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(共33张PPT)
Discovering useful structures
Unit 1
PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT
To practice the vocabulary.
To learn to use non-restrictive relative clauses.
To make sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses.
Warm-up
Build up your vocabulary
Watch the video and get to know something about malaria.
Practice
Write down the word that matches each definition. Then find the sentences containing these words in the text.
1. _________ cook something in very hot water
2. _________ relating to plants
3. _________ qualities or characteristics of something
4. _________ a kind of substance that flows freely, such as water or milk
5. _________ physical material that exists
boil
botanical
properties
liquid
substance
1 boil: “They then tried boiling fresh wormwood… but this did not work either.”
2 botanical: In 1969, she... to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease.”
3 properties: “Her team examined… for their medical properties.”
4 liquid: They then tried… using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, …”
5 substance: “Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked.”
Practice
Write down the word that matches each definition. Then find the sentences containing these words in the text.
Practice
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the box.
botanical, boil, property, liquid, substance
Tu Youyou and her team first tried ________ sweet wormwood and used the ________ obtained, only to find it didn't work since its medical _________ were destroyed. It was not until she used a lower temperature that the ______________ named artemisinin, a __________ treatment for malaria, was successfully extracted.
boiling
liquid
properties
substance
botanical
Practice
Guess the meaning of the underlined words. Then fill in the blanks with words that have the same roots.
1. The two flowers are quite distinct from one another, so it is easy to make a _________ between them.
2. Scientists need to ________ how the new material stands up to wear and tear to prove how valuable it is.
3. A talented scientist well known for his ___________ to his country, Huang Danian committed himself to his research in geophysics.
distinction
evaluate
commitment
Practice
Guess the meaning of the underlined words. Then fill in the blanks with words that have the same roots.
4. A: Did you come to any conclusions
B: Yes, we __________ that by drawing out the extract at a low temperature, we could find the substance that we needed to complete the experiment.
5. She spends a lot of time _________ her patients' dreams. This analysis is very helpful, explaining their daily behavior very well.
concluded
analysing
Practice
Read the passage about Lu Xun. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the box.
insist, obtain, objective, acknowledge, apparently, crucial
Lu Xun, ____________ as one of the greatest modern writers in China, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province in 1881. In 1904, he went to Japan and became a medical student, with the ___________ of improving people's health and saving lives. However, he changed his mind when he saw in a photo a Chinese man about to be killed by a Japanese soldier. It struck him that the other Chinese men in the photo _________ did not care about what was happening to their fellow countrymen.
acknowledged
objective
apparently
Practice
Read the passage about Lu Xun. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the box.
insist, obtain, objective, acknowledge, apparently, crucial
From this, he concluded that the _________ problem in China was not physical illness, but the spiritual illness of people at that time. Following this, he quit medical school. When he returned to China in 1908, he ________ a teaching job. In 1917, a friend ________ that he help write for a magazine called New Youth. That was how his first famous short story A Madman's Diary got published.
crucial
obtained
insisted
Practice
Further discussion
What was Lu Xun’s original objective
What made him change his mind
If you were him, would you change your mind Why
Which of his great qualities can be inferred from the passage
Presentation
Describe the pictures, using relative clauses.
the doctor
make a speech
The doctor who is making a speech is Zhong Nanshan.
修饰限制
restrictive relative clauses
the research
Tu Youyou’s team
The research which Tu Youyou’s team has done is great.
Presentation
Describe the pictures, using relative clauses.
The novel, which I read last night, is very interesting.
补充说明
the novel
last night
interesting
non-restrictive relative clauses
admire
wears a big smile
I admire Lily, who always wears a big smile.
Lily
Presentation
Non-restrictive attributive clause
一、非限制性定语从句的用法
非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系并不十分密切，只是对主句的内容或先行词进行补充、解释或附加说明，缺少也不会影响对全句的理解。它与主句或先行词之间一般用逗号隔开，常常单独翻译，没有它，主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as, which, who, whom, whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when, where等，作定语从句的状语。
关系代词和关系副词在非限制性定语从句中一般不能省略，注意：that, why 不用来引导非限制性定语从句。
The sun, which rises in the east, gives us heat and light.
太阳从东方升起，带给我们光和热。
二、非限制性定语从句应注意的问题
Presentation
Non-restrictive attributive clause
1. 关系代词 as 和 which
(1) 关系代词 as 和 which 既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。as 在从句中作主语或宾语，as 引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可指代主句的整个内容。
As is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth.
众所周知，月球绕着地球转。
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
出乎我们意料的是，天气变得非常好。
二、非限制性定语从句应注意的问题
Presentation
Non-restrictive attributive clause
1. 关系代词 as 和 which
(2)当定语从句放在主句后面时，as也并非永远等于which。
①当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用 which。
He came here very late, which was unexpected.
让人没想到的是，他来得非常晚。
②当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态，如：be known, be said, be reported, be announced等。如果从句中的动词是主动语态，一般用which 作主语。
She has been absent again, as is expected.
她又缺席了，这在意料之中。
二、非限制性定语从句应注意的问题
Presentation
Non-restrictive attributive clause
③ as 常用在 as seems likely, as often happens, as was said earlier, as I
remember, as I understand, as appears 等结构中，意思是“正如……”。
Jack has won the first prize, as often happens.
正如经常发生的那样，杰克得了一等奖。
She has read widely in Romantic literature, as appears from her essay.
她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学，这从她的文章中可以看出来。
④ as 仍然保持作连词时常用的含义，意思是“和……一样”。
David is very tall, as are my brothers.
戴维很高，我的兄弟们也一样高。
二、非限制性定语从句应注意的问题
Presentation
Non-restrictive attributive clause
as is known to all 众所周知
as you know 正如你所知道的那样
as is expected 正如所预料的那样
as we expected 正如我们所期待的
as has been mentioned above 正如上面所提到的
as is reported / said 正如报道/所说的那样
as 常见搭配
二、非限制性定语从句应注意的问题
Presentation
Non-restrictive attributive clause
2. 大多数关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，但 that 一般不用来引导非限制性定语从句。
误：Wang Fang passed her exam, that surprised me a great deal.
正：Wang Fang passed her exam, which surprised me a great deal.
3. 关系代词的省略情况。不同的关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中，所有的关系词均不可省略。
This is the pen (which / that) I bought yesterday.
这是我昨天买的钢笔。
The pen, which I bought yesterday, has been given to my friend.
我昨天买的笔，现已送给我的朋友了。
二、非限制性定语从句应注意的问题
Presentation
Non-restrictive attributive clause
4.“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋ which”有时还可以与关系副词 where, when, why 等互换；“介词＋ whom / whose” 在定语从句中没有与之对应的关系词可替代。
He came to a farm, on which (where) he finally settled down.
他来到一个农场，并最终在那里定居。
Presentation
Non-restrictive attributive clause
三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的不同
(1) 限制性定语从句常紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，主、从句之间不用逗号隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号隔开，并且as引导的非限制性定语从句还可放在主句之前。
His friend who works in Beijing visited him yesterday. (限制性定语从句)
His father, who works in Beijing, returned yesterday. (非限制性定语从句)
As you know, I don’t like going out at weekends. (非限制性定语从句)
Presentation
Non-restrictive attributive clause
三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的不同
(2)限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的
先行词既可以是单个的名词或代词，也可以是整个句子。
He studied hard at school when he was young, which led to his success in his later life.
(3)that可用来引导限制性定语从句，但一般不用来引导非限制性定语从句；引导限制性定语从句的关系代词，如果在从句中作宾语，口语中常可以省略；
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，即使在从句中作宾语，一般也不省略。
His English, which used to be very poor, is now excellent.
(句中 which 不可换成 that)
This morning I met Tom, whom I hadn’t seen for ages. (句中 whom 一般不省略)
Presentation
Non-restrictive attributive clause
三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的不同
(4)翻译时限制性定语从句通常被翻译到先行词的前面，而非限制性定语从句常常单独译成一句话放在主句之后，用来补充说明主句。
The new bicycle which my brother rides was bought this year.
(限制性定语从句)
我哥哥骑着的那辆新自行车是今年买的。
My brother rides a new bike, which was bought this year.
(非限制性定语从句)
我哥哥骑着一辆新自行车，这辆自行车是今年买的。
Practice
Read the following sentences and underline the relative clauses. Then name the two types of clauses and state their functions.
1. They tested hundreds of Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against the disease.
restrictive, describe the kind of medical treatments they tested
2. Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, which is considered one of the highest international honors a person can receive.
non-restrictive, give extra information about Nobel Prize
3. Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients.
non-restrictive, give extra information about Hainan
4. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered.
non-restrictive, give extra information about the patients
Practice
Read the following sentences and underline the relative clauses. Then name the two types of clauses and state their functions.
Practice
Rewrite the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses.
The book tells us about Alexander Fleming. He discovered penicillin.
The book tells us about Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin.
Practice
Rewrite the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses.
1. We were very impressed by the old man. He was not willing to acknowledge defeat.
We were very impressed by the old man, who was not willing to acknowledge defeat.
2. Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany. Hitler was in power there.
Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany, where Hitler was in power.
Practice
Rewrite the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses.
3. There is nothing we can do to help Linda. Her circumstances are beyond our control.
There is nothing we can do to help Linda, whose circumstances are beyond our control.
4. The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favorite novelist, J.K. Rowling. It inspired us a lot.
The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favorite novelist, J.K. Rowling, which inspired us a lot.
Practice
Rewrite the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses.
5. The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei—a famous Chinese-American architect. He was born in Guangzhou, China.
The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei—a famous Chinese-American architect, who was born in Guangzhou, China.
6. I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart. It was a big challenge for me.
I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart, which was a big challenge for me.
Practice
Filling in the blanks with proper words
一、单句语法填空。
1. Mr Smith, _______native language is English, can speak Chinese fluently.
2. We will be shown around the city, schools and some other places, _______
other visitors seldom go.
3. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% of
________ are sold abroad.
4. is known to all, Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize twice for her
great scientific discoveries.
whose
where
which
As
Practice
Filling in the blanks with proper words
5. This is Mr Smith, _______ I think has something interesting to tell you.
6. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________, of
course, made the others unhappy.
7. I have invited some friends to the party, most of _______ are from abroad.
8. There are two buildings, the larger of _______stands nearly a hundred feet
high.
9. The children, _____ wanted to play football, were disappointed when
it rained.
10. He likes Paris, ______ he has lived for a long time.
who
which
whom
which
who
where
Practice
Questions from college entrance examination
1. Consequently, she succeeded in making a kind of candy only using natural sweeteners, ________ can reduce oral bacteria. (2019 北京)
2. Many young people, most of _______ were well educated, headed for
remote regions to chase their dream. (2016 江苏)
3. That summer, ______ the other teams enjoyed their vacations, we met
every day and practised passing and kicking the football. (2018 天津)
4. My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York
at the moment. (2017 天津)
which
whom
when
whose

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