资源简介

(共54张PPT)
Unit 2
Section 4 Focusing culture,
Cross-curricular connection, Project
Amazing numbers
学习目标
I can
understand the importance of numbers in daily life
record and present information with numbers in English
use cardinal and ordinal numbers correctly.
understand how numbers developed and how they differ between cultures.
01
新
课
导
入
03
应
用
实
践
06
回
顾
总
结
07
随
堂
小
练
02
学
习
理
解
04
迁
移
创
新
05
考
点
速
递
学习内容
新课导入
1
People from different cultures use different numerals.
Chinese numerals
Roman numerals
Arabic numerals
一 二 三 四 五
Before the invention of written numbers, people used many different ways to count things.
What tools did people use to
count things
fingers
stick 棍子
toes
Tools to count numbers
abacus
Tools to count numbers
written number system
书面数字系统
token 陶筹
clay 黏土
Do you know how numbers developed
In ancient time, people used knots on ropes , stones or sticks to record numbers. Each stands for a thing we want to count.
The development process of numbers
Later, people replaced this system with abstract symbols. These were more convenient because they were quicker to write.
In Chinese, such as five as “Ⅴ” and ten as “十”.
V
十
The development process of numbers

10
In Arabic, such as five as “ ”
and ten as “10”.
Arabic numerals were invented in India not in Arab. This system was very popular at that time. Arabs spread to other parts of the world. So today, they are known as Arabic numerals.
阿拉伯数字
The development process of numbers
学习理解
02
How did numbers develop
Think
Focusing on culture
Numbers are everywhere today. How did people in ancient time record numbers Let's explore the development of counting methods.
Read an article from a science magazine and find out more about numbers.
In ancient times, people developed different counting methods. One of the earliest was called “tally sticks(计数棍）” Each “stick”
(or pebble 鹅卵石，or other counting tool) stands for
a thing we want to count, such as an animal or a bag of rice.
For each animal we want to count, we draw one stick.
This is called a “one-to-one correspondence(对应）” Tally sticks are easy to understand, but it can take a long time to write down large numbers. To write 1,000, you have to draw a thousand tally sticks!
Later, people created faster ways of writing numbers. One such system developed in ancient India. Instead of using tally sticks, people began using different abstract(抽象的) symbols to represent different numbers. Researchers do not know exactly how this happened, but some believe that the sticks slowly turned into symbols over the centuries. These Indian numerals(数字）became popular, and people in the Arab world started using them too. Thanks to the Arabs, this way of writing numbers spread to Europe and across the world. Nowadays, they are known as Arabic numerals.
The ancient Romans wrote numbers in a different way. They used
letters from their alphabet. For example, the number 12 is
“XII" (10+1+1). The Roman numerals used to be the
most common way of writing numbers in Europe. Today
we stiI1 see them in many places, for example, on clock faces on buildings or books. But Roman numerals are not as common as Arabic numerals, maybe because they are too difficult to use!
People from different cultures use different numerals. Below are three ways of writing the numbers one to five.
Chinese numerals:—、二、三、四、五
Roman numerals: I，II， III，IV，V
Arabic numerals: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Notes
This article mainly talks about the ____________ of counting methods.
difference
development
design
Skimming
In ancient times, people developed different counting methods
could
count
In ancient times
small numbers
used
tally sticks
People used tally sticks. However， they could only count small numbers in this way.
The development process of numbers
Couldn’t
count
In ancient times
Large
numbers
used
tally sticks
People used tally sticks. However ，they could only count small numbers in this way. But it can take a long time to write down large numbers.
The development process of numbers
count
Later
numbers
used
abstract symbols
The development process of numbers
Later， people began using different abstract(抽象的) symbols to represent different numbers.
Indians began to develop a system of numbers, These Indian numerals were popular, and Arabs spread them to Europe and across the world. Nowadays, they are known as Arabic numerals.
over the centuries
Indians
develop
Arabs
spread
across the world
led to
A system of numbers
Arabic numerals.
The development process of numbers
Read and answer the questions.
1. What is “one-to-one correspondence” according to the passage
It is a counting method using tally sticks, where each stick (or pebble, or other counting tool) stands for a thing to be counted.
2.Why were tally sticks not suitable for writing large numbers
Because to write a large number like 1,000, you have to draw a thousand tally sticks, which takes a long time.
3.How did the Indian numerals develop
Instead of using tally sticks, people in ancient India began using different abstract symbols to represent different numbers. Some believe that the sticks slowly turned into symbols over the centuries.
4. How did the Indian numerals spread around the world
The Indian numerals became popular, and people in the Arab world started using them. Thanks to the Arabs, this way of writing numbers spread to Europe and across the world, and now they are known as Arabic numerals.
5. How did the ancient Romans write numbers
The ancient Romans used letters from their alphabet to write numbers. For example, the number 12 is “XII” (10 + 1+ 1).
6. Why are Roman numerals not as common as Arabic numerals today
Maybe because Roman numerals are too difficult to use.
应用实践
03
2 Complete the summary below with the information from the article on page 30.
In ancient times, people developed a counting system called (1) _______. Later, people replaced this system with abstract (2)_________. These were more convenient because they were quicker to write. The numbers we use today are called (3)________________. They were invented in (4)_______,Thanks to the ⑸_______，this system spread to other parts of the world. Sometimes we also see numbers written with ⑹______________ on clock faces and buildings. These are called Roman numerals.
tally sticks
symbols
Arabic numerals.
Arabs
India
Roman numerals
3 Complete the sentences with the words below change the form if necessary.
exactly represent symbol system
(1) The Roman symbol IV _________ the number 4 in Arabic numerals.
(2) This palace was a(n)_________of the king's wealth and power.
(3) The Roman alphabet is not the only writing ________ in the
world — there are many others.
(4) We don't know_______ how many animal species there are on Earth.
represents
symbol
system
exactly
迁移创新
04
4 What influences did the development of counting methods have on people's daily lives
...
...
Your ideas
The development of counting methods helped people in daily life a lot. Tally sticks were slow, but new systems like Indian numerals made counting fast. This helped in trade (e.g., counting goods), record-keeping (e.g., taxes), and building. Arabic numerals spread globally, making math easier for everyone, even on clocks and in books today.
People used counting rods in ancient China. What do you know about this way of counting Do some research and share your findings with your classmates.
Explore more
考点速递
05
1. Each “stick” (or pebble, or other counting tool) stands for a thing we want to count, such as an animal or a bag of rice.
每根“棍子”（或鹅卵石，或其他计数工具）代表一件我们想计数的东西，比如一只动物或一袋米
stand for 表示 “代表；象征”
A stand(s) for B（A 代表 / 象征 B）。
In math, "x" often stands for an unknown number.
在数学中，“x” 通常代表一个未知数。
The flag stands for the country’s history and culture.
这面旗帜象征着国家的历史和文化。
count
1.计数；计算数量
She counted the coins in her pocket—there were 15 in total.
她数了口袋里的硬币 —— 总共 15 枚。
2. 重要；有价值
In exams, every point counts.
考试中每一分都很重要。
同根词（形容词）
Countable 可数的 uncountable 不可数的 countless 无数的；数不清的
常见短语
count down：倒计时
We counted down the days until summer vacation. 我们倒计时直到暑假。
count on：依靠；指望(初一已学）
You can count on me to help you.
2. Tally sticks are easy to understand, but it can take a long time to write down large numbers.
计数棒很容易理解，但写下大数字可能需要很长时间。
write down 写下；记下
若接代词（如 it/them），需放在 write 和 down 之间（write it down）。
接名词：
Please write down your name and phone number on the paper.
请在纸上写下你的名字和电话号码。
接代词：
The teacher said something important. I need to write it down.
老师说了些重要的话，我得把它记下来。
3. Instead of using tally sticks, people began using different abstract(抽象的) symbols to represent different numbers.
人们开始使用不同的抽象符号来表示不同的数字，而不是使用计数棒。
instead of 代替；而不是 。表示 “用前者取代后者” 或 “不做后者而做前者”。
I drank water instead of juice. 我喝了水，没喝果汁.
He studies at home instead of going out to play. 他在家学习，而不是出去玩。
We can take the bus instead of the taxi. 我们可以坐公交，而不是打车。
与 instead 的区别：
instead of 后接名词 / 动名词（介词短语）；
instead 单独使用，后接句子（副词）。
He didn’t drink juice. Instead, he drank water.他没喝果汁，而是喝了水。
symbol 象征；符号。后常接 of sth.，表示 “…… 的象征”。
The dove is a symbol of peace. 鸽子是和平的象征。
The dragon is an important symbol in Chinese culture.
龙是中国文化中的重要象征。
Gold has long been a symbol of wealth.
黄金长期以来是财富的象征。
represent 代表；象征,描绘；表现
She represents our class in the debate competition. 她代表我们班参加辩论赛。
The logo represents the company’s core values.
这个标志象征着公司的核心价值观。
The painting represents a peaceful countryside scene.
这幅画描绘了宁静的乡村景象。
represent 与 stand for 的核心区别
维度 represent stand for
词性 及物动词（需接宾语） 动词短语（不及物，后接宾语时无需介词）
核心含义 1. 具体代表（如人、组织、概念）
2. 象征、描绘 1. 表示符号、缩写的含义
2. 代表抽象概念
用法侧重 强调 “作为代表履行职责” 或 “用形象表现意义” 侧重 “符号 / 缩写所指代的内容” 或 “抽象象征”
例句对比 He represents the company in Europe.
他在欧洲代表公司。 “UN” stands for the United Nations. “UN” 代表联合国。
是否可用于人 可以（如代表团队、国家） 通常不用于人（更侧重符号 / 概念）
4.Thanks to the Arabs, this way of writing numbers spread to Europe and across the world. Nowadays, they are known as Arabic numerals.
多亏了阿拉伯人，这种数字书写方式传播到了欧洲和世界各地。如今，它们被称为阿拉伯数字
Thanks to 由于，幸亏
across the world 世界各地，全世界
are known as 被称为
be known as 被称为；作为…… 而闻名
后接职业 / 身份：
Beethoven is known as a great composer. 贝多芬被称为伟大的作曲家。
接称号 / 别名：
New York is known as “the Big Apple”. 纽约被称为 “大苹果”。
接特征 / 属性：
The region is known as a land of natural beauty. 该地区以自然美景之地闻名。
拓展辨析：与 be known for /be known to 的区别
搭配 用法及含义 例句
be known as 强调 “以某种身份 / 称号闻名”（as 后接身份、称号） He is known as a scientist.他以科学家的身份闻名。
be known for 强调 “因某种特点 / 事物闻名”（for 后接原因、特征） He is known for his research in physics.他因在物理学领域的研究而闻名。
be known to 表示 “为…… 所熟知”（to 后接认知的对象，如人、群体） The theory is known to most students.大多数学生都知道这个理论。
Cross-curricular connection I Mathematics
If you carefully observe the natural world around you, you may find interesting mathematical patterns!
1 Read the article on Fibonacci numbers and out more about Maths in nature.
Fibonacci was a famous Italian mathematician born in the 12th century. He created many maths problems. The most famous one was about rabbits. Imagine that a pair of rabbits can have two babies every month. After two months, the new rabbits can have babies too. What will happen if you have a pair of newborn rabbits on your farm How will the number of rabbits grow over time Let’s look at the answers this way:
This is the beginning of the Fibonacci sequence(斐波那契数列) . Look at the numbers. Can you see any pattern That's right—each number is the sum of the two previous ones. As we can see, the numbers in the Fibonacci sequence grow very quickly. What numbers come after 8 in the sequence
Month
Number of pairs
2 Find a pine cone and count the spirals. How does the number of spirals illustrate the Fibonacci sequence Think about things around you in nature. Have you ever noticed any interesting patterns
Fibonacci numbers are very special because they show up everywhere. They appear in artworks and famous buildings, and also in living things. In fact, nature likes to follow the Fibonacci sequence. Flower petals (花瓣) often come in Fibonacci numbers. The same thing happens with the spirals(螺旋形)of pine cones (松果) and sunflower seeds. We do not know yet why these numbers are so common, but Fibonacci's discovery can help us understand the natural world.
Project
Making a booklet about numbers
Our world is full of amazing numbers. How much do you know about them In this project, you will explore different types of number in groups and make a class booklet about your findings.
Step 1 Brainstorm some number-related topics in your group Use the following spidergram to help you, write down your own ideas .
Numbers
Step 2 Decide on a topic and then research it.
Step 3 Write a short passage on your topic. Illustrate your passage
with pictures, graphs, etc.
Step 4 As a class, put all your passages together to make a booklet
about numbers.
Wits corner
Number rules the universe.
Pythagoras
回顾总结
06
1,阅读关于数字发展的文章，了解古代不同的计数方法，也明白计数
方式的发展演变。
2，学习和理解本章节出现的单词和句式。
3，跨学科了解斐波那契数列的特点，斐波那契数很特别，在艺术品、
著名建筑、生物等中普遍存在。虽不知其普遍存在原因，但能帮
助理解自然界 。
4，探索不同类型的数字，并制作一本关于你的发现的课堂小册子。
课堂小练
07
一、根据首字母或汉语提示完成单词
1.The central computer s________ can control (控制)all lights in this building.
2. Sichuan opera was first performed in the Tang dynasty in Sichuan and later
d___________ into a popular art form in China.
3. If you go to Xi’an, a(n) a_______ capital of thirteen dynasties, you can’t
miss its places of historical interest.
4.News about the school sports meeting s_____ quickly among the students.
5. As usual, it's time to go to the sea to feed t________ of seabirds there.
6. She asked the children to c____ the number of stars drawn on the blackboard.
7. It’s c_______ for people to feel nervous before a job interview.
8. The flag’s colors r________ the history and culture of the nation.
9. She knew e_______ what to say to comfort her friend in trouble.
10. We can c_____ beautiful cards with colored paper and crayons in art class.
count
common
represent
exactly
create
system
developed
ancient
spread
thousand
一、用单词的适当形式填空
1. The ____ student in line is ______ years old, and he loves drawing cats. (nine)
2. My aunt became a teacher when she was in her _______. (twenty)
3. The _____ grade has eighteen classes, and my friend is in Class _____. (eight)
4. It's easy _______apples because they are _________objects. (count)
5. She drank water instead of _______(eat)eating snacks during the break.
6. The ______ price of the book is 25 yuan, and I _______ have 25 yuan in my wallet. (exact)
7. My pen pal from _____ can speak both English and _____ languages. (India)
8. Rice is _______________(common) food in many Asian countries.
9. My grandpa used ________ (tell) me stories every night before bed.
10. The _____ hopes ________more wonderful cartoons for children, and each
_________ makes kids happy. (create)
to count countable
exact exactly
eating
India Indian
the most common
to tell
creator to create
creation
ninth nine
twenties
eighth Eight
三、完成句子
1.在课上，没有必要把屏 幕上所有的东西都记下来。
In class there is no need to______ ______ all the things on the screen.
2.面对这么多困难，我们 决定继续奋斗，而不是放弃。
Facing so many difficulties, we decide to fight on ______ ____giving up.
3.把一个梦想变成现实 的最好方式就是立刻行动。
The best way to____ _____ _____ _____reality is by acting right away.
4.袁隆平，世界上最伟大的科学家之一，作为 “杂交水稻之父”而出名。
Yuan Longping, one of the greatest scientists in the world,____ ____ ____
“the Father of Hybrid Rice”.
write down
instead of
turn your dream into
is known as
5.罗马数字不如阿拉伯数字常见，也许是因为它们太难使用了！
Roman numerals are not ____ ____ ____Arabic numerals, maybe because they are _____ difficult ____ use!
6.不同的文化有不同的象征，一颗心往往代表爱。
Different cultures have _____ ________, and a heart often ____ _____love.
7.计数棒很容易理解，但写下大数字可能需要很长时间。
Tally sticks are easy ___ ________, but it can take a long time to _____ _____ large numbers.
8.多亏了老师的帮助，我过去数学很差，但现在我擅长了
____ ___my teacher's help, I ___ ____be weak in math, but now I'm good at it.
as common as
too to
different symbols stands for
to understand to write down
Thanks to used to

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