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Unit 4 Once upon a time
Section A (Grammar Focus) 导学案
班级：____________________ 姓名：____________________
一、学习目标
通过本节课的学习，学生能够达成以下目标：
借助对示例句子的观察与分析，精准理解一般过去时的表达意义，并能准确区分其与其他时态的差异（学习理解）；
熟练掌握一般过去时的核心使用规则，包括动词过去式变化、句式结构（肯定句、否定句、疑问句），并能在具体语境中正确运用（应用实践）；
以 “分享喜爱的故事” 为主题，小组合作运用一般过去时完整讲述故事内容，说明喜爱原因，并在班级内进行汇报展示，提升语言运用与表达能力（迁移创新）。
二、学习重难点
重点
明确一般过去时与一般现在时的核心差异及用法：通过 3a 表格分析句子时态，理解一般过去时用于描述过去发生的动作（如 “Did you read...”），一般现在时用于表达当前状态或习惯性动作（如 “Do you know...”）；
掌握一般过去时的基础句式变化，包括肯定句变否定句、一般疑问句及对特定成分提问的方法。
难点
根据语境准确判断时态：结合时间状语（如 yesterday、last night）或上下文逻辑，确定动词的正确形式（如 was、told、built），避免出现时态混用；
在语篇（如短篇故事）中连贯运用一般过去时，确保时态统一且符合情节发展逻辑。
三、课前预习
请完成以下短语翻译练习，为课堂学习做好准备：
为…… 阅读：____________________
选择做某事：____________________
…… 的故事：____________________
告诉某人关于某事：____________________
咬穿：____________________
出去：____________________
对某人说谎：____________________
讲有趣的故事：____________________
要求某人做某事：____________________
承诺做某事：____________________
感到难过：____________________
等待：____________________
使某人做某事：____________________
四、课堂探究
1. 情景导入
（1）思考并分享：你最喜欢的故事是什么？能简要给大家讲讲这个故事吗？（What’s your favorite story Can you share it with us briefly ）
（2）尝试复述《皇帝的新装》（The Emperor’s New Clothes）的故事，补全下列内容（注意使用正确的时态）：
Once upon a time, an emperor _______ clothes very much. He _______ to buy some new clothes. Two _________ came to the city to make special clothes for the emperor. Two brothers _____and _____ to him, “We can ______ wonderful clothes! But only clever people ________them!” The emperor’s officials _______ see the clothes, but they _________, “What lovely clothes!” The emperor ________ see anything either, but he _________, “They’re beautiful!” No one _______ to look silly. The emperor _______ to show everyone his new clothes. People in the street _______them. They ______afraid to look silly too! Suddenly, a boy ________, “Look! The emperor _____ no clothes on!” Everyone _______ at one another. They _______ laughing.
2. 学习理解
（1）阅读下列句子，判断它们使用的时态，并思考每种时态的适用场景：
Did you read Little Women for English class Yes, I did. It is a great book. No, I didn't. We chose a different book.
Do you know the story of The Emperor's New Clothes Yes, I do. It's a funny story! No, I don't. Please tell me about it.
How did the mouse help the lion It bit through the net, and the lion got out.
What did the brothers do They lied to the emperor.
（2）思考：我们在什么情况下使用一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）？结合例子总结适用场景：
① 句中有明确表示过去的时间状语，如____________________（示例：at 9 o'clock yesterday、last night）；
② 讲述____________________（示例：过去的经历、童话故事的情节）；
③ 表示过去____________________（常与 always、often 等频度副词连用，示例：He often played basketball after school when he was a student）。
（3）学习一般过去时的特殊疑问句结构：
① 含系动词 be：特殊疑问词 + was/were + 主语 + 其他？（示例：When was your birthday party last year ）；特殊疑问词（作主语）+was/were + 其他？（示例：Who was late for school this morning ）
② 含实义动词：特殊疑问词 + did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他？（示例：Why did she cry just now ）；特殊疑问词（作主语）+ 动词过去式 + 其他？（示例：Which student answered the question correctly ）
（4）回顾并梳理一般过去时与一般现在时的核心区别，从 “用法、时间状语、动词形式” 三个维度对比：
对比维度 一般过去时 一般现在时
用法 描述过去的动作 / 状态 描述当前状态、习惯或客观事实
时间状语 如 last week、yesterday 如 every day、now
动词形式 用过去式（be 动词用 was/were），无人称变化 有人称变化（三单作主语时动词用三单形式）
3. 应用实践
（1）选择括号内动词的正确形式填空，体会时态差异：
① When I am / was a child, my favourite book is / was Peter Rabbit.
② I usually tell / told funny stories to my friends. But I tell / told them a sad story yesterday, and they cried.
③ The mouse asks / asked the lion not to kill him. He promises / promised to help the lion, and the lion let him go.
④ The two brothers lie / lied to the emperor, but the emperor didn't know that and buy / bought their clothes.
⑤ Usually, people feel / felt sad when they lose / lost something. But the farmer in the story didn't feel sad when he loses / lost his horse.
（2）根据要求改写下列句子，巩固一般过去时的句式变化：
① His sister did homework in the study last night.
否定句：____________________
一般疑问句：____________________
肯定回答：____________________
对划线部分提问（假设划线部分为 “in the study”）：____________________
② Ann did her homework yesterday evening.（改为一般疑问句）
③ She had some bread for lunch today.（改为一般疑问句）
（3）将下列单词重新排列，组成正确的句子（注意时态和标点）：
① Ma Liang, to, the, men, decided, not, draw, for, bad
② Cinderella, where, last night, go, did
③ little red riding hood, in, did, the, meet, wolf, the, forest
④ story, in, the, what, three, did, little, build, pigs
⑤ Change, fly to, the moon, one night
（4）用括号内动词的正确形式补全短文，掌握一般过去时在语篇中的运用：
Once upon a time, a king _______ (ask) an artist to paint him a horse. “Please give me some time,” the artist _______ (answer). The king _______ (wait) for a few months before he _______ (grow) angry. “Where is my painting ” he _______ (ask). Quickly, the artist _______ (paint) a beautiful picture of a horse. The king _______ (say), “I like it! But why did you make me wait so long ” The artist _______ (smile) and _______ (take) the king to his house. There _______ (be) paintings of horses all over! “It _______ (take) me months to learn how to paint a horse well!” he said.
（5）阅读上述短文，完成下列句子，并思考问题：
I like the story because 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________（答案不唯一，合理即可）
思考：Why does the writer like the story What's his favorite story
（6）分析故事中 “国王” 的情感变化，结合时态使用理解情节发展：
开头（请求画家画马）：____________________（情感：期待）
发展（等待数月）：____________________（情感：生气）
高潮（看到画作）：____________________（情感：惊讶）
结尾（明白原因）：____________________（情感：理解）
4. 迁移创新
（1）个人思考：你最喜欢的故事是什么？为什么喜欢它？可从 “故事结局、角色特点、情节设计、蕴含道理” 等方面说明原因。
（2）小组合作任务：
选择一个你喜欢的故事（课内或课外均可，如《龟兔赛跑》《灰姑娘》《神笔马良》等），运用一般过去时完整讲述故事，确保包含 “开头（Beginning）、发展（Rising Action）、高潮（Climax）、下降（Falling Action）、结尾（Ending）” 五个部分；
小组内练习后，推选代表在班级内汇报，汇报时注意：
① 正确使用一般过去时和一般现在时，避免时态错误；
② 用恰当的语气表达人物情感，配合简单的肢体语言和眼神交流；
③ 汇报结束后，其他同学可根据 “内容完整性、时态准确性、表达感染力” 进行评价（可参考星级评价：3 星为优秀，2 星为良好，1 星为需改进）。
五、课堂练习
1. 基础练习（单词、词组与句子翻译）
（1）写出下列短语或单词的英文：
① 逃脱（短语）：____________________ ② 国王（名词）：____________________
③ 艺术家（名词）：____________________ ④ 快速地（副词）：____________________
⑤ 微笑（动词）：____________________ ⑥ 到处（短语）：____________________
⑦ 对某人说谎（短语）：____________________ ⑧ 承诺（动词）：____________________
（2）将下列句子翻译成英文：
① 你在英语课上读过《小妇人》吗？
② 老鼠怎么帮助狮子？
③ 到处都是马的画。
④ 我花了好几个月才学会把马画好。
2. 语法填空（用括号内动词的正确形式填空）
（1）Once upon a time, there _______ (be) three little pigs. The first pig _______ (build) a house of straw (茅草). The second pig built a house of sticks (树枝). The third pig built a strong house of bricks (砖). A big bad wolf _______ (come). He _______ (blow) down the straw and stick houses easily, but couldn’t _______ (break) the brick house. The pigs in the brick house were safe, and the wolf _______ (run) away. The story _______ (tell) us to do things carefully.
（2）Long time ago, there ____ (be) a young man called Ma Liang. He ______ (like) drawing and ______ (draw) pictures everywhere, but he __________ (not have) a paintbrush. One night, an old man _____ (give) him a magic paintbrush. The pictures all ______ (come) alive! From that day, he _____ (use) the paintbrush to help people in need. But a few days later, a bad man ______ (hear) the news, so he ___ (put) Ma Liang’s family in jail and ______ (ask) him to draw a lot of gold for him. In order to save his family, Ma Liang _______ (think) of an idea. He drew a sea on the wall first. Then he drew a golden mountain far away from the sea. Finally, he drew a big ship. The bad man ________ (jump) into the ship. When the ship ______ (sail) to the middle of the sea, Ma Liang drew a large wave and it _________ (destroy) the ship. Finally, Ma Liang ______ (live) happily with his family and ______ (try) to help the poor people.
六、作业布置
1. 基础作业
用思维导图梳理一般过去时的核心用法，包括 “适用场景、动词过去式变化规则、句式结构”，并对比一般现在时的差异，标注关键区别（如时间状语、动词形式）。
2. 进阶作业
分别用第一、第二、第三人称造三个一般过去时的句子，要求时态正确、语义通顺（示例：I visited my grandparents last weekend. / Did you watch a movie yesterday / He finished his homework an hour ago.）。
3. 拓展作业
选取一个你熟悉的故事（如《龟兔赛跑》《灰姑娘》等），分别用 “一般现在时” 和 “一般过去时” 讲述故事的核心情节，对比两种时态在表达效果上的不同（如一般现在时强调普遍性，一般过去时强调过去的具体经历）。
参考答案
1. 课前预习参考答案
read for 2. choose to do sth 3. the story of... 4. tell sb about sth 5. bite through 6. get out 7. lie to sb 8. tell funny stories 9. ask sb to do sth 10. promise to do sth 11. feel sad 12. wait for 13. make sb do sth
2. 情景导入参考答案（补全故事）
liked; wanted; brothers; came; lied; make; can see; couldn't; said; couldn't; said; wanted; decided; praised; were; shouted; has; looked; started
3. 学习理解参考答案（时态适用场景）
（2）① last night、two days ago；② 过去的经历、童话故事的情节；③ 经常或反复发生的动作
4. 应用实践参考答案
（1）动词形式选择：① was; was ② tell; told ③ asked; promised ④ lied; bought ⑤ feel; lose; lost
（2）句子改写：
① 否定句：His sister didn't do homework in the study last night.
一般疑问句：Did his sister do homework in the study last night
肯定回答：Yes, she did.
对划线部分提问：Where did his sister do homework last night
② Did Ann do her homework yesterday evening
③ Did she have any bread for lunch today
（3）连词成句：
① Ma Liang decided not to draw for the bad men.
② Where did Cinderella go last night
③ Did Little Red Riding Hood meet the wolf in the forest （或 Did the wolf meet Little Red Riding Hood in the forest ）
④ What did the three little pigs build in the story
⑤ Change flew to the moon one night.
（4）短文补全：asked; answered; waited; grew; asked; painted; said; smiled; took; were; took
5. 课堂练习参考答案
（1）基础练习：
① ① get out ② king ③ artist ④ quickly ⑤ smile ⑥ all over ⑦ lie to sb ⑧ promise
② ① Did you read Little Women for English class
② How did the mouse help the lion
③ There were paintings of horses all over.
④ It took me months to learn how to paint a horse well.
（2）语法填空：
① were; built; came; blew; break; ran; tells
② was; liked; drew; didn't have; gave; came; used; heard; put; asked; thought; jumped; sailed; destroyed; lived; tried

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