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初中英语语法核心点详解 part 5 时态一致及叙述法
1. 时态一致
主要子句的动词是 现在式( 包括一般现在,现在完成式,一般将来式 ) ,从属子句的动词随句意可以是任何事态 。
例如1. My sister knows (that) I love the girl.
例如2. My sister knows (that) I loved the girl.
例如3. My sister knows (that) I will fall in love with the girl.
姐姐现在可以回忆过去 ,叙述现在 ,展望未来。
主要子句的动词是 过去式( 包含过去完成式,过去进行式或过去时间上所提的未来 ) ,从属子句的动词必须是 与过去时态有关 且符合句意
例如1. My sister knew (that) I loved the girl.
例如2. My sister knew (that) I had loved the girl. 过去的过去→过去完成
例如3. My sister knew (that) I wound fall in love with the girl.
那时候的姐姐知道我那是爱那个女孩。
知道我那时候的以前爱过那个女孩。
知道那时候以后我会爱那个女孩。
例句
主要子句的动词是 过去完成式 ,从属子句的动词必须是 与过去完成时态有关 且符合句意
时态一致的例外
不变的真理→现在式
例如1. The child learned (that) the earth goes round the sun.
例如2. The teacher told us (that) practice makes perfect.
到现在都 没改变 的 习惯或事实 →现在式
例如1. She often told me (that) she keeps early hours.
她经常告诉我她有早睡早起的习惯。
例如2. She told me (that) school begins at eight.
她告诉我学校8点上课。
历史的事实→过去式
例如1. The teacher said (that) Columbus discovered America in 1492.
例如2. He said (that) World WarⅡ ended in 1945.
假设语气→不受时态一致的限制
例如1.他说如果他是一只鸟，他就能飞。
He says (that) if he were a bird he could fly.
He said (that) if he were a bird he could fly.
例如2. He speaks English as if he were a native speaker.
He spoke English as if he were a native speaker.
2. 叙述法
例如1. Bill says, “I hate math”. —直接叙述法
例如2. Bill says (that) he hates math. —间接叙述法
直接叙述法及间接叙述法的不同
时态的变化
例如1. May said, “I like listening to pop music.”
→ May said (that) she liked listening to pop music.
例如2. The student answered, “An hour consists of sixty minutes.”
→ The student answered (that) an hour consists of sixty minutes. 不变的事实
例如3. Helen answered, “The rain has stopped.”
→ Helen answered (that) the rain had stopped.
人称代名词的变化
例如1. She always says, “I don’t like my hairstyle.”
She always says (that) she doesn’t like her hairstyle.
例如2. I said to her, “I’m sorry you don’t understand me.”
I told her (that) I was sorry she didn’t understand me.
例如3. She said,＂I read this book.”
She said (that) she had read that book.
时间,地点等的变化（直接叙述法→间接叙述法）
now → then
today → that day
yesterday → the day before, the previous day
last night → the night before, the previous night
last year → the year before, the previous year
tomorrow → the next day, the following day
next week → the next week, the following week
... ago →... before
here → there
注意：直接叙述句→间接叙述句
1.主词+say(said) to 人 → 主词+tell(told) 人 (that) 直述句
2.补充连接词(that) (可省)
3.代名词须改变, 如my→her
4.改为间接叙述句, 注意时态
5.副词随内容做改变, 如now → then
例如1. Mr. Wang said to me, “You will be able to get a free concert ticket at the charity bazaar tomorrow.”
→ Mr. Wang told me (that) I wound be able to get a free concert ticket at the charity bazaar the following day.
直述句的间接叙述句
say(said) → say(said) (that)
say(said) to人 → tell(told)人 (that)
例如1. She said, “I’m going to quit my job.”
She said (that) she was going to quit her job.
例如2. She said to me, “I can go to the movies with you tomorrow.”
She told me (that) she could go to the movies with me the next day/the following day .
疑问句的间接叙述句
主词+say(to A), “WH问句 ”→ 主词+ask(A)+疑问词+主词+动词
注: (that)存在但99%省略
例如1. Tom said to her, “How can I get to your house from here ”
Tom asked her (that) how he could get to her house from there.
例如2. My boss said, “Who called me up this morning ”
My boss asked who had called him up that morning.
主词+say(to A), “YES/NO问句 ”→ 主词ask(A) if/whether+主词+动词
例如1. I said to him, “Are you going abroad ”
I asked him if/whether he was going abroad.
例如2. He said to me, “Have you ever seen a panda ”
He asked me if/whether I had ever seen a panda.
例如3. She said to the clerk, “Is this sweater knit by hand or by machine ”
She asked the clerk whether that sweater was knit by hand or by machine.
knit – knitted / knit – knitted / knit – knitting
祈使句的间接叙述句
命令: tell, order, command等
要求: ask, beg, request等
劝告: advise等
提议: suggest, propose等
禁止: forbid, prohibit等
主词say to A
主词say to A, “命令句”→ 主词 tell A to VR …
主词say to A, “Don’t/Never V…” → 主词 tell A not/never to V …
例如1. Mother said to me, “Come back home by five.”
Mother told me to come back home by five.
例如2. My father said to me, “Don’t give up your hope.”
My father told me not to give up my hope.
例如3. His secretary said to me, “Please call back after lunch.”
His secretary asked/told me to call back after lunch.
ask比tell语气强
重点：使用order, command, request, suggest等时，其后常接that子句，然而 that 不可省 ，但句中的 should 可省 , 但其后动词仍用 原形
★例如1. 我建议他应该用功读书。
→ I suggest that he (should) study hard.
例如2. He said to me, “You should give up smoking.”
He advised me to give up smoking.
例如3. She said, “Let’s go for a walk.”
She suggested that we (should) go for a walk.
重点：表示禁止的否定祈使句, 用forbid, prohibit等
例如1. The teacher said to us, “Don’t leave your seats.”
→The teacher forbade us to leave our seats.
(forbid sb. to do)
→The teacher forbade our leaving seats.
(forbid+一件事)
→The teacher prohibited us from leaving our seats.
(prohibit sb. from doing)
forbid – forbade / forbad – forbidden – forbidding
感叹句的间接叙述句
感叹句中可加very, really等副词
动词可改为cry(大叫), exclaim(大叫), shout(吼叫), sigh(叹息)等
伴随动词的副词有: gladly(高兴地), regretfully(遗憾地), bitterly(苦地), with joy(欢喜地), with delight(兴奋地), with relief(松口气地)等
with+名词=副词
例如1. Ms. Lee said, “What a good idea you have!”
Ms. Lee said (that) I had a very good idea.
Ms. Lee shouted (that) I had a good idea.
Ms. Lee said with joy I had a very good idea.
例如2. She said, “How convenient on-line shopping is!”
She exclaimed with delight how convenient on-line shopping was.
She said (that) on-line shopping was very convenient.
重点：表达祈愿时,和感叹句雷同,都是在加强情绪的表达,常用pray, express (wish)等动词
He said, “May God help us!”
He prayed his wish that God might help them.
He expressed his wish that God might help them.
合句的间接叙述句
由and, but, or等对等连接词所连接的两个子句,叫合句
★He said ( that) she was sick and that she would go to a doctor.
第一个that可省,第二个that不可省
例如1. He said, “She is out, but she will be back soon.”
→ He said (that) she was out but that she would be back soon.
第一个that可省,第二个that不可省
例如2. The girl said to me, “These dancers arrived here yesterday, and they will perform on stage this evening.”
→ The girl told me (that) those dancers had arrived there the day before and that they would perform on stage that evening.
重点：对等连接词为for或as, 保留for或as, 不可添加that
Mom said, “Dad doesn’t know it, as he has not heard of it.”
Mom said (that) Dad didn’t know it, as he had not heard of it.
重点：祈使句, and/or…的间接叙述句,仍保留and/or,不用that。另外,也可用if或unless改写
例如1. He said to me, “Get up at once, or you will be late.”
→ He told me to get up at once, or I wound be late.
→ He told me (that) I would be late unless I got up at once.
→ He told me (that) If I got up at once, I wound not be late.
例如2. She said to me, “Wash my car, and I’ll give you ten dollars.”
→ She told me to wash her car, and she would give me ten dollars.
→ She told me (that) if I washed her car, she wound give me ten dollars.
→ She told me (that) she wouldn’t give me ten dollars unless I washed her car.
复句的间接叙述句
只遵循最基本的间接叙述句规则即可
例如1. She said to me, “I gave him a big box of chocolates because I like him.”
She told me (that) she had given him a big box of chocolates because she liked him.
例如2. Joe said to me, “Do you think that she will help me ”
Joe asked me whether/if I thought (that) she would help him.
有两个句子时的间接叙述句
例如1. He said to Grace, “You are late here again. What have you been doing ”
He told Grace (that) she was late there again and asked (her) what she had been doing.
例如2. He said to me, “Your face looks familiar. Have you ever been on television ”
He told me (that) my face looked familiar and asked (me) whether/if I had ever been on television.
例如3. “He went to the barber’s an hour ago,” said his wife to me , “and I think he will be back very soon. Will you please step in and wait ”
→ His wife told me (that) he had gone to the barber’s an hour before and she thought he would be back very soon and asked (请求) me to step in and wait.
Will you please … 一种很客气的请求(祈使句)

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