屈服于命运的人一定不会取得成就的。
③I shall give up my claim, in submission to your wish.
我将服从你的意愿，放弃我的要求。
14. emerge vi. 出现；暴露；露头
(1) emergent adj. 处于发展初期的；新兴的
(2) emergency n. 紧急情况；突发事件
①We emerged into bright sunlight.
我们来到明媚的阳光下。
②Bioengineering is an emergent branch of learning.生物工程是一门新兴的学科。
③My mother once gave me a special number to call in case I run into an emergency.
我的母亲曾经给我一个特殊的号码，让我万一遇到紧急事件，就拨打它。
15. assign vt. 指定，指派；分配；确定
①They've assigned their best man to the job.
他们指派了最优秀的人担任这项工作。
②This is an assignment that could occupy you for an entire semester.
这是一项可以占用你整个学期的作业。
16. take shape成形，有了模样
(1) shape n. 形状；外形 vt. 塑造；决定……的形成 vi. 准备(做某动作)；摆好姿势
(2) in shape 在外形上；处于良好状态
(3) out of shape走样的；身体不好；不健康
①Our plan is beginning to take shape.
我们的计划开始成形了。
②Diet and exercise will alter your shape.
节食和锻炼会改变你的体形。
③The longer you have been in shape in the past, the quicker you will regain fitness in the future.
过去健美身形保持的时间越长，将来身材恢复得就越快。
④The shoes were worn out of shape.
鞋被穿走形了。
17. expansion n. 扩展，扩大，膨胀
expand vt. & vi. 扩大；发展
①The suggestion that they raised at the meeting is that it was about time that we opened up a branch in town as the first step of our expansion.
他们在会议上提出的建议是，我们是时候在这个城镇开办一家分店来作为我们扩张的第一步了。
②Much to my delight, my vocabulary has expanded a great deal.
令我高兴的是，我的词汇量大大增加了。
18. ban vt. 明令禁止，取缔；禁止做某事 n. 禁令
(1) 用作名词时，其后通常接介词on，表示对某事的禁止
(2) 用作动词时，表示禁止某人做某事，通常用ban sb from doing sth
(3) forbid vt. (forbade, forbidden) 禁止；不准；妨碍；阻止
(4) prohibit vt. 禁止；阻止；使不可能
(5) prohibition n. 禁止；禁令
①There is a ban on smoking in petrol stations.
加油站禁止吸烟。
②He was banned from driving.
他被禁止开车。
③High walls forbid all approach.
高墙遮断，难以接近。
④His poor eyesight prohibited him from becoming a pilot.＝ His poor eyesight prohibited his becoming a pilot.
他因视力不好而不能当飞行员。
⑤Since the new prohibition of drunk driving was introduced, the number of accidents in the area has fallen sharply.
自从新的醉驾禁令发布，该区域的事故数锐减。
二、 短语扩充
(一) 英汉对记(116组)
1. a concerted effort(P43) 齐心协力
2. call for the protection of heritage sites呼吁保护文化遗产
3. the Silk Road丝绸之路
4. the shared wealth of mankind人类共同的财富
5. breathtaking mountain scenery令人惊叹的山景
6. cultural and natural heritage sites(P44) 文化和自然遗产遗址
7. be faced with面临
8. natural wonders自然奇迹
9. in urgent need of protection迫切需要保护
10. specific issues具体问题
11. at risk from natural forces受到自然力量的威胁
12. for instance例如；比如
13. natural disasters天灾；自然灾害
14. cause a great deal of damage造成很大的损害
15. amazing ancient clay sculptures令人惊叹的古代泥塑
16. missile attacks(P45) 导弹攻击/袭击
17. civil wars 内战
18. on purpose故意地
19. give rise to引起；导致；造成
20. the flood of tourists大量的游客
21. lead to irreparable destruction of the internal structure给内部结构造成无法修复的破坏
22. human population growth人口增长
23. take … as an example以……为例
24. the musical capital of Europe欧洲的音乐之都
25. the likes of Mozart and Beethoven诸如莫扎特和贝多芬这样的人
26. high rise construction projects高层建设项目
27. have disastrous outcomes带来灾难性的结果
28. the Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁
29. off the north east coast of Australia在澳大利亚的东北部沿海
30. global warming 全球变暖
31. fragile natural ecology脆弱的自然生态
32. boost tourism促进旅游业的发展
33. at the top of the agenda首要议程，当务之急
34. for the benefit of … 为了……的利益
35. acknowledge the outstanding universal value 承认其突出的普遍价值
36. treat … with respect尊敬地对待……
37. share a joint responsibility共同承担责任
38. at the thought of一想到
39. take action采取行动
40. the blog entry(P47) 博客条目；博客文章
41. a panel of specialists专家小组
42. tip to one side向一边倾斜
43. make repairs修理，进行修复
44. close consultation with 与……密切协商
45. agree on对某事(物)有同样看法；商定/同意某事
46. a transitional sentence过渡句
47. serve as充当，担任
48. in the mid 20th century(P48) 在20世纪中期
49. under serious threat受到严重威胁
50. water levels水位
51. take … apart把……分开
52. in times of crisis在危机时刻
53. the General Conference of UNESCO(P49) 联合国教科文组织大会
54. cultural properties文化特性，文化财产
55. the World Heritage Committee世界遗产委员会
56. the Grand Canal大运河
57. raise public awareness of提高公众对……的意识
58. be worth doing … 值得做……
59. in such bad condition在这种糟糕的情况下
60. after all毕竟；终究
61. the great animal migration(P50) 动物大迁移
62. oversee such an important task监督如此重要的任务
63. irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration生活和灵感不可替代的来源
64. a reminder of the power of nature大自然力量的提醒者
65. the genius of man人类的天才
66. a nature reserve自然保护区
67. mighty snow capped mountains白雪覆盖的巨大山脉
68. be impressed with … 对……印象深刻
69. pose questions 提出问题
70. at the moment 此刻，目前，眼下
71. be ignorant of 不知道；对……无知
72. raise funds for …(P51) 为……筹集资金
73. in advance在前头；预先，事先；提前
74. on a daily basis每天
75. launch campaigns开展活动
76. move on to another topic(P52) 转到另一个主题
77. call on people to take action呼吁人们采取行动
78. express obligation明示义务
79. a closing paragraph最后一段，结束段
80. draw conclusions得出结论
81. in conclusion总之，最后
82. to conclude总之
83. to sum up总之
84. in summary总之，总的来说
85. cover vast distances(P53) 覆盖广阔的距离
86. ancient trade routes古代贸易路线
87. all the way一路上；一直
88. submit the proposal提交建议
89. the starting point起点
90. the rolling valleys of Central Asia中亚连绵起伏的山谷
91. at the initial stage of …(P54) 在……的初始阶段
92. at its peak在其峰值；在鼎盛时期
93. the marketplace of goods商品市场
94. strings of camels成群的骆驼
95. loads of goods大量货物
96. cultural exchange 文化交流
97. the Mogao Caves莫高窟
98. a great age of expansion一个伟大的扩张时代
99. achieve a shared development实现共同发展
100. in the modern age在现代
101. through the Belt and Road Initiative通过“一带一路”倡议
102. promote the exchanges of different civilizations促进不同文明的交流
103. in recognition of 表示对……的认可
104. the overall introduction整体介绍
105. the Silk Road Economic Belt initiative 丝绸之路经济带倡议
106. bring up 提出；养育，抚养；呕吐
107. the groundbreaking theory of evolution by natural selection(P55) 基于自然选择的开创性进化理论
108. a unique “living museum and showcase of evolution”一个独特的“活的生物进化博物馆和陈列室”
109. land mass大陆块；地块
110. at the meeting point of three ocean currents在三个洋流的交汇点
111. invasive species 入侵物种
112. introduce a special entry fee for tourists为游客引入特别的入场费
113. inform sb of sth(P56) 告知某人某事
114. its modern revival它的现代复兴
115. in the shape of … 以……形式
116. spotlight its importance突出其重要性
(二) 同词类记(2组)
● as(24)
1. as a matter of fact事实上；其实
2. as a result of 由于
3. as if 似乎，好像(引导方式状语从句)
4. as long as 只要(引导条件状语从句)
5. as soon as 一……就……(引导时间状语从句)
6. as though 似乎，好像
7. as well as 和……一样；与……一样好
8. as well 也；一样
9. be famous as 作为……而出名
10. be recognized as 被认作是
11. be treated as 被当作
12. be/become known as 作为……而出名
13. consider sb/sth to be/as 把某人/物看作
14. look on sb/sth as 把某人/物当作
15. refer to sth as 把某物看作
16. regard sb/sth as 将某人/物认为；把某人/物看作
17. so/such … as to do 为了
18. so/as far as 就……而言
19. as follows如下
20. be used as 被当作……用
21. such as 就像，比如
22. take sth as 把某物看作
23. the same as 与……一样
24. think of sb as 把某人当作
● at(56)
1. be angry at 为……生气
2. be bad at 不善于……
3. be clever at 擅长于……
4. be disappointed at 对……失望
5. be expert at 精通于
6. be good at 善于……
7. be mad at 对……发怒
8. be present at (the meeting) 参加(会议)
9. be quick at 在……方面敏捷
10. be skilful at 在……方面熟练
11. be slow at 在……方面迟钝
12. at a distance 有一些距离；在远处
13. at a great depth 在很深处
14. at a loss 不知所措；困惑
15. at a low/high price 价格低/高
16. at a low/high speed 速度很慢/快
17. at a safe speed 以安全速度
18. at a speed of 以……速度行驶
19. at a time 一次；有时；曾经
20. at first blush 一瞥；乍一看
21. at full speed 全速前进
22. at least 至少，最少
23. at most 最多，至多
24. at one time 曾经，以前
25. at present 现在
26. at that very moment 就在那个时候
27. at the ball 在舞会上
28. at the beginning of 在……的开始
29. at the bottom of 在……的底部
30. at the cost/price of 以……为代价
31. at the crossing 在十字路口
32. at the invitation of sb 应某人邀请
33. at the latest 最迟；最晚
34. at the risk of 冒着……的危险
35. at the same time 同时
36. at the right time 在合适的时候
37. at the sight of 看见
38. at top speed 全速
39. at the thought of 想起
40. at the same level 在同一水平上
41. aim at 瞄准；追求；旨在
42. bark at (狗)向……叫
43. call at sp 拜访某地
e at 袭击；达到
45. drop in at sp 拜访某地
46. fire at 向……开火
47. knock at/on the door/window 敲门/窗
48. laugh at sb 嘲笑某人
49. not at all 一点也不……
50. point at 指……(人)(有不礼貌的含义)
51. shoot at 朝……射击；瞄准
52. shout at sb 向某人喊(有不礼貌的含义)
53. stare at 盯着
54. take turns at doing 轮流做……
55. wonder at/about 对……感到惊讶(疑虑)
56. work at sp 在某地工作
三、 精选句型
1. The long term natural forces, such as wind, water and temperature, can gradually wear down heritage sites. (P44)
2. In some conflict areas where civil wars often break out, fighters have even destroyed heritage sites on purpose. (P45)
3. As well as being home to a wide diversity of ocean species, the reef can boost tourism and fishing in the local area, providing many job opportunities. (P45)
4. We all share a joint responsibility to protect and preserve them, not just for ourselves, but for future generations. (P45)
5. If your heart breaks like mine at the thought of our irreplaceable heritage being lost forever, please take action. (P45)
6. There are divisions among historians over when exactly the construction of the twin temples started, but no one can deny the fact that they were constructed in the 13th century BCE. (P48)
7. UNESCO put together an international team of architects, engineers and heavy equipment operators, who looked at different ways of saving the temples. (P48)
8. It is difficult to forecast what threats our heritage sites will face in the future, but we have the belief that we will need this kind of cooperation in heritage preservation. (P48)
9. This made history in its own way as the first successful multinational World Heritage application—and it seems to be only the beginning of the road for the Silk Road, as other countries are also planning World Heritage applications for other sections of the network. (P53)
10. Further west on the Silk Road, the geography gradually changes from wild deserts to high, snow capped mountains to vast grasslands as the routes pass through the splendid Tianshan Mountains and emerge in the rolling valleys of Central Asia. (P53)
11. The network expanded gradually, playing an important role in world history between the 6th and 14th centuries, and remained in use until the 16th century. (P54)
12. All of these activities contributed to a great age of expansion as trade and cultural exchanges gave people access to new goods, knowledge and ideas. (P54)
13. In the modern age, through the Belt and Road Initiative, the Silk Road is once again connecting the countries along the ancient trade routes and promoting the exchanges of different civilizations. (P54)
14. The addition of the Chang'an Tianshan Corridor to the UNESCO World Heritage List is a milestone in recognition of the Silk Road as a crucial part of humanity's common heritage. (P54)
四、 语法指南
同位语从句(Appositive clauses)
同位语从句是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句做同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系(即被解释说明的词＝同位语)，它们之间的关系是同位关系。
(一) 同位语
一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词进行补充说明或进一步解释，这个名词(或其他形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它解释或补充的词的格式一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
1. 名词做同位语
We Chinese are brave and hard working.
2. 短语做同位语
Mr Wang, my child's teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.
3. 直接引语做同位语
But now the question comes to their minds, “Did she die young because she was a clone？”
4. 句子做同位语(详细用法如下)
(二) 同位语从句
1. 用法
同位语部分是个句子，就是同位语从句，这种用法比较“固定”。
(1) 在复合句中做同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。
I heard the news that our team had won.
(2) 可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news、idea、fact、promise、question、doubt、thought、hope、message、suggestion、word(消息)、possibility等。
I've come from Mr Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon.
(3) 引导同位语从句的词通常有连词 that、whether，连接代词what、who、whom、whose、which，连接副词 how、when、where、why等。(注：if不能引导同位语从句，这里的which与定语从句引导词不同)
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
(4) 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
2. 引导词
引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that、whether，连接代词和连接副词等。
(1) 连词that引导同位语从句
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong. (做idea的同位语)
[注意]
①在某些名词(如demand、wish、suggestion、resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.
②引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。
He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.
(2) 连词whether引导同位语从句(注：if不能引导同位语从句)
The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.
(3) 连接代词what、who、whom、whose、which引导同位语从句
　①I have no idea what size shoes she wears. (what做定语)
　②I have no idea which wine is best—it's a matter of personal taste. (which做定语)
　③The question who will take his place is still not clear. (who做主语)
(4) 连接副词how、when、where、why 引导同位语从句
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
3. 相关语法
(1) 同位语从句在句中的位置
　①一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news、idea、fact、promise、hope、message等)的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。
　②有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫作分隔式同位语从句。
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.
(2) 同位语从句前名词的数
同位语从句前的名词通常用单数形式，并且往往带有限定词(word除外)加以修饰。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come
(3) 同位语从句的语气
在suggestion、advice、request、order等意为“建议/命令/要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should ＋动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。
He made a suggestion that they (should) hold an English speech contest.
(4) 同位语从句的先行词
同位语从句的先行词通常是抽象名词，常见的有：idea、situation、thought、fact、evidence、belief、doubt、fear、hope、question、theory、news、order、ability等。
How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didn't feel the new clothes on him
4. 与定语从句的语法区别
(1) 意义的不同
同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以画等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰的名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来。
We are glad at the news that he will come. (news的内容就是he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句)
We are glad at the news that he told us. (that从句是限制the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉我们的这个news而不是其他的news，故that引导的是定语从句)
(2) 引导词的不同
what、how、whatever 等可引导同位语从句，但不引导定语从句。
(3) 引导词功能上的不同
that引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。
(4) 被修饰词语的区别
同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope、wish、idea、news、fact、promise、opinion、suggestion、truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词非常广泛。 另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时却不一定。
I have no idea when they will come. (同位语从句)
I'll never forget the days when I lived there. (定语从句)
5. 特殊形式
(1) 分隔式同位语从句
同位语从句通常是跟在它解释或说明的名词后，但有些情况下，由于句子结构的原因，同位语从句不紧跟在名词后，而被其他的词隔开。
A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday.
简析：由于that从句太长，为避免句子失去平衡，此处用了分隔式同位语从句。
(2) suggestion、request和order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。
She made a request that the doctor (should) be sent for at once.
简析：suggestion、order、request、proposal、requirement、command、advice、proposition和recommendation等名词后接同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用“should＋动词原形”的形式，其中should可省略。
(3) 短语及固定句式后的同位语从句
I will come on condition that John is invited.
简析：on condition、on supposition、on the ground(s)、on the understanding、with the exception、in spite of the fact、on the assumption等短语及句式There be＋no doubt(hope、chance、possibility …)后的that从句为同位语从句。
五、 话题写作
(一) 佳句积累
1. Unfortunately, they face a variety of dangers and many of them are in urgent need of protection. (副词unfortunately开头，寓含后面的危险和危急)
2. Millions of tourists travel to UNESCO World Heritage Sites every year, so it is only natural that the sites suffer a bit of wear and tear. (so连接并列句；it为形式主语)
3. Every day, thousands of tourists climbing up the narrow stone steps are wearing down these ancient buildings and the long term consequences could lead to irreparable destruction of the internal structure.(wear down, long term，irreparable等词使用精准)
4. Due to high seawater temperatures caused by global warming, a large amount of coral is killed and parts of the reef are seriously affected, which harms its fragile natural ecology. (due to连接原因；被动语态；非限制性定语从句)
5. The more we acknowledge the outstanding universal value of our heritage sites, the more likely we are to treat them with respect.(the more … the more … 意为“越……就越……”)
6. It is in places like these that we cannot help but be humbled, come to understand our limitations as human beings, and know that our duty is to protect them for future generations.(强调句型；句末的不定式做表语)
7. They do, however, provide us with opportunities to wonder, to be inspired and to think more deeply about our time on the Earth. (do对谓语进行强调；连续三个to有排比之势)
8. Covering vast distances and an astonishing variety of landscapes, the Silk Road was a network of ancient trade routes that extended from East Asia all the way to the Mediterranean. (现在分词短语做状语；定语从句)
9. Assigned by the emperor, the ambassador Zhang Qian journeyed from Chang'an to Central Asia, seeking to build bridges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions.(过去分词短语做状语；journey用作动词；现在分词短语做伴随状语)
10. In addition to trade exchange, the network served as a bridge for cultural exchange which shaped the evolution of science, art, technology and many other areas in societies along the network.(in addition to意为“除了”；定语从句)
(二) 佳作欣赏
假定最近你们班进行了一次题为“保护文化遗产是否重要”的讨论。请用英语向大家介绍一下讨论结果，并谈谈你自己的看法。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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One possible version：
Recently our class had a heated discussion about whether it is important to protect cultural heritage.
Most students consider it important to protect cultural heritage. They think that cultural heritage is of great value and protecting it can make us feel proud of our nation. However, others believe that it doesn't matter whether cultural heritage is protected. They think it won't promote the development of society, so it is a waste of time and money to protect it.
As far as I'm concerned, there're still many problems about cultural heritage protection. Therefore, we should take effective steps to better protect cultural heritage.

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