资源简介

(共46张PPT)
复习任务群一
现代文阅读Ⅰ
把握共性之“新”　打通应考之“脉”
UNIT 1　
Back to school
主题语境 人与自我——学校生活
Period 4　课时学案 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage)
一、句子成分
概述：句子是表达思想的基本单位。句子成分是指在句中起着不同语法作用的部分。英语的句子成分(sentence elements)主要有主语(S)、谓语(V)、宾语(O)、补语(C)、状语(A)、表语(P)、定语(Attr．)等。
[观察例句]
黑体部分在句中作什么成分？
1．The early bird catches the worm． ____
2．They are Chinese traveling abroad． ____
3．In the morning we often hear the birds singing merrily． __________
4．She bought her child a storybook． ____________________
宾语
表语
宾语补足语
间接宾语 直接宾语
5．There is a picture on the wall． ____
6．The manager asked the college students to come in． ____
7．Girls prefer to see women doctors． ____
8．Light travels very quickly． ____
主语
谓语
定语
状语
[归纳用法]
1．主语(subject)：指句子所谈论的主体，通常是某人、某事或某物。常用名词(短语)、代词、不定式、动词-ing形式、从句等作主语。形容词、副词、介词短语和过去分词不能作主语。
This week，our group of five students did a survey of our classmates．
本周，我们组五位学生对本班同学做了一项调查。
To persuade her to change her mind is really very hard．
说服她改变主意确实很难。
2．谓语(verb)：指谓语部分的主要动词，另外，主要动词前的情态动词和助动词也被视为谓语的组成部分，通常说明主语发出的动作或主语的特征和状态，包含时态和语态两个部分。谓语由动词(短语)充当，其他词不能作谓语。
Not all ads play tricks on us though．
然而，并非所有广告都会欺骗我们。
The child could dress himself at the age of three．
这个小孩三岁就会自己穿衣服了。
3．宾语(object)：指动作的对象。常用名词(短语)、代词、不定式、动词-ing形式、从句等作宾语。形容词、副词、介词短语和过去分词不能作宾语。有的动词后面可以接两个宾语，通常把其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语(indirect object)，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语(direct object)。
The old man gave the child some nice books．
老人给了这个孩子一些好书。
You know that the situation is not really dangerous．
你知道情况并不是真的很危险。
4．补语(complement)：补语分为主语补足语(subject complement)和宾语补足语(object complement)，用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征或情况。补语常用形容词(短语)、名词(短语)、介词短语、副词、非谓语动词等充当。
As time went by，the doll was made smaller．
随着时间的推移，这个玩偶被做得更小。
The young man was caught smoking in the kitchen．
有人撞见那个年轻人在厨房里吸烟。
5．状语(adverbial)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。状语常用副词、形容词(短语)、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等充当。
When we arrived，we found Wang Li was extremely charming．
当我们到达时，我们发现王丽极有魅力。
Fortunately，the children were found near the village．
幸运的是，这些孩子在村子附近被找到了。
6．表语(predicative)：指连系动词be，become，feel，get，look，seem等后面的成分，通常说明主语的身份、特征或状态。表语常用形容词(短语)、名词(短语)、副词、代词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等充当。
This got me thinking how English can be a crazy language to learn．
这让我不禁思考，英语怎么会是一门学起来疯狂的语言。
It is amazing that the little child can speak four languages．
这个小孩会说四种语言，真令人惊讶。
7．定语(attributive)：指修饰名词或代词的词语，有前置(在被修饰的名/代词前)和后置(在被修饰的名/代词后)两种位置。定语常用形容词(短语)、副词、介词短语、名词、非谓语动词、从句等充当。
Health care is free for everyone living in Britain．
每个英国居民都享有免费的医疗(服务)。
The programme is something to do with the environment．
这是一个环境类节目。
[即时训练Ⅰ]——指出黑体部分是何种短语和所作的句子成分
①The whole thing was a complete failure． ______________
②The project seemed unlikely to succeed． ________________
③Her footsteps echoed in the empty room． ______________
④I know him fairly well，but we weren't really close friends． ______________
⑤They have been working very hard on the perfection of the new model． ______________
名词短语作主语
形容词短语作表语
介词短语作状语
副词短语作状语
动词短语作谓语
二、句子结构
概述：英语常见的句子结构(亦称基本句型)有八种，它们是：主谓、主系表、主谓宾、主谓宾宾、主谓宾补、主谓状、主谓宾状和存现句。
[观察例句]
下列句子属于什么句型？
1．Everyone breathes，drinks and eats． ____
2．Tom can speak Chinese． ______
3．My brothers are all college students． ______
主谓
主谓宾
主系表
4．My sister told me a story． ________
5．We find the book interesting． ________
6．My parents live in Beijing． ______
7．I looked at them in panic． ________
8．There are many trees around our school． ______
主谓宾宾
主谓宾补
主谓状
主谓宾状
存现句
[归纳用法]
1．主谓：主语＋谓语(SV)
在该结构中，谓语是不及物动词，能表达完整的意思，后面不能直接接宾语。
_________ ________．雨停了。
_________ ____．月亮升起来了。
The rain
stopped
The moon
rose
2．主系表：主语＋连系动词＋表语(SVP)
在该结构中，主语后必须是连系动词；表语多为形容词，也可为名词、代词、副词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词及表语从句等。
常见的系动词有：be(是)，become(变成)，seem(看起来)，appear(显得)，get(变得)，grow(变得)，turn(变成)，remain(仍然是)，come(变得)，fall(变得)，keep(保持)，stand(保持)，stay(保持)，smell(闻起来)，look(看起来)，sound(听起来)，taste (尝起来)，feel(感到)。
____ ______ _______________．
他们仍是至交。
_______________________ __ _______．
这个女孩最喜欢的科目是生物学。
They
remain
the best of friends
The girl's favorite subject
is
biology
3．主谓宾：主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO)
在该结构中，谓语是及物动词或及物动词短语(不及物动词＋介词)，后面必须接宾语才能表达完整的意思。充当宾语的通常是名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式短语及宾语从句等。
__________ ___ __________．
村子里有一家餐馆。
_ ____ _______________．
我喜欢听音乐。
The village
has
a restaurant
I
like
listening to music
4．主谓宾宾：主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVOO)
在该结构中，谓语是及物动词，后接两个宾语，通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。当把直接宾语放到间接宾语之前时，间接宾语前应加适当的介词。
常见的能带双宾语的及物动词有：give，bring，tell，send，leave，pass，read，write，take，show，teach，get，award，lend，rent，buy，pay，hand等。
___ ____ ___ __________________．
他告诉我他的姓名和地址。
___ ______ __________ ______．
他给我买了一件新外套。
He
told
me
his name and address
He
bought
a new coat
for me
5．主谓宾补：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语(SVOC)
在该结构中，谓语是及物动词，后面接宾语和宾语补足语。充当补语的可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)等。
宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语，常见的带复合宾语的及物动词(词组)有：elect，feel，find，get，have，hear，imagine，keep，make，notice，see，let，smell，start，watch，appoint，believe，call，catch，allow，ask，cause，consider，expect，know，tell，think，want，wish，listen to，look at等。
_________ _____ __ ___．
那个消息令我们难过。
___ _________ ______ _______．
他能听得到狗叫。
The news
made
us
sad
He
could hear
a dog
barking
6．主谓状：主语＋谓语＋状语(SVA)
在该结构中，谓语是不及物动词，充当状语的是副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
___ ______ _________．
他说得太多了。
___ ____________ _____________．
她坐在她的书桌前。
He
talked
too much
She
was sitting
at her desk
7．主谓宾状：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语(SVOA)
在该结构中，谓语可以是及物动词或及物动词短语，后接宾语，充当状语的是副词、介词短语等。
___ ________ __________ ___________．
你可以把箱子放在那边。
_______________ ______ ____________ ________．
那个年轻人妥善地解决了这个问题。
You
can put
the cases
down there
The young man
solved
the problem
properly
[即时训练Ⅱ]——指出下列句子中黑体部分的基本类型。
①In order to achieve success，you need to focus upon your goals． ______
②We can also place this bag on his bedside table． ________
③However，that was small fry compared with the city's Circus Maximus． ______
④Anyhow，you may find achieving success here very hard． ________
⑤It rained and therefore the football match was postponed． ____
主谓宾
主谓宾状
主系表
主谓宾补
主谓
短文语境填空
This morning I went to 1．_____ English corner in the park near my home．It has been three years since it 2．______________ (found)．Many middle school 3．__________ (student) as well as foreigners took part in the activity．People there practiced 4．__________ (speak) English by talking about something 5．_____________ (interest)．They also exchanged the experience 6．_____ English learning．I thought it was a good chance for me to use
the
was founded
students
speaking
interesting
in
7．____ I had learned in my English class．I 8．____(feel) very cool after I got back home．In the future I'll try my best 9．_________ (learn) English better，for it is so 10．______ (wide) used in the world．
what
felt
to learn
widely
第二篇课文(Extended reading)
①secondary adj．中学的；次要的
secondary school 中学
②exchange n． & vt．交换；交流；兑换
an exchange student交换生
③host n．主人；东道主； 主持人
host family寄宿家庭
a host country/city一个主办国/城市
host the Olympic Games 主办奥运会
④get on/along well(with…)(与……)相处融洽
⑤biology n．生物学
⑥tough adj．艰难的
a tough job/choice 一份棘手的工作/一个艰难的选择
⑦fun adj．有趣的
It's fun doing sth．做某事很有趣。
funny adj．滑稽的，好笑的
⑧put…together
组织，组装(零件等)；汇集
⑨alarm n．闹钟；恐慌；警报；警报器
set the alarm 设置闹钟
⑩contribution n．贡献；捐款；捐赠
fortunately adv．幸运地，幸亏
over time 随着时间流逝，久而久之(相当于as time goes on/by)
option n．可选择的事物，选择；选修课
have no option but to do sth．除了做某事别无选择
butter n．黄油
bread and butter 黄油面包片
pudding n．甜点；布丁
attract vt．吸引，使喜爱；招引；引起(反应)
rugby n．橄榄球运动
once a week每周一次
a way to do sth．＝a way of doing sth．一个做某事的方法
experience different ways of life 体验不同的生活方式
fantastic adj．极好的；了不起的
School life in the UK
Last year，I had the chance to study at a British ①secondary school as an ②exchange student．I stayed with a lovely ③host family and went to school with their son，Daniel．We were both in year ten and we ④got on well．He is learning Chinese and will come to stay with me this year in China!
The British school day commonly begins around 9 a．m．and ends around 4 p．m．Every secondary school student in the UK must study English，Maths and the Science subjects: ⑤Biology，Chemistry and Physics．In year ten，students usually have to learn nine subjects and they can also choose to study other subjects，such as History，Art and Business．
The classes are different from those in China．[1] Each teacher has their own classroom and the students move around for every lesson．In most of my classes，there were only about 20 students．In the beginning，however，it was still ⑥tough for me to remember everyone's name!
[1]本句是简单句。句中的 those 指代的是前面的可数名词复数 classes。
I enjoyed most of the classes，but some of them were quite challenging．Technology classes were ⑦fun．I made a clock to take home．The teacher helped me ⑧put the parts together．I like it so much that I still use it as my ⑨alarm！[2]I found Maths quite easy and enjoyable because the material was less advanced in the UK than in China．However，learning in English was a great challenge for me．There were a lot of difficult English words，especially in Geography and Biology．Class discussion is very important in the UK，
but I could not make a great ⑩contribution because sometimes I wasn't able to express myself clearly in English．Although there was not as much homework as I was used to，it was still challenging．[3] Fortunately，my teachers and classmates were always helpful and gave me lots of encouragement．My language skills improved over time．
[2]本句中 so…that…引导结果状语从句。
[3]此处为 although 引导的让步状语从句，其中 as…as…引导比较状语从句。
During the hour-long lunchtime，I ate in the school dining hall．There were lots of options including bread and butter，chicken pie and puddings，but I still missed my mum's cooking! After lunch，I often played on the school's huge sports field with Daniel and his friends．Sometimes we just relaxed under a tree or sat on the grass．
After school，there were many clubs to join．The one that attracted me most[4] was the Rugby Club．We played once a week，and it was great fun．Also，I enjoyed acting in the Theatre Club．I still have photos of myself acting in William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream[5]．Joining clubs was a great way to meet British students and make friends with them．
[4]此处为 that 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词The one，one 指代的是 club。
[5]此处为动词-ing形式短语作后置定语。
I am glad to have the opportunity to experience this different way of life．I met some great people and learnt a lot about school life in the UK．Daniel and his family were fantastic hosts，and his friends were very nice as well．I can't wait for Daniel to visit China！
旅英学校生活
去年，我有机会作为交换生到英国的一所中学读书。我寄宿在一个亲切友好的家庭，并与这家人的儿子丹尼尔一同上学。我们去年都读十年级，相处得很融洽。丹尼尔正在学习中文，今年要来中国与我一起学习生活。
英国的学校上午9点开始上课，下午4点放学。中学生通常要学习九门功课。英文、数学，以及科学课(生物、化学、物理)是必修课，学生们还可以选修其他课程，比如历史、艺术和商业。
英国的课堂与中国不同。每位老师都有自己的教室，学生们每节课走班上课。在我所上的大部分课上，都只有二十个学生左右。然而刚开始时，我仍然很难记住所有人的名字！
大部分课程我都喜欢，但是也有一些非常有挑战性。技术课很有意思。我做了一只钟带回家。老师帮助我完成了零件组装。我太喜欢这只钟了，现在还在用它当闹钟呢！我觉得数学很简单，学起来很愉快，因为英国的教材没有中国的难。不过，用英语学习对我来说是一项巨大的挑战。难词很多，尤其是在地理和生物两门课中。在英国，课堂讨论很重要。可是我贡献不大，因为有时候我没办法用英文清楚地表达自己的观点。尽管作业不像以前那么繁重，却仍旧很有挑战性。幸好，老师和同学们一直都乐于帮助我，并给予我很多鼓励。渐渐地，我的语言能力提高了。
一小时的午餐时间，我在学校餐厅用餐。选择很丰富，有黄油面包，鸡肉馅饼和布丁等等，但我还是想念妈妈做的菜！吃完午餐，我常常同丹尼尔，还有他的朋友们去学校的大运动场活动活动。有时候，我们就在树下小憩或者在草地上坐坐。
放学后，有许多俱乐部可以参加。最吸引我的是橄榄球俱乐部。我们每周打一次球，真的很有趣。我也喜欢去戏剧俱乐部表演。我还留着自己参演莎士比亚《仲夏夜之梦》时的剧照。加入俱乐部是与英国学生相识、交友的好方法。
我很高兴有机会体验这种不同的生活方式。在英国我见到了一些很棒的人，也了解了英国校园生活的方方面面。丹尼尔和他的家人是非常棒的东道主，丹尼尔的朋友也十分友好。我迫不及待要让丹尼尔来中国了！
谢 谢！

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