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Unit1 A new start语法+写作
语法讲解：
一．句子成分
句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（一）主语：
用法：一般位于句首，是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（二）谓语：
用法：常位于主语之后，说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”，总是由动词或动词短语充当。谓语与主语在人称和数上须保持一致。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
（三）表语：
用法：位于系动词之后，说明主语“是什么”，“怎么样”。它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours （代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one （数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（四）宾语：用法：位于及物动词之后，表示动作的对象、承受者或结果。由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动词-ing形式或相当于名词的词或短语充当。
例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
（五）宾语补足语：
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
（七）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six （时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
（八）同位语：——同等重要的修饰语
对句子中的某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。
（1）名词：We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.
（2）代词：They all wanted to see him. He himself doesn’t know why. 　　
（3）数词：Are you two ready 你们俩准备好了吗 　　
（4）不定式：Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.
（5）动名词：The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.
（6）of短语：The city of Rome is a attractive place.
（7）从句（同位语从句）：The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
二、基本句型
1.主谓(SV)
S V(不及物动词)
Time flies.
用法归纳
此句型的句子有一个共同特点:句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫作　不及物 动词。
2.主谓状(SVA)
S V(不及物动词) A
She sings beautifully.
用法归纳
不及物动词后面可以跟 　副 词、介词短语等。
3.主谓宾(SVO)
S V(及物动词) O
Who knows the answer
用法归纳
此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词都是 　及物 动词,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。
4.主谓宾状(SVOA)
S V(及物动词) O A
I wrote a letter yesterday.
用法归纳
此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词是及物动词,其后接宾语,副词、介词短语等作 状 语。
5.主谓双宾语(SVIODO)
S V(及物动词) IO(间接宾语,多指人) DO(直接宾语,多指物)
I told him how to run the machine.
用法归纳
此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。 直接 宾语指的是动作的对象、承受者或后果;　间接 宾语表示动作是向某人或为某人
做的,两个宾语之间的位置一般可通过增加介词而互换。
注意: 双宾语易位时需借助to的常用动词:give、lend、hand、offer、pass、promise、
send、show、teach、tell等;双宾语易位时需借助于for的常用动词:buy、cook、find、get、make、order、spare等。
She passed him the salt.=She passed the salt to him.她把盐递给了他。
Her uncle bought her an English-Chinese dictionary yesterday.=Her uncle bought an English-Chinese dictionary for her yesterday.昨天,她叔叔给她买了一本英汉词典。
6.主谓宾宾补(SVOOC)
S V(及物动词) O OC
We keep the table clean.
用法归纳
此句型的句子有一个共同特点:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足 　宾 语,才能使意思完整,且宾语和补充成分的位置不能互换。
7.主系表(SVP)
S V(系动词) P
Everything looks different.
用法归纳
此句型的句子有一个共同特点:句子的系动词不能单独表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的 　表 语,才能表达完整的意思。
7. there be 句型
there be 句型表示人或事物"存在"的概念,一般译作"有",本句型句首的 There只是一个引导词,本身并无任何词汇意义。句子的主语是处于动词 be 后的那个名词。动词 be 的人称和数应同其后的主语取得一致。动词 be 的时态随具体情况而变化。如果是单个的主语,动词 be则随这个主语的数和人称而变化。如果是并列的主语,动词be一般随最靠近be的那个主语的人称和数而变化。反意问句的疑问句部分要用isn’t there 或aren’t there 在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示"来往,存在,发生"之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, come, go, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。
a. There is a dictionary lying on the desk.
b. There will be a sports meet next week.
c. There stands a big tree in front of the classroom.
e. There used to be a shop on the corner of the street.
写作：周记
一、写作方法指导
周记常用来记述自己每周所遇到的和所做的事情。写英语周记一般要注意以下几点：
1.正确的人称：作为一种文体，周记属于记叙文性质的应用文，其内容来源于我们对生活的观察，大多数是写给自己看的，所以用第一人称。
2.正确的时态：周记一般已记叙发生的事，因此多用过去时态。但如谈论个人感悟或说明客观事实、普遍真理时，可用现在时态。
3.写作步骤：(1)引入话题；(2)介绍细节；(3)表达感受。
二、写作素材
一)、常用短语
1.clean and tidy整洁
2.be covered with 覆盖
3.exchange student 交换生
4.teaching method 教学方法
5.nothing like 一点也不像
6.be equipped with 配备有，装有
7.be interested in 对……感兴趣
8.be attracted by 被……所吸引
9.come true 实现
10.make progress 取得进步
二)、常用句式
1.The moment I entered the campus，I was attracted by the tall buildings and beautiful campus.
我一进入校园，就被高大的建筑和美丽的校园所吸引。
2.Compared with my previous school，the campus is wider and greener with all kinds of trees around.
与我以前的学校相比，这个校园更宽，更绿，周围有各种各样的树。
3.It has a history of more than one hundred years and is home to many famous people like Professor Wang.
它有一百多年的历史，是许多像王教授这样的名人的家园。
4.Through years of development，it has become one of the most famous schools in our province.
经过多年的发展，它已成为我们省最著名的学校之一。
5.On my first day of senior high，I felt both nervous and excited.But the kind teachers and friendly classmates made me feel at home soon.
高中的第一天，我既紧张又兴奋。但是善良的老师和友好的同学让我很快不拘束了。
三、典例剖析
假定你是李华，你正在英国某高中参加你们学校的“交换生项目”，请你用英语写一篇周记，叙述你在新学校第一周的学习生活情况。内容包括：
1.学校印象；2.同学印象；3.个人感受；
注意：可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
第一步　审题谋篇
体裁 周记
人称 第一、三人称
时态 一般现在时和一般过去时
框架 第一段(引入话题)：作交换生已有一周 第二段(介绍细节)：学校印象和同学印象 第三段(表达感受 )：个人感受
第二步　要点翻译
1.这是我第一次独自离开父母。
This is the first time that I have been away from my parents alone.
2.我一到英国就想家了。
I felt homesick the moment I arrived in England.
3.校园不同于我在国内的学校。
The campus is quite different from my school at home.
4.它坐落在山脚下。
It lies at the foot of a mountain.
5.周围有自然风景。
There is natural scenery all around.
6.在校园里，建筑物都有很强的英式风格。
In the campus，the buildings all have a strong British style.
7.我的同学们很友好。
My classmates are very friendly.
8.他们使我不太想家。
They make me less homesick.
9.我和他们交流仍然有许多困难。
I still have much difficulty communicating with them.
10.他们总是尽力使他们自己被理解。
They always try their best to make themselves understood.
第三步　词句升级
1.用so连接要点1和2
This is the first time that I have been away from my parents alone，so I felt homesick the moment I arrived in England.
2.用where引导的定语从句合并要点4和5
It lies at the foot of a mountain where there is natural scenery all around.
3.用so...that...连接要点7和8
My classmates are so friendly that they make me less homesick.
4.用although连接要点9和10
Although I still have much difficulty communicating with them，they always try their best to make themselves understood.
第四步　连句成篇
Thursday　September 2nd
One week has passed since I came to this school as an exchange student.
This is the first time that I have been away from my parents alone，so I felt homesick the moment I arrived in England.However，I soon got used to the new environment.I have much to express about my new school.To begin with，the campus is quite different from my school at home.It lies at the foot of a mountain where there is natural scenery all around.In the campus，the buildings all have a strong British style.As for my classmates，they are so friendly that they make me less homesick.Although I still have much difficulty communicating with them，they always try their best to make themselves understood.
I think I can surely benefit much from my stay here.
练习
一、单项选择
1．The change won’t make you disappointed. (对划线部分进行句子成分划分)
A．谓语 B．主语 C．宾补 D．直接宾语
2．Our English teacher recommended us a reference book whose content was detailed and well-organized. 请判断划线部分的句子成分：________
A．object (宾语) B．attributive (定语) C．adverbial (状语) D．complement (补语)
3．The school adviser helped me choose the appropriate ones.下划线部分是 成分.
A．状语 B．表语 C．间接宾语 D．宾语补足语
4．The organizers plan to improve the robots and open the cafe often to support job creation for people with disabilities.
划线部分在句中充当________
A．宾语 B．表语 C．状语 D．宾语补足语
5．Through these activities we teach students about the importance of civic engagement and we make it fun for students to be involved in bettering their communities.
划线部分在句中充当________
A．宾语 B．表语 C．状语 D．宾语补足语
6．I found him ashamed when I asked him the question. What is the sentence element underlined in the sentence ______
A．Subject (主语). B．Object (宾语).
C．Predictive (表语). D．Object complement (宾语补足语).
7．The report sounds interesting.
A．object B．subject C．complement D．predicative
8．There is always something excited to do.
A．主语 B．宾语 C．宾补 D．状语
9．It is not unusual for teenagers of your generation to be attracted to computer games.
A．主语 B．宾语 C．宾补 D．状语
10．Spending too much time online makes it very difficult to focus on other things in life.
A．主语 B．宾语 C．宾补 D．状语
二．根据要求翻译句子
1. 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。（主谓宾）
__________________________________________________________________________
2. 冬季白天短，夜里长。（主系表）
_____________________________________________________
3. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。（双宾结构）
________________________________________________________
4. 明天我要找人来修理机器。（主谓宾补）
___________________________________________________________
5．我每天起得很早。(SVA)
___________________________________________________________
6．今天下午我想和你谈谈。(SVOA)
___________________________________________________________
7．汤姆已经离开了。(SV)
___________________________________________________________
8．在拐角处有一家餐馆。(存现句)
___________________________________________________________
三、写作训练
假定你是高一学生李华，你进入高一已经大约两个月，请根据下列提示用英语写一篇日记，介绍你新学校的情况。
1. 校园面貌；2. 老师、同学情况；3. 校园生活；
注意：1. 词数：不少于80词；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Friday November 7th
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
一、答案：
1【答案】C
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：这种变化不会让你失望的。分析句子可知，The change为主语；won’t make为谓语；you为宾语；disappointed为形容词作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语you的状态。故选C项。
2【答案】B
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：我们的英语老师给我们推荐了一本参考书，内容详细，组织有序。划线部分是whose引导的定语从句，修饰名词book。故选B。
3【答案】D
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：学校顾问帮我选择了合适的。分析句子结构可知，“The school adviser”是主语，“helped”是谓语，“me”是宾语，“choose the appropriate ones”是宾语补足语。故选D项。
4【答案】A
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：组织者计划改进机器人，并经常开放这家咖啡馆，以支持残疾人的就业。本句主语为The organizers，谓语为plan，宾语为to improve 。故选A。
5【答案】D
【详解】考查句子成份。句意：通过这些活动，我们教导学生公民参与的重要性，并使学生参与改善社区的活动变得有趣。分析句子的结构可知，设空处为“make+宾语+宾补”的结构，其中 it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为动词不定式to be involved in bettering their communities，fun为宾语补足语，故选D。
6【答案】D
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：当我问他这个问题时，我发现他很惭愧。句子中下划线的句子元素是什么？I是主语，found是谓语，him是宾语，ashamed是宾语补足语，故选D。
7【答案】D
【详解】考查句子结构。句意：这份报告听起来很有趣。分析句子结构可知，句中The report为主语，sounds为系动词，interesting为表语。故选D。
8【答案】A
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：总有令人兴奋的事情要做。本句用there be句型，something“某事”为句子的主语。故选A。
9【答案】A
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：你们这一代的青少年被电脑游戏吸引并不罕见。分析句子可知，这里考查固定句型it is adj. for sb to do sth，表“做某事对于某人来说是...”，本句中it作形式主语，而不定式to be attracted to computer games为逻辑主语。故选A项。
10【答案】B
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：过多的在线时间使得专注于生活中的其他事情变得非常困难。it为形式宾语，to focus on other things in life为真正的宾语。故选B。
二 答案
1. You must finishing reading these books in two weeks.
2. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.
3. This term I have written three letters to my parents.
4. Tomorrow I will have someone repair the machine.
5.I get up very early every day.
6.I want to talk with you this afternoon.
7.Tom has left.
8.There is a restaurant around the corner．
三 写作【答案】
Friday November 7th Sunny
It has been two months since I entered the senior high. The new school leaves a deep impression on me. The campus is large and beautiful with a lot of trees all around. Our classroom is big and we have forty-five students in our class. They are all hard-working which puts me under pressure. However, I decide to go all out and face the challenges bravely. Our teachers are also very friendly and dedicated. There is a very big stadium in our school, where we take part in all kinds of after-school activities. So we lead a more colorful campus life, which is different from that of my junior high.
All in all, I think that my first week at senior high is a very good experience.
【原文】本篇是应用文写作。要求考生用英语写一篇日记，介绍你新学校的情况。
【详解】1. 词汇积累
压力：pressure→stress
全力以赴：go all out→go to all lengths
参加：take part in→participate in
总的来说：all in all→in a word
2. 句式拓展
同义句转换
原句： Our teachers are also very friendly and dedicated.
拓展句： Our teachers are also not only very friendly but also dedicated.
【点睛】[高分句型1]There is avery big stadium in our school, where we take part in all kinds of after-school activities.(运用了where引导的非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2]All in all, I think that my first week at senior high is a very good experience.(运用了that引导的宾语从句)
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