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词性变化及运用
构词法主要有:合成法，转化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法。
①合成法：由两个词合成。如：black+board=blackboard
②转换法：有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，把一种词性用作另
一种词性而词义不变的方法。
如：Let’s walk. / Let’s go for a walk. walk v.走路 n.散步
③派生法：在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或
截然相反的新词。
如：happy→unhappy ,help→helpful / helpless
④混成法：也称为混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。
后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。
如：smoke and fog→smog 烟雾，helicopter airport→heliport 直升飞机场
⑤截短法：将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等
形式。 如：telephone→phone ， kilogram→kilo
⑥词首字母缩略法： 如：television→TV
合成法
类别 例词
复合名词 greenhouse;horse-riding;sightseeing;sunbathing;cookbook;breakdow
n;
income;make-up;feedback;mother-in-law
复合形容词 full-time;hard-hearted;open-minded;quick-witted;three-year-old;
tax-free;airtight;well-behaved;worn-out;home-made;self-confident
复合动词 overcome;sunbathe;daydream;sleepwalk;understand
复合代词 something;anyone;nobody;everything;whatever
复合副词 somewhere;nowadays;otherwise;sometimes;moreover;downstairs
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派生法
(1) 常见否定前缀
前缀 意义 例词
ab- 去掉，离去 abuse
abs- absent
un- 不；未；表相反 unable,unlock,unknown,unfriendly,unhealthy,uncorrected
dis- 不；非；相反； disagree,disappear,discover,dislike,disadvantage,
disable/disabled/disability
mis- 坏/错的；错误地 misuse,misunderstand,mistake
in- incorrect,inactive,inexpensive,inconvenient
im- 不；非；相反的 impossible,impolite,impatient
ir- irregular
il- illegal
(2) 形容词后缀
后缀 意义 例词
-ful 充满...的； useful,careful,hopeful,helpful,thankful,powerful,wonderful,
harmful,cheerful,peaceful,sorrowful 悲伤的 有...性质的
-less 没有，无 useless,careless,hopeless,helpless,homeless,tasteless,fearless
-ous 有...性质的 nervous,courageous,dangerous (endangered 濒临灭绝的),
/-ious fame-famous,mountainous;curious,ambitious
-ent/-ant differ-different,confident,import-important
-al/-ial 与...有关的 personal,musical,national,environmental,natural
facial,artificial
-able walkable,reasonable,valuable,changeable
可...的；
/-ible flexible
能...的；
-ive ...倾向的； active,creative,image-imaginative,expense-expensive,
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...性质的 decorate-decorative
-ate 充满...的； fortunate,considerate,passionate
有...性质的
-ed 有...的；有...特征 pleased,talented,polluted,aged,cultured
的；被..的
-ing 使人...的 amazing,challenging,encouraging
-en 由...构成的 golden,woolen,wooden
-ern 表示方向 eastern,southern,western,northern
-ic/-ical 与...有关的 economic,specific,historical,classical
-y 充满...的； lucky,cloudy,foggy,sleepy,hairy,messy,sticky
有...特性的
-ly 具有...性质 friendly,lively,weekly
（3）副词后缀
后 意义 例词
缀
-ly 以...方式 slowly,happily,angrily,hurriedly,widely,truly,probable-probably
（4）名词后缀
形容词 名词 & 动词 名词 & 名词 名词
后缀 意义 例词
-ness ...性质/状态 happiness,sadness,laziness,carelessness,blindness,kindness
-ion celebration,discussion,pollution,decoration,invention,operation,
...行为；
/-sion education；decision；
...状态
/-ition competition；
/-ation invitation,relaxation
-ment ...的行为/结果 development,movement,agreement,advertisement,achievement
-ence/ 表行动/状况 difference,confidence,importance,absence；
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-ance performance,appearance
-ity/-ty ...特征 personality,equality,safety
-ibility 可...性；易..性 ability,possibility,flexibility,responsibility
-th 表动作/过程 truth,death,growth,width
/状态
-eer 与...有关的人 engineer,pioneer,volunteer
-er ...的人/物 teacher,worker,farmer,driver,writer,reporter,winner,owner,
manger,loser,foreigner
-or ...的人/物 actor,visitor,inventor,survivor,creator,sailor
-ess 女... actress,hostess,goddess,waitress
-ist 从事...的人 scientist,artist,tourist,socialist,dentist,violinist
-an(-ian ...地方的 Rome-Roman,Asia-Asian ; magic-magician,
或-ean) 人；精通...的 music-musician,Europe-European
人
-arian 相信/实行... library-librarian ,vegetable-vegetarian,humanity-humanitarian
的人
-ing 行动/过程的产物 beginning,building,saying,painting,meaning,training
-al 表过程/状态 arrive-arrival,survive-survival,refuse-refusal,propose-proposal
-ary 与...有关的人/物 dictionary,secretary,boundary
-dom 表状态/职位 wisdom,freedom,boredom,kingdom
-ure ...的行动/过程 pleasure,failure,creature,closure
-y ...的动作/过程 discovery,inquiry,jealousy
-ship 表状态/性质/职位 friendship,championship,scholarship,membership
-hood ...状态；集体 childhood,livelihood,neighborhood
（5）动词词缀
词缀 意义 例词
-ize 成为/使 realize,computerize,modernize,memorize,criticize
-en 使/变得/使成 shorten,widen,sharpen,worsen,weaken,broaden
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en- 使处于...状态； enable,enrich,endanger,encourage,enlarge
em- 使成为 empower (em-用于以 b,m,p 开头的单词前)
-ify 变得/变成 simplify,classify,beautify
（6）其他词缀
词缀 意义 例词
re- 又,再,重新；返回 reuse,recall,retell,review,recover
inter- 在...之间；相互 Internet,international,interview
over- 超... overweight,overcrowded,overpopulation
tele- 远距离的；远程的 telephone,telegraph,television,telescope
super- 超级... superman,superstar,supermarket
under- 在下面；不足 undersea,underwear,underline
trans- 横穿；超越；成 translate,transport,transplant
为（另一种状态）
micro- 微小的 microwave
a- 处于...状态 asleep
auto- 自动的；自己的 automatic,autobiography
eco- 生态的 ecosystem
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【Essential exercises】
一、请为下列单词加上适当的前缀或后缀构成新词，并写出该词的中文意思。
1.agree________________________ 2.able ________________________
3.patient________________________ 4.understand______________________
5.national________________________ 6. hope ________________________
7.expense________________________ 8.music________________________
9.care _______________________ 10.home________________________
11. educate________________________ 12.safe ________________________
二、用所给单词的适当形式完成句子。
1. These interesting cultural differences can__________(rich)our English learning.
2.The number of people invited to the party was fifty,but one______(five) of them
were absent for different reasons.
3.For a_______(foreign) like me,the more I learn about Chinese history,the more I
enjoy living in China.
4. The result of the singing_______(compete) will be announced by them this
afternoon.
5. After the________(operate), the old man didn’t walk with a stick any longer
6. After reading the newspaper,we know the_________(true)about the accident.
7.We are supposed to admire scientists that contribute their life to the______(develop)
of our country.
8. Our teacher looked angry and said to us_______(angry), “Stop talking."
9. Our government is doing something useful to solve the___________(environment)
problems.
10.It`s really___________(possible) for a pig to fly in the sky.
三、用所给词适当形式填空。
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1. Li Ping is good at _________. ( draw)
2. Alice prefers to do some__________. (shop)
3. Mary is my _______ sister and she is 2 years _________ than I . (old)
4. Excuse me, what is the ____________ of this word (mean)
5. All the __________ of the game will be given a nice present tomorrow. ( win)
6. The video game machine is so __________ that all of us are _________ in it.
(interest)
7. We are_________ thankful for all your help.(true)
8. Our life today is much _________than before. (good)
9. December is the_________ month of a year. (twelve)
puters are becoming more and more________ in our life.( use)
11. " Don't play football in the street." The policeman shouted at the children
________. (angry)
12. Did you enjoy ___________at yesterday's party (you)
13. What is the __________ of the parcel (post)
14. Every morning my grandpa spends half an hour _________the flowers. (water)
puters can work out problems far ___________than human beings. (quick)
16. Mary is the __________ of three sisters. (old)
17. The little girl plays the piano ____________. (wonder)
18. Who was the ___________ of the high jump (win)
19. When he was only 3 years old, he started hard __________with his father. (train)
20. Now more and more ___________are coming to visit China from other
countries.(visit)
21. I found his ____________pen under the table. (lose)
22. Have you received Mary's _____________ (invite)
23. Alice bought 2 hula hoops instead of two _____________of bread. (loaf)
24. We must not only think _____________.(we)
25. The boy is sitting in his seat ____________. (quiet)
26. Today is his _______________ birthday. (eighty)
27. Tom can throw ___________ than I. (far)
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28. He started_____________ the piano at the age of four. (play)
29. Children should do some housework. It is also a way of _____________.(relax)
30. "It is never too late to learn" is a Chinese ____________.(say)
31. Don't believe her. I can ________say that she did not tell us the _________. (true)
32. It is raining _____________. You must drive carefully. (heavy)
33. My deskmate looks _____________, for he failed in the English test. (happy)
34. How______________ he has got the first prize. (luck)
35. The old lady looked ____________ at me. (angry)
36. Many animals are so ______________ to us. (help)
37. We are going to have a ___________ about this problem.(discuss)
38. Don't take it away. It is an ___________ test paper.( correct)
39. The famous ___________ can speak 3 languages. (science)
40. These artists use _______things or men as their models. They draw pictures____
well. (real)
41. My daughter looks much________________ than her deskmate. (health)
42. Some ____________ are interested in Chinese food. (Germany)
43. The teacher ___________ the matter just now. ( discussion)
44. All of you must hand in your ____________ after class. (paper)
45. The weather report says it is _____________. (cloud)
46. Of all the boxes, the one in the corner is the ________________. (heavy)
47. All of them are ___________ to their new ____________. (friend)
48. I am not used to the weather here. It is ____________. (change)
49. He is a ___________ scientist. He comes from ______________. (German)
50. I know these____________ over there quite well. (fish )
51. We want to have a talk with your ________________. (manage)
52. Is it ____________to collect stamps (use)
53. The old man likes to live in a______place. Now he is sitting there______. (quiet)
54. Please help ______________to the cake. (you)
55. Our Chinese teacher has some ___________papers_______________.(correct)
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【Homework】
一、Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms.
1. Nobody taught Jenny history when she was young. She taught ________. (she)
2. The English newspaper China ________ is too difficult for students to read. (day)
3. Well done! You have answered all the questions ________. (correct)
4. “It’s a ________ to meet you.” said the boy to his friend. (please)
5. The earthquake took place in Sichuan Province on the ________ of May, 2008.
(twelve)
6. Reading different kinds of books can ________ our knowledge and broaden our
mind. (rich)
7. Jack runs most ________ in our class. He often gets prizes in the sports meeting.
(quick)
8. The general ________ of that new company is a quite young lady. (manage)
9. The weather in London is ________, so you should take an umbrella with you.
(change)
10. First prize will go to the best ________ this evening. (perform)
11. It is ________ and more convenient to travel by underground than by taxi. (cheap)
12. It is known to all that “Melamine”is very ________ to people’s health. (harm)
12. Who is the ________ of this digital camera (own)
13. The local government is taking actions to stop ________ the river. (pollution)
14. Mr. Smith’s son has made a ________ to enter for the contest. (decide)
15. We all know that J. K. Rowling is the ________ (write) of Harry Porter.
16. What ________ weather it is today! Shall we have a picnic on the beach (sun)
17. The city government will ________ this road this coming summer. (wide)
18. Celine Dion sings so ________ (beautiful) that many people like her very much.
19. Jim is of average ________, but he is very healthy. (high)
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20. Can you do me a ________ to lift the heavy box (favorite)
21. Look at the picture. Do you know the ________ gentleman from the left (five)
22. My trip to Puji Island was really a ________ experience. (frighten)
23. Thousands of people lost ______lives during the earthquake in Wenchuan. (they)
24. They had a long ________ last night in order to work out a solution. (discuss)
25. He went to Canada several years ago. Now he is a ________ citizen. (Canada)
26. Can you answer the ________ question, Betty (nine)
27. It was snowing hard. The twins put on their ________ and went out. (scarf)
28. The design is the most suitable for middle-________ women. (age)
29. It’s very difficult to ________ between the two cell phones. (choice)
30. Of all the students in our class, Lucy speaks English ________. (good)
31. You’d better not go out now. The wind is blowing ________. (heavy)
32. The famous teacher Yuyi made a great ________ on her teaching career. (succeed)
33. Last night John suddenly came back after a long ________. (absent)
34. Johnson has received an ________ to his friend’s birthday party. (invite)
35.________ is one of the official languages in Switzerland. (France)
36. I don’t think I like ________ food. It’s not fresh. (freeze)
37. Look! Mary is drawing her “cat” as ________ as possible. (care)
38. I’m afraid I don’t have enough money to buy such an _______cell phone.
(expense)
39. The detective was sure that he could find out the ________ in a few days. (true)
40. Let’s hope our difficulties will soon ________. (appear)
41. Diana used to be a shy girl but now she can make a ________ in English. (speak)
42. The first steam engine by James Watt was one of the greatest ________ in the
world. (invent)
43. When the seven dwarfs went home from work, they found something ________.
(usual)
44. It’s really exciting that Shenzhou VII landed ________ at last. (safe)
45. Please be more careful when you go ________ the street. (cross)
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46. We’ ll buy a new house near the beach because life there is peaceful and
________. (enjoy).
47. Though the twins are only five, they can look after ________. (they)
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