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(共28张PPT)
英语语法梳理
Why do you want to learn English grammar？
How much do you learn about English grammar？
学习语法的终极目的
--造句
（用目标语言表达你脑中的意思）
Better grammar command brings your words closer to your thoughts.
水平高 句子长
“Their honour precarious, their liberty provisional, lasting only until the discovery of their crime; their position unstable, like that of the poet who one day was feasted at every table, applauded in every theatre in London, and on the next was driven from every lodging, unable to find a pillow upon which to lay his head, turning the mill like Samson and saying like him: “The two sexes shall die, each in a place apart!”; excluded even, save on the days of general disaster when the majority rally round the victim as the Jews rallied round Dreyfus, from the sympathy—at times from the society—of their fellows, in whom they inspire only disgust at seeing themselves as they are, portrayed in a mirror which, ceasing to flatter them, accentuates every blemish that they have refused to observe in themselves, and makes them understand that what they have been calling their love (a thing to which, playing upon the word, they have by association annexed all that poetry, painting, music, chivalry, asceticism have contrived to add to love) springs not from an ideal of beauty which they have chosen but from an incurable malady; like the Jews again (save some who will associate only with others of their race and have always on their lips ritual words and consecrated pleasantries), shunning one another, seeking out those who are most directly their opposite, who do not desire their company, pardoning their rebuffs, moved to ecstasy by their condescension; but also brought into the company of their own kind by the ostracism that strikes them, the opprobrium under which they have fallen, having finally been invested, by a persecution similar to that of Israel, with the physical and moral characteristics of a race, sometimes beautiful, often hideous, finding (in spite of all the mockery with which he who, more closely blended with, better assimilated to the opposing race, is relatively, in appearance, the least inverted, heaps upon him who has remained more so) a relief in frequenting the society of their kind, and even some corroboration of their own life, so much so that, while steadfastly denying that they are a race (the name of which is the vilest of insults), those who succeed in concealing the fact that they belong to it they readily unmask, with a view less to injuring them, though they have no scruple about that, than to excusing themselves; and, going in search (as a doctor seeks cases of appendicitis) of cases of inversion in history, taking pleasure in recalling that Socrates was one of themselves, as the Israelites claim that Jesus was one of them, without reflecting that there were no abnormals when homosexuality was the norm, no anti-Christians before Christ, that the disgrace alone makes the crime because it has allowed to survive only those who remained obdurate to every warning, to every example, to every punishment, by virtue of an innate disposition so peculiar that it is more repugnant to other men (even though it may be accompanied by exalted moral qualities) than certain other vices which exclude those qualities, such as theft, cruelty, breach of faith, vices better understood and so more readily excused by the generality of men; forming a freemasonry far more extensive, more powerful and less suspected than that of the Lodges, for it rests upon an identity of tastes, needs, habits, dangers, apprenticeship, knowledge, traffic, glossary, and one in which the members themselves, who intend not to know one another, recognise one another immediately by natural or conventional, involuntary or deliberate signs which reveal one of his congeners to the beggar in the street, in the great nobleman whose carriage door he is shutting, to the father in the suitor for his daughter’s hand, to him who has sought healing, absolution, defence, in the doctor, the priest, the barrister to whom he has had recourse; all of them obliged to protect their own secret but having their part in a secret shared with the others, which the rest of humanity does not suspect and which means that to them the most wildly improbable tales of adventure seem true, for in this romantic, anachronistic life the ambassador is a bosom friend of the felon, the prince, with a certain independence of action with which his aristocratic breeding has furnished him, and which the trembling little cit would lack, on leaving the duchess’s party goes off to confer in private with the hooligan; a reprobate part of the human whole, but an important part, suspected where it does not exist, flaunting itself, impudent and unpunished, where its existence is never guessed; numbering its adherents everywhere, among the people, in the army, in the church, in the prison, on the throne, living, in short, at least to a great extent, in a playful and perilous intimacy with the men of the other race, provoking them, playing with them by speaking of its vice as of something alien to it; a game that is rendered easy by the blindness or duplicity of the others, a game that may be kept up for years until the day of the scandal, on which these lion-tamers are devoured; until then, obliged to make a secret of their lives, to turn away their eyes from the things on which they would naturally rest them, to fasten them upon those from which they would naturally turn away, to change the gender of many of the words in their vocabulary, a social constraint, slight in comparison with the inward constraint which their vice, or what is improperly so called, imposes upon them with regard not so much now to others as to themselves, and in such a way that to themselves it does not appear a vice.”
——马塞尔·普鲁斯特(Marcel Proust), 《追忆似水年华》(In Search Of Lost Time)
研究句子时，通常要“拆”
长句子=短句子+...+短句子
拆到句子不能再拆否则会影响句意的时候为止--拆到“简单句”
In high spirits, I came to the beautiful school today and saw the handsome teacher who is teaching us English.
兴高采烈的我今天来到了美丽的学校见到了正在教我们英语的帅老师。
I came to the school today.
I saw the teacher.
谁 + 怎么样
谁 + 怎么样
两大基本句子成分
主语
subject
谓语
predicate
人或物
抽象/具体
广义动作
广义动作（动词）：
1.可独立完成的动作
sleep
laugh
jump
--不及物动词（intransitive verbs）
主语+不及物动词：I sleep.
2.不可独立完成的动作：需要一个动词承受者（宾语）
eat
build
kick
--单及物动词（transitive verbs）
主语+单及物动词+宾语：I eat Baozi.
3.不可独立完成的动作：需要两个动词承受者（双宾语）
teach
give
tell
--双及物动词（transitive verbs）
主语+双及物动词+宾语 + 宾语：I teach you English.
间（人） 直（物）
4.不可独立完成的动作：只有一个动词承受者（单宾语）但需要补充
consider
make
find
主语+复杂及物动词+宾语+宾补：I consider you smart.
--复杂及物动词（transitive verbs）
5.非动作：非具体行为
be（is am are）
look
--连系动词（linking verbs）
主语+系动词+表语：I am tall.
主语+不及物动词：I sleep.
主语+单及物动词+宾语：I eat Baozi.
主语+双及物动词+宾语 + 宾语：I teach you English.
间（人） 直（物）
主语+复杂及物动词+宾语+宾补：I consider you smart.
主语+系动词+表语：I am tall.
简单句五大句子类型
判断句子类型本质：
看动词
以及
动词需要几个对象
才能完整表达意思
主语+不及物动词：I sleep.
主语+单及物动词+宾语：I eat Baozi.
主语+双及物动词+宾语 + 宾语：I teach you English.
间（人） 直（物）
主语+复杂及物动词+宾语+宾补：I consider you smart.
主语+系动词+表语：I am tall.
简单句五大句子类型
简单句的句子成分：
主语、谓语、宾语、宾补、
表语（主补）
其他成分：
定语：主要修饰主宾表等语
状语：主要修饰谓语
同位语：主要重复主宾语
简单句
+
简单句
=
并列/复合句（compound sentence）
I sleep.
I am happy.
I sleep and (I) am happy.
I opened the door.
The dog ran out.
I opened the door and the dog ran out.
主句
（简单句）
从句
（简单句）
+
=
I opened the door.
The bell rang.
I opened the door when the bell rang.
（时间状语从句）
复杂句（complex sentence）
判断从句本质：
将简单句修改一下
来充当另一个句子的句子成分
判断从句本质：
将简单句修改一下
来充当另一个句子的句子成分
I opened the door when the bell rang.
（时间状语从句）
I opened the door where people gathered.
（地点状语从句）
I opened the door because the bell rang.
（原因状语从句）
The man who is a teacher opened the door.
（定语从句）
What I did was to open the door.
（主语从句）
I opened what looked like wood.
（宾语从句）
句子类型
句子成分
简单句
并列/复合句
主从复合/复杂句
主语
谓语
宾语
宾补
表语（主补）
定语
状语
同位语
两个简单句的句子结构（类型）相同
eg：
主语+谓语+宾语：I eat Baozi.
主语+谓语+宾语：I saw something.
句子的用词却不相同.
同一类句子成分里有可能含有不同词类.
词类--词性
1.名词.nouns 表人或物：Baozi.
2.冠词.articles 说明人或物：This is a food.
3.代词.pronouns 代替人或物：This is a food.
4.形容词.adjectives 形容人或物：This is a delicious food.
5.数词.numerals 表数量：He ate two delicious buns.
6.副词.adverbs 修饰动作或形容词：He ate two delicious buns quickly.
The bun is extremely hot.
7.介词.prepositions 表与其他词的关系：He ate two buns with chopsticks.
8.叹词.interjections 表感叹：Ah, the buns is delicious!
9.连词.conjunctions 连接词和句：He ate two buns because he was hungry.
10.动词.verbs 表动作或状态：He ate two buns.
词性
句子成分
名词
动词
副词
主语
谓语
宾语
宾补
表语（主补）
定语
状语
同位语
冠词
数词
形容词
代词
介词
连词
叹词
其他成分
与
词性并非一一对应
S（主语） + V（谓语） + O（宾语）
The dog (S) + chases (V) + the cat (O)
Swimming (S) + builds (V) + to endure (O)
She (S) + enjoys (V) + singing (O)
名词.nouns
名词.nouns
动名词.nouns
不定式短语
代词.pronouns
动名词.nouns
tips：句子成分分析的核心--找出谓语动词
谓语动词的三大特征
表述动作的时间：现在/过去/将来/从过去时间看的将来等
表述动作的状态：完成的/正在进行的/完成一些还要继续进行的/
未说明的状态等
tips：句子成分分析的核心--找出谓语动词
谓语动词的三大特征
表述动作的时间：现在/过去/将来/从过去时间看的将来等
表述动作的状态：完成的/正在进行的/完成一些还要继续进行的/
未说明的状态等
表述动作的人称语态（语气）：主动/被动/虚拟/陈述/疑问/祈使等
He is eating two delicious buns.
tips：谓语动词通常本身不能直接表达这些特征需要借助
“助动词”.
助动词：帮助主动词实现“人称时态语态否定可能”等语法功能
eat
(协助)表示"正在吃(进行)"
be
→ is eating
(协助)表示"吃过了(完成)"
have
→ have eaten
→ is eaten
(协助)表示"被吃"
be
(协助)表示"有能力吃"
can
→ can eat
(协助)表示"有义务吃"
must
→ must eat
(协助)表示"不吃(否定)"
do
→ do not eat
He is eating two delicious buns.
动词的分类
谓语动词
助动词
非谓语动词
Summary：
句子类型--句子成分--成分词性
五大基本句型判断
--选出下列句子对应的句型编号
练习1：
1.The birds sing beautifully.
2.She gave me a book.
3.The soup tastes delicious.
4.We consider him honest.
5.He opened the window.
A. 主语 + 不及物动词
B. 主语 + 单及物动词 + 宾语
C. 主语 + 双及物动词 + 间宾 + 直宾
D. 主语 + 复杂及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
E. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语
五大基本句型判断
--选出下列句子对应的句型编号
练习1：
1.The birds sing beautifully.
2.She gave me a book.
3.The soup tastes delicious.
4.We consider him honest.
5.He opened the window.
A. 主语 + 不及物动词
B. 主语 + 单及物动词 + 宾语
C. 主语 + 双及物动词 + 间宾 + 直宾
D. 主语 + 复杂及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
E. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语
Ⅱ. 句子成分分析
--在句中标注指定成分
1.划出谓语动词：
The extremely hot coffee burned my tongue.
2.划出宾语：
She quickly finished her homework.
3.划出定语：
The girl in a red dress is singing.
4.划出状语：
He ate two spicy noodles with chopsticks.
5.划出宾补：
They named their cat Tom.
Ⅱ. 句子成分分析
--在句中标注指定成分
1.划出谓语动词：
The extremely hot coffee burned my tongue.
2.划出宾语：
She quickly finished her homework.
3.划出定语：
The girl in a red dress is singing.
4.划出状语：
He ate two spicy noodles with chopsticks.
5.划出宾补：
They named their cat Tom.
Ⅲ. 助动词功能识别（选择助动词的作用）
A. 完成时 B. 进行时 C. 被动语态 D. 情态能力 E. 否定
She has eaten lunch. → 答案：A（have + eaten 表动作已完成）
2.The cake is being baked. → 答案：C（be + baked 表被动）
3.You must finish your work. → 答案：D（must 表义务）
4.They are playing football. → 答案：B（be + playing 表进行）
5.He does not like carrots. → 答案：E（do not 表否定）

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