资源简介

(共51张PPT)
Grammar Focus
ADD YOUR TITLE,ADD YOUR TITLE.
ADD YOUR TITLE,ADD YOUR TITLE.
Milo Milo
Revision of Attributive Clauses
1. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria.
2. Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked.
3. Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, which is considered one of the highest international honors a person can receive.
Identify the two types of attributive clauses &
state their functions.
Restrictive
Restrictive
Non-restrictive
课文原句
4. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients.
5. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered.
6. This medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.
Lead-in
Non-restrictive
Non-restrictive
Non-restrictive
give extra information about--
1. 关系代词
（主、宾、定）
2. 关系副词 （状语）
指人：who、whom
指物: which
3.指人和物：
that、whose（定语）
4. 指某一事件: which、as (正如)
when where why
2.引导词
3. 先行词 名词/代词/句子
1. 定语从句的概念及种类
Restrictive
Attributive Clause
PART 01
1. who和whom都指人；who 在从句中作主语和宾语, whom作宾语。
4. whose 在从句中作定语,修饰人或物，意为“……的”，
whose+n 可换作 the+n+of whom/which或者 of whom/which + the + n。
2. which 只指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或介词宾语。
3. that 指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语，亦可作表语。
关系代词
5. 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
1. 先行词指人时，关系代词用_________________, 关系代词在句中作________________。
2. 先行词是物时，用关系代词____________，在从句中作______________。
3.先行词既有人又有物，只能用__________。
4. whose 在从句中作_______，既可以指人，意为“________________”；也可以指物，意为“___________”。
5. 关系代词that, who, whom, which 在定语从句中作_______时可以省略。
主语或宾语
who /whom / that
that / which
主语或宾语
定语
某(些)人的……
某物的……
宾语
that
关系代词
关系代词
1) A plane is a machine ___________ can fly.
2) The car _______________ my uncle bought last
week was stolen.
3) The students _____________ don’t study hard
will not pass the exam.
4) The woman ___________________ you saw in
the park is our English teacher.
which/that
(which/that)
who/that
(whom/who/that)
区分that和which
Practice
1.The terrible typhoon killed the people and cattle
_______ were in the fields.
2.The wind blew down the tallest tree ______ is in
front of our school gate.
3.This is the very thing ______ I was looking for.
4.This is the second novel ______ I have ever read.
5.There is nothing in the world _______ can frighten me.
6.Who is the man _______ is reading under the tree
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
只能用that，不能用which的情况
① 不定代词，如 something, anything，nothing，everything，all，much，few，any，little , none等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
② 先行词有the only，the very，the just, the right等修饰时，只用that。
③ 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。
④ 先行词既有人，又有物时。
⑤ 当主句是以who 或which 开头的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。
Conclusion
区分that和which
只用which而不用that的情况
①非限制性定语从句只用which而不能用that。
He wrote a book , _________ is on how to learn English well.
非限制性定语从句
He wrote a book which/that is on how to learn English well.
限制性定语从句
②在介词提前的定语从句中，只用which而不用that。
This is the place in ___________ Lu Xun used to live.
which
which
关系代词whose的用法
1) A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. (孤儿)
2) They live in a house , whose windows face south.
the windows of which
=of which the windows
3) I’m painting a house, the roof ____________is round.
of which
the parents of whom
=of whom the parents
关系代词as引导的定语从句
(1) as用于限制性定语从句
He is such a respectable man as we all respect .
He is such a respectable man that we all respect him.
This is the same wallet as he lost yesterday.
This is the same wallet that he lost yesterday.
(2)as用于非限制性定语从句，表示“正如，像……一样” ，其位置可放在主句前面，也可放在后面。而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面，且无“正如”之意。
He came back home late, as we expected.
As is pointed out, this is a grammar problem.
As is known to us all, he is the tallest student in our class.
这和我昨天丢的那块表一样。
这正是我昨天丢的那块表。
连词that，引导结果状语从句，在从句中不做成分。
关系代词as，引导定语从句，在句中作主/宾。
常与as连用的词有 know, see, expect, point out 等。
当先行词被so, such 所修饰时，关系代词只能用as。
关系副词
1.当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。
表时间用when，表地点用where，表原因用why引导。
1)He will always remember the day when(=on which) his father
returned from America.
2)The factory where(=in which) his father works is the largest one in this city.
3) I don’t know the reason why(=for which) he was absent today.
关系副词 被指代的先行项 在从句中做的成分
When (=at, on ,in, during which) 表示时间的名词 时间状语
Where（=in, at which) 表示地点、场合等的名词 地点状语
Why(=for which) 表示原因的名词 原因状语
关系副词
2. 1 抽象地点名词+关系副词where (介词+ which)
当先行词是case, stage, degree, point, situation, atmosphere，condition， environment ，race等抽象地点名词时。
They have reached the point _____________ they have to separate with each other.
2) Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ___________________ they live.
3) Life is like a long race _______________ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
where
where
where
= to which
= in which
= in which
关系副词
2.2 时间名词+关系副词when (介词+which)
当先行词是time, day, week, month, year, moment等抽时间类的名词时。
It was a time ____________ I didn’t understand what death meant.
2) I’ll never forget the day ____________ I was trapped in a burning house.
3) Do you still remember the day _____________ we took the first aid course
= during which
when
when
when
= on which
= on which
关系副词
2.3 the reason+关系副词why (for which)
当先行词是the reason 时，关系副词用why, 可替换为for which.
It was the reason __________ he was absent from the meeting.
2) It was the reason _______________ he explained for his absence from the meeting.
3) The reason __________ he was absent was ________ he was out of condition.
why
(which/that)
why
that
关系副词
3.关系代词和关系副词的区别 (★主要看其在定语从句中的功能)
1. I’ll never forget the days______ we worked together.
2. I’ll never forget the days _______ we spent together.
3. I went to the place______ I worked ten years ago.
4. I went to the place ______________ I visited ten years ago.
5. This is the reason ________ he was late.
6.This is the reason __________________ he explained for his absence from the seminar.
when
(which)
where
(which/that)
why
(which/that)
作时间状语
作宾语
作地点状语
作宾语
作原因状语
作宾语
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
1.“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which、whom或whose。
1) This is the school in which you will study.
2) I have no money with which I can buy a dictionary.
3) This is the teacher from whom you’ll learn English.
4)The gentleman about whom you told me just now proved to be a thief.
5）My English teacher, without whose help I couldn’t have made so much progress, is my role model.
1.与先行词的搭配关系
1）I will never forget the day _________ I joined the army.
2) I will never forget the days ______________ I worked in the school.
3) I will never forget the year _________ my son went to college.
4) I will never forget the school __________ I studied.
5) He came to a farm, _________ he finally settled (安顿).
on which
during which
in which
in which
on which
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
2. 介词的选用至少要考虑以下的两个因素
关系副词
2. 与从句中谓语动词的固定搭配
1）Have you found the book __________ I paid $29
Have you found the book ________ I spent $29
Have you found the book __________ we learnt a lot
Do you know the man ____________ she often talks
This is the boy ___________ I take pride.
for which
on which
from which
about whom
in whom
定语从句的谓语动词在人称和数上必须与先行词保持一致。
★Tom is one of the students who ___________ (be) admitted to Peking University in the school so far.
★Tom is the only one of the students who ___________ (be) admitted to Peking University in the school in the past three years.
定语从句中的主谓一致
have been
has been
Non-Restrictive
Attributive Clause
PART 02
非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明，去掉之后，意思明确，与主句通常用 “，”隔开，把非限制性定语从句放在句子中，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉之后，主句意思不明确。
先行词不唯一，缩小范围，限定。
先行词唯一，没必要限定，为附加说明。
限制性定从和非限制性定从的区分
1). 形式不同
I love my girlfriend, who is beautiful.
I love my girlfriend who is beautiful.
I love China, which is a great country.
I love China which is a great country.
Which one is reasonable(合理的)
2). 意思不同
限制性定从
关代: that, which, who, whom, as
关副: when, where, why
=介词+which
关形: whose
= of which, of whom
3). 引导词不同
___________________________
非限制性定从
关代: that, which, who, whom, as
关副: when, where, why
=介词+which
关形: whose
= of which, of whom
for which
The car, which I bought last year, does not work.
The car, I bought last year, does not work.
The car I bought last year does not work.
The car which/that I bought last year does not work.
4). 引导词的省略不同
限制性定从中，关系代词作宾语时可省略。
非限制性定从中，关系代词作宾语，不可省略。
True or False
√
√
√
Huang Chudong won the first prize in the pull-up competition, which surprised us.
The People's Republic of China has existed(存在) for 70 years, as we all know.
5). 先行词不同
非限制性定从的先行词可以为整个句子。
限制性定从的先行词不可为整个句子。
As we all know, the People's Republic of China has existed(存在) for 70 years.
as
位置：可置于主句前、中、后。
先行词：通常为整个主句
含义：“正如，如同”
___________________________
which
位置：置于主句之后
先行词：可以是主句中的一个词、主句的部分内容、甚至整个主句
含义：“这，那（件事）”
as和which引导非限制性定从的区别：
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式上 ________逗号 ________逗号
意义上 去掉后句意 ________ 去掉后句意_____
作用上 修饰限制 可修饰_________ 补充说明
可修饰___________
不完整
不用
用
完整
先行词
或一整个主句
先行词
Distinctions
Tips：that， why 不能在非限制性定语从句中使用
指人 指物 在定语从句中作的成分
who √ 主语
whom √ 宾语
which √（或指代整个主句） 主语 宾语
whose √ √ 定语
非限制性定语从句中的关系词
指地点 指时间 在定语从句中的作用
where √ 地点状语
when √ 时间状语
Tips：that， why 不能在非限制性定语从句中使用
关系副词
关系代词
1.________ we all know, the earth travels around the sun.
2. Tom won the competition, ______ we had expected.
3. Global warming, _____we all know, has caused a lot of natural disasters.
as引导非限制性定语从句， 表“正如”，指主句，可放在句首，句中或主句后。
_______________________
___________________
____________
___________
_______________
As
as
as
as 常见搭配
as is known to all 众所周知
as you know 正如你所知道的那样
as is expected 正如所预料的那样
as we expected 正如我们所期待的
as has been mentioned above 正如上面所提到的
as is reported / said 正如报道/所说的那样
★as is often the case (with sb./sth.) 通常；就像...一样
4. These apple trees, _______ I planted three years ago, have not produced any fruits.
5. The lazy boy got the highest score in the test, ________ surprised me.
6. John passed the exam, ________ made his parents wild with joy.
7. He said that he had never seen her before, ________is not true.
which引导非限制性定语从句，表“这、这件事”，通常放在所修饰的先行词或句子后
____________
________________________________
________________
______________________________
which
which
which
which
The students in our class, many of whom are not bad at Maths, want to improve their Maths.
China has 34 provinces, some of which are pretty poor.
all/some/many.../数词等+of which/whom
为非限制性定从，限制性定从没有这种结构
She is the scientist without whose help we couldn’t have completed the research project on time.
My head teacher, without whose help I couldn’t have made so much progress, is highly thought of by all my classmates.
难点：without whose help 引导的定语从句的虚拟语气
Exercises
PART 03
错漏“摆”出
1. People are excited to meet Zhai Zhigang, he
was the first Chinese to walk in space .
2. Many Chinese will never forget May 12th,
2008, when a big earthquake happened in
Sichuan then.
3. Which is shown on TV, many children
suffered a lot from the polluted milk.
he
who
then
去掉
Which
As
错漏“摆”出
4. Lin Hao is a hero, who we should learn from.
5. China got the most gold medals in the
Olympics, that makes people excited.
6. I dream of going to Beijing, which the 29th
Olympic Games was held.
who
whom
that
which
which
where/ in which
Hangzhou is a beautiful city, _____________
people can visit the famous West Lake.
2. Beijing, _________ is the capital of China,
has a very long history.
3. ______ is known to all, he is the best student.
4. The young man had a new girl friend,
________ is a pop star.
Exercises
which
As
who
where/in which
5. I should thank my teacher, with ______
help, I solved the problem.
6. He once worked on the Bird’s Nest,
____ _______ his son is proud.
whose
of
which
易错对比练习
1. 1)Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer．
2)Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer．
2. 1) It was eleven o’clock _____ they went out of the cinema.
2) It was at eleven o’clock _____ they went out of the cinema.
3 .1) It was in the hospital____ he came across a friend of his.
2)It was the hospital ____ he came across a friend of his.
4. 1). We should go to the place ________ we are most needed.
2). We should go to the place ________ needs us most.
5. 1). Mother didn't come back on December 25, _____was my birthday.
2). Mother didn't come back home on December 25, _____she was busy working.
whom
them
when
that
where
that
where
which/that
which
when
主从复合句
并列句
定语从句
强调句
强调句
定语从句
作状语
作主语
作主语
作状语
6.1). This is the room _____ he lived in his childhood.
2). This is the room _____ he lived in last year.
7. 1) The teacher didn’t know the reason _______ she was absent yesterday
2) The teacher couldn’t accept the reason ___________ she explained yesterday
8.1) We must learn to act in ways ___________ do not harm other living things.
2) I don’t like the way _______________ he spoke to his mother.
3) This is the way ____________ he thought of to solve the problem.
9.1).He is such a good teacher _______ we all like.
2). He is such a good teacher ________ we all like him.
3). He is a good teacher, ________ makes us respect him.
10. 1)Rice doesn’t grow well ________ there is not enough water.
2)I still remember the farm _________ my parents worked ten years ago.
where
which
why
which/that
which/that
that/in which/不填
which/that
as
that
which
where
where
作状语
状语从句
作宾语
作状语
作宾语
作主语
作状语
作宾语
定语从句
先行词被so/such 修饰，关系代词用as。 so/so...that是结果状语从句
定语从句
11. 1)______ is known is that he has gone to college.
2)______ is known that he has gone to college.
3 )______ is known, he has gone to college.
4)We all know _____ he has gone to college.
5)He has gone to college, ______ made us surprised.
6)He has gone to college and ______ made us surprised.
7) He has gone to college, _______ surprised us.
8)______ surprised us most was ______ he has gone to college.
12. 1)He arrived in Beijing in 1984, _______ he became a manager some years later.
2) He arrived in Beijing in 1984, _______ was important for him.
3) He arrived in Beijing in 1984, ________ he was already in his fifties.
4)It was in 1984 ______ he arrived in Beijing.
It
What
As
that
it
which
What
which
that
where
which
when
that
what引导主从
It作形式宾语
as引导非限定从
that引导宾从
which引导非限定从
并列句
which引导非限定从
what引导主从；that引导表从
强调句
The book tells us about Alexander Fleming.
He discovered penicillin.
The book tells us about Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin.
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) was a Scottish scientist who discovered penicillin in 1928 at St. Mary's Hospital in London.
Exercise P 5
1. We were very impressed by the old man. He was not willing to acknowledge defeat.
We were very impressed by the old man, who he was not willing to acknowledge defeat.
2. Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany. Hitler was in power there.
Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany, where Hitler was in power there.
3. There is nothing we can do to help Linda. Her circumstances are beyond our control.
There is nothing we can do to help Linda, whose her circumstances are beyond our control.
4. The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favourite novelist, J.K. Rowling. It inspired us a lot.
The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favourite novelist, J.K Rowling, which inspired us a lot.
5. The building under construction was designed by I. M. Pei—a famous Chinese-American architect. He was born in Guangzhou, China.
The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei—a famous Chinese-American architect, who was born in Guangzhou, China.
6. I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart. It was a big challenge for me.
I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart, which it was a big challenge for me.
flow chart
流程图

展开更多......

收起↑