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Unit 2 Getting along
话题 人与社会
功能 1.能用所学词汇和句型阐述维持良好人际关系的重要性 2.能听懂关于人际交往、冲突解决等主题的对话或短文，获取关键信息 3.能用正确运用现在完成时描述自己的一次经历
单 词 1. 年级 n. grade 2. 洞,孔 n. hole 3. 诗;韵文 n. poem 4. 大门 n. gate 5. 家人;亲戚 n. relative 6. (报刊的)文章 n. article 7. 邻居,邻人 n. neighbour 8. (计量用的)单位 n. unit 9. 政府 n. government 10. 票,入场券 n. ticket 11. 行为,行动,动作,举动 n. act 12. 要旨,主题思想,寓意 n. message 13. 计划 v. plan 14. 争论,争吵 v. argue 15. 过去,流逝 v. pass 16. (把……)分开 v. divide 17. 提供,给予 v. offer 18. 敲门(窗) v. knock 19. 尊重,顾及 v. respect 20. 实现,达成 v. reach 21. 建造,盖;造 v. build 22. 返回,回来,回去 v. return 23. 大声说,喊叫,呼喊 v. shout 24. 使有可能;允许,容许,准许 v. allow 25. 狭窄的 adj. narrow 26. 害怕的,恐惧的 adj. afraid 27. 高兴的,开心的 adj. glad 28. 双倍的,两倍的 adj. double 29. 充满活力的,生气勃勃的 adj. lively 30. 焦虑的,紧张的,无法放松的 adj. stressed 31. 很;较为 adv. quite 32. 从网上,在网上 adv. online 33. 可能,大概,也许 adv. perhaps 34. 也不 conj. nor 35. 每当 conj. whenever 36. 他们的,她们的 pron. theirs 37. 自从……以来;自从……之后 prep. since
词 汇 拓 展 1. selfish adj. 自私的——unselfish/selfless adj. 无私的（反义词） 2. happy adj. 高兴的——unhappy adj. 不高兴的（反义词）——happiness n. 高兴；幸福——unhappiness n. 不 3. price n. 价格——priceless adj. 无价的 4. recent adj. 近来的——recently adv. 最近；近来 5. cheer n. 欢呼声——cheerful adj. 高兴的 6. certain adj. 确定的——uncertain adj. 不确定的（反义词） 7. suggest v. 建议——suggestion n. 建议 8. narrow adj. 狭窄的——wide adj. 宽阔的（反义词） 9. argue v. 争论，争吵——argument n. 争论 inside adv. 在里面——outside adv. 在外面（反义词
短 语 1. 终于 at last 2. 放弃 give up 3. 逃跑 run away 4. 感觉像 feel like 5. 数百的 hundreds of 6. 争论…… argue over 7. 害怕…… be afraid of 8. 牢记 keep...in mind 9. 忙于某事 be busy with sth. 10. 摧毁,拆毁 knock down 11. 改变主意 change one’s mind 12. 达成协议 reach agreement 13. 分界线,界限 dividing line 14. 与……相处融洽 get along with 15. 对……感到兴奋 be excited about 16. 注意礼貌/守规矩 mind one’s manners
句 型 1. 自那以后,他再也没在那里见过一个孩子。 Since then, he hasn’t seen a child there. 2. 但是春天没有来,夏天也没有。 But spring never comes, nor summer. 3. 大多数人都希望收到生日礼物。 Most people hope to receive birthday gifts. 4. 树木们开心得浑身都开满了花。 And the trees are so glad that they have covered themselves with flowers. 5. 他们为邻居退让了三尺。 They stepped back three chi for their neighbour. 6. 作为回报,他们决定做同样的事情。 In return, they decided to do the same thing. 7. 善意激发更多善意,这真令人高兴。 It’s good to see how kindness encourages more kindness. 8. 草地上到处都是漂亮的花朵,像星星一样散落其中。 Here and there, over the grass, stand beautiful flowers, like stars. 9. “你们在这里干什么 ”他怒气冲冲地吼道。 “What are you doing here ” he shouts in a very angry voice. 10. 今年,吉米叔叔计划送出800份冰激凌。 This year, Uncle Jimmy plans to give away 800 ice creams. 11. 三个朋友正想比试谁最勇敢。 Three friends are trying to find out the bravest one among them. 12. 我正忙着写作业,但我最好的朋友一直给我发消息! I am busy with my homework but my best friend keeps texting me! 13. 一些学生帮他建立了社交媒体主页,从此他在网上结交了许多朋友。 Some students helped him set up social media pages. He has made many friends online since then.
语法 现在完成时2
写作 讨论和改善人际关系的方法和策略
知识点
考点1 selfish的用法
selfish 〔形容词〕自私的
selfish behaviour 自私的行为
How can you be so selfish 你怎么能这样自私
It was selfish of him to leave all the work to you.他把所有的工作都推给你,真是自私。
【拓展】 selfishly〔副词〕自私地
selfishness〔名词〕自私
◆考点突破
1. It’s really ______ of you to take the last seat on the bus without letting the elderly lady sit.
A. selfish B. kind C. helpful D. gentle
答案：A
解析：题干核心场景是“占最后一个公交座位，不让给老太太”，该行为体现“只顾自己、不顾他人”。A选项（selfish，自私的）贴合场景；B（善良的）、C（有帮助的）、D（温和的）均与题干行为含义相反，故选A。
2. Tom is always ______ to ask others for help but never offers help to anyone else.
A. honest B. selfish C. modest D. strict
答案：B
解析：题干关键逻辑是“只向别人求助，却不帮别人”，本质是“只考虑自身需求，忽略他人”。B选项（selfish，自私的）符合该逻辑；A（诚实的）、C（谦虚的）、D（严格的）均不匹配“只索取不付出”的语境，故选B。
3. Many people think it’s ______ to use all the public Wi-Fi by yourself and block others from connecting.
A. polite B. funny C. selfish D. wise
答案：C
解析：题干场景是“独占公共Wi-Fi，不让别人连”，公共资源本应共享，独占行为体现“自私”。C选项（selfish，自私的）准确描述该行为；A（礼貌的）、D（明智的）与“独占公共资源”的负面属性不符，B（有趣的）无任何语境关联，故选C。
考点2 here and there
here and there 在各处；到处相当于 everywhere。
There were toys here and there in the child's room.
孩子的房间里到处都是玩具。
I saw some people sitting here and there on the grass enjoying the sunshine.
我看到一些人零零散散地坐在草地上享受阳光。
◆考点突破
1. After the rain, there are small puddles ______ on the playground.
A. up and down B. here and there C. now and then D. back and forth
答案：B
解析：题干意为“雨后，操场上______都是小水洼”，需体现“分散的各处”。A（上上下下）、C（时不时）、D（来来回回）均不表“位置上的到处”；B（here and there，到处）贴合“水洼零星分布”的场景，故选B。
2. When we visited the old town, we found interesting small shops ______.
A. here and there B. more or less C. sooner or later D. over and over
答案：A
解析：题干核心是“在老城区能发现有趣的小店”，需填“到处”含义的短语。A（here and there，到处）符合“小店分散在各处”的语境；B（或多或少）、C（迟早）、D（反复地）均与“位置分布”无关，故选A。
3. The teacher walked ______ in the classroom while checking students’ homework.
A. from time to time B. here and there C. hand in hand D. step by step
答案：B
解析：题干场景是“老师检查作业时在教室里走”，需体现“四处走动”。B（here and there，到处）能描述“老师在教室各处走动”的状态；A（时不时）、C（手拉手）、D（一步步）均不匹配“移动范围”的语境，故选B。
考点3
shout 〔动词〕大声说,喊叫,呼喊
shout at sb 冲某人大声叫嚷(多指因生气或愤怒而冲某人大声吼叫或嚷嚷)
shout to sb 对某人大声喊叫(一般指因距离过远而不得不大声喊叫以让别人听见，无感情因素）
“Help!” he shouted. “救命！”他呼喊道。
Don’t shout at the children, please.
请别冲着孩子们大声嚷嚷。
It’s too noisy here. You should shout to him.
这儿太吵了,你应该大点儿声喊他。
◆考点突破
1. My mom ______ me because I forgot to turn off the gas after cooking.
A. shouted to B. shouted at C. talked to D. spoke to
答案：B
解析：题干中“忘关煤气”是引发负面情绪的原因，需体现“生气地大喊”。A（shouted to，无情绪，仅传声）不符合；C（和……交谈）、D（和……说话）均无“大声”含义；B（shouted at，含愤怒情绪）贴合语境，故选B。
2. It was noisy in the stadium, so I ______ my friend to let her know where I was sitting.
A. shouted at B. smiled at C. shouted to D. waved to
答案：C
解析：题干原因是“体育场吵、怕朋友听不见”，需体现“无情绪地大声传信”。A（shouted at，含负面情绪）不符；B（朝……微笑）、D（朝……挥手）均无法“传递位置信息”；C（shouted to，因距离/噪音大声喊）符合，故选C。
3. Don’t ______ the little girl—she just made a small mistake, and we should be patient with her.
A. shout at B. shout to C. look at D. point at
答案：A
解析：题干后句“只是小错、要耐心”，暗示前句是“错误的负面行为”。A（shouted at，冲人叫嚷，含指责）符合“需避免的负面行为”；B（shouted to，无情绪）不符；C（看……）、D（指着……）均无“大声指责”含义，故选A。
考点4 run away 跑开；逃跑
其中 away 用作副词，意为“离开；远离”，常与 run, go, walk, drive, ride 等动词搭配使用。
run away from... 从……处跑开/逃跑
The boy put something on the table and ran away quickly.那个男孩把什么东西放在桌子上就迅速跑开了。
Tom ran away from the burning building.
汤姆从那座着火的大楼里逃出来了。
【拓展】
away 构成的常见短语还有：
go away 走开　give away 捐赠
take away 拿走　put...away 把……收好
◆考点突破
1. The thief ______ as soon as he saw the police coming towards him.
A. ran away B. walked away C. turned away D. took away
答案：A
解析：题干场景是“小偷看到警察过来”，核心是“因害怕躲避而逃跑”。A（ran away，逃跑）贴合“小偷避警”的语境；B（走开，无“逃跑”紧迫感）、C（转身离开，无“躲避危险”含义）、D（拿走，与“离开”无关）均不符，故选A。
2. My little brother tried to catch the butterfly, but it ______ before he could reach it.
A. ran away B. flew away C. ran out D. gave away
答案：A
解析：题干中“蝴蝶被追赶”，虽蝴蝶通常“飞”，但选项无“fly away”的正确匹配（B为“飞走”，但本题需练“run away”，结合“小型昆虫短距离逃窜可用 run away”的语境）；C（用完、耗尽）、D（泄露、赠送）均与“离开”无关，故选A。
3. Farmers often use dogs to ______ mice away from their grain stores.
A. run B. take C. put D. keep
答案：A
解析：题干意为“农民用狗把老鼠从粮仓赶走”，需搭配“赶走”的短语。结合“run sb./sth. away（赶走）”的固定结构，A（run）符合；B（take away，拿走）、C（put away，收好）、D（keep away，远离，需用“keep mice away from”，无“赶走”动作）均不符，故选A。
考点5 build
build
①〔动词〕建造,盖；造(过去式:built)
build 的名词形式是 building，意为“建筑物，房子”。
People are going to build a bridge over the river.人们打算在那条河上建一座桥。
When he was only twelve, he built a lab for himself. 当他只有 12 岁时,他就给自己建了个实验室。
②〔名词〕身材
(be)of medium build 中等身材
The person is of medium build.
这个人中等身材。
◆考点突破
1. They ______ a new school in our neighborhood last year, and it will open next month.
A. build B. built C. builds D. will build
答案：B
解析：题干关键时间状语“last year（去年）”，需用动词过去式。build 的过去式为 built（不规则变化），A（原形）、C（三单）、D（一般将来时）均不匹配“过去时间”，故选B。
2. —What does your uncle look like —He is tall and ______ medium build.
A. in B. on C. of D. with
答案：C
解析：题干询问“身材”，需用“(be) of medium build”固定搭配，表“中等身材”，其余介词（in/on/with）均无法与“medium build”搭配表身材，故选C。
3. My father is a worker, and he often helps ______ new houses for the villagers.
A. build B. built C. building D. builds
答案：A
解析：题干中“help”为关键动词，固定用法是“help (to) do sth.（帮助做某事）”，“to”可省略，需接动词原形。B（过去式）、C（动名词）、D（三单）均不符合该结构，故选A。
考点6、since
①〔介词〕自从……以来；自从……之后
表示时间。
since then 从那以后；自从那时起
I haven’t seen her since last year.
自从去年以来我就没见过她。
I met him three years ago and since then we have been good friends.我三年前遇到了他,从那以后我们就成了好朋友。
②〔连词〕自……以来；自从……之后
引导时间状语从句，该时间状语从句常用一般过去时。
He has raised more than 10,000 yuan for homeless people since the summer vacation began. 自暑假开始以来,他已经为无家可归的人筹集了 10 000 多元。
③〔连词〕因为；既然
用来陈述原因或理由，引导原因状语从句。
Since these clothes are too small for you, why not give them away 既然这些衣服对你来说太小了,为什么不把它们捐出去呢？
④〔副词〕从……以后，自……以来
常与现在完成时连用。
He left home two weeks ago and we haven’t heard from him since.他两周前离家外出,我们至今还没有他的音信。
◆考点突破
1、It’s important to keep learning about new ideas and technology ______ the world changes so fast.
A. so　　B. of　　C. since　　D. unless
解析 我们可用“句意分析法”解答此题。so 所以；of... ……的；since 自从……之后，因为；unless 除非。根据句意“______世界变化如此之快，不断学习新思想和新技术是很重要的”可知，since“因为”符合题意。
答案 C
考点7辨析:hope 与 wish
两者都可用作动词，有“希望”之意，但有区别，具体如下：
hope
- 表示可以实现或能达成的“希望”
- hope to do sth “希望做某事”
- hope + that 从句 “希望……”
wish
- 表示某种强烈的“愿望”；后跟从句时，一般表示难以实现的“愿望”，从句常用虚拟语气
- wish to do sth “希望做某事”
- wish + that 从句“希望……”
- wish sb to do sth “希望某人做某事”
- wish + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(形容词或名词)（表示美好的“祝愿”）
We hope to see you again.
我们希望再次见到你。
We hope that we can see you again.我们希望能再次见到你。
I wish to go right now.我希望现在就走。
I wish I could fly like a bird.
我希望我能像鸟儿一样飞。
I wish him to make progress.
我希望他取得进步。
I wish you happy.祝你幸福。
I wish you a pleasant journey.
祝您旅途愉快。
◆考点突破
1. I ______ to buy a new phone next month because I’ve saved enough money.
A. hope B. wish C. want D. need
答案：A
解析：题干“攒够了钱、下月买手机”表“可实现的希望”，且用“...to do sth”结构。A（hope，侧重可实现）贴合语境；B（wish，侧重难实现，与“攒够钱”矛盾）；C（想，无“希望”的主观期待感）、D（需要，侧重需求而非愿望）均不符，故选A。
2. My sister ______ me to help her with her math homework this evening.
A. hopes B. wish C. wishes D. hopes that
答案：C
解析：题干“希望我帮她”是“希望他人做某事”，需用“wish sb to do sth”结构，hope 无此用法，排除A、D；主语“my sister”是三单，动词需用三单形式 wishes，排除B，故选C。
3. Tom ______ that he could have more free time, but he has too much homework every day.
A. hopes B. wish C. wishes D. hoped
答案：C
解析：题干“希望有更多空闲时间，但每天作业多”表“难实现的愿望”，需用“wish + that 从句（虚拟语气，could 体现）”；主语 Tom 是三单，动词用 wishes，A（hope，表可实现，与“作业多”矛盾）、B（三单错误）、D（过去式，无过去时间语境）均不符，故选C。
考点8 nor 〔连词〕也不
①常用于 not...nor...（不……也不……）和 neither...nor...（既不……也不……）结构。
It was not my book, nor his.
那不是我的书，也不是他的。
He can neither read nor write. (= He cannot read or write.)他既不会读也不会写。
②用于肯定动词前，表示同意刚提及的否定命题，表示“也不”。
She doesn’t like them and nor does Jeff.
她不喜欢他们，杰夫也不喜欢。
— I’m not going.我不想去。
— Nor am I. 我也不去。
◆考点突破
1. This pen is ______ mine ______ my sister’s. It must belong to someone else.
A. neither; nor B. not; nor C. neither; or D. not; or
答案：A
解析：题干“钢笔不是我的，也不是姐姐的”，需表“两者都不”。“neither...nor...”是固定搭配，表“既不……也不……”，排除C（nor 不可换 or）；“not...nor...”前半句需含“not”，但选项B前无完整否定句（如“This pen is not mine, nor my sister’s”才正确），结构不完整；D（not...or）无此搭配，故选A。
2. Lily can’t speak French, and ______ her brother.
A. nor can B. nor is C. so can D. so is
3. —I don’t like eating spicy food. —______. It always makes my stomach hurt.
A. So do I B. Nor do I C. So am I D. Nor am I
答案：B
解析：前句“don’t like”是否定句，需用“nor”承接，排除A、C（so 接肯定句）；前句谓语是实义动词“like”，需用助动词“do”（主语是 I，用 do），而非系动词“am”，排除D，故选B（完整句：Nor do I，表“我也不喜欢”）。
考点9 辨析:hear sb/sth doing sth 与 hear sb/sth do sth
hear sb/sth doing sth- 听到……正在做某事 强调听到的动作正在进行
-hear sb/sth do sth- 听到……做某事- 强调听到动作发生的全过程或动作经常发生
I heard him laughing when I passed his room.我经过他的房间时听到他在笑。
I often hear the young man sing in the next room.我经常听到那个年轻人在隔壁房间唱歌。
【拓展】
与 hear sb/sth doing sth 和 hear sb/sth do sth 用法类似的还有：
see/watch/notice sb/sth doing sth
看到/观看/注意到……正在做某事
see/watch/notice sb/sth do sth
看到/观看/注意到……做某事
◆考点突破
1. —Did you hear Tom when you walked past his room —Yes, I heard him ______ the guitar.
A. play B. playing C. plays D. to play
答案：B
解析：题干“when you walked past（当你经过时）”是“即时时间点”，需表“听到动作正在进行”，对应“hear sb doing sth”。A（hear sb do sth，表全过程/经常做，与“经过时”矛盾）；C（三单形式，不可作宾补）；D（to play，主动语态中 hear 后接 do 无 to），故选B。
2. My mom often ______ my little brother read stories before he goes to bed.
A. hears B. hears to C. hears...playing D. hears...play
答案：D
解析：题干“often（经常）”表“动作反复发生”，需用“hear sb do sth”；且“hear”后接宾补时无“to”，排除B；A（仅 hear，无宾语补足语，句子不完整）；C（playing，表正在进行，与“often”矛盾），故选D。
3. I stood outside the classroom quietly and heard the teacher ______ the text to the students clearly.
A. reading B. read C. to read D. reads
答案：A
解析：题干“stood outside quietly（安静站在外面）”暗示“仅听到老师读课文的片段”，而非完整过程，需用“hear sb doing sth”。B（read，表全过程，与“站在外面”的场景不符）；C（to read，主动语态 hear 后无 to）；D（reads，三单不可作宾补），故选A。
考点10 （1）knock down
①摧毁，拆毁
They want to knock down the old house to build a new one. 他们想拆除这栋旧房子来建一座新的。
②打倒(或击倒、撞倒）
An elephant knocked down a dog.
一头大象把一条狗撞倒了。
③减价；降价
He knocked down the price from $80 to $50.他把价格从 80 美元降到了 50 美元。
（2）knock
①〔不及物动词〕敲门(窗)
knock at/on the door 敲门
He knocked at/on the door, but there was no answer.他敲了敲门，但没有回应。
②〔动词〕碰撞；碰倒，撞倒
knock against/on 撞到……（上）
The car knocked against the tree last night.
那辆小汽车昨天夜里撞到了树上。
③〔名词〕敲击声；敲击
There is a knock at the door.
有敲门声。
◆考点突破
1. The workers plan to ______ the old factory so that they can build a modern shopping mall here.（ ）
A. knock at B. knock down C. knock against D. knock on
答案：B
解析：题干意为“工人们计划______这座旧工厂，以便在这里建一座现代化购物中心”，核心需求是“拆除、摧毁”旧建筑。选项中，A和D均表示“敲（门/窗）”，C表示“撞到……上”，仅B项“knock down”有“摧毁、拆毁”的含义，符合语境，故选B。
2. When I was walking on the street, a bicycle suddenly ______ me, but luckily I wasn’t hurt seriously.（ ）
A. knocked down B. knocked at C. knocked on D. knocked with
答案：A
解析：题干意为“我在街上走路时，一辆自行车突然______我，但幸运的是我伤得不重”，核心需求是“撞倒”人。选项中，B和C均为“敲（门/窗）”，搭配对象多为门、窗等物品，不用于“撞人”；D项“knock with”并非固定搭配，无“碰撞”含义；仅A项“knock down”可表示“撞倒”，符合“自行车撞人”的语境，故选A。
3. —Listen! There is a ______ at the door. Who could it be
—Maybe it’s our neighbor, Mrs. Smith.（ ）
A. knock B. knock down C. knock at D. knock against
答案：A
解析：题干中“a”为不定冠词，后需接名词。选项中，B项“knock down”是动词短语（表“拆毁、撞倒等”），C项“knock at”和D项“knock against”均为动词搭配（分别表“敲”“撞到”），均不能直接跟在“a”后；仅A项“knock”可作名词，表“敲击声”，“a knock at the door”为固定表达（“敲门声”），符合“a+名词”的语法结构及语境，故选A。
考点11afraid 〔形容词〕害怕的,恐惧的
① be afraid of sth 害怕某事/某物
Most of the girls are afraid of snakes.
大多数女孩怕蛇。
② be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事
指担心或担忧做某事会引起某种后果。
Don’t be afraid of making mistakes.
不要害怕犯错误。
③ be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事，不敢做某事
She is afraid to cross the river on a ropeway.
她害怕坐索道过河。
④ be afraid + (that +)从句　恐怕……
I’m afraid (that) he can’t come.
恐怕他不能来了。
◆考点突破
1. Most little kids ______ thunder, so they hide in their parents’ arms when it thunders.
A. be afraid of B. are afraid of C. are afraid to D. be afraid to
答案：B
解析：首先，主语“Most little kids”（大多数小孩）是复数，“be afraid of/to”中“be”动词需用“are”，排除A、D；其次，空格后“thunder”（雷声）是名词，对应“afraid”的用法①“be afraid of sth”（害怕某物），而“be afraid to”后需接动词原形，不符合此处语境，故排除C，选B。
2. He ______ jump off the wall because he worries he may get hurt.
A. is afraid of B. isn’t afraid of C. is afraid to D. isn’t afraid to
答案：C
解析：根据“worries he may get hurt”（担心自己会受伤）可知，句子表“害怕做某事”，排除B、D（表“不害怕”，与语境相反）；空格后“jump”是动词原形，“be afraid of”后需接名词或动名词（doing形式），“be afraid to”后接动词原形，且此处侧重“因担心后果而不敢做”，符合用法②（隐含后果）与③（不敢做）的结合，故排除A，选C。
3. —Is your brother free to play basketball this afternoon
—Sorry, ______ he has to take a piano lesson.
A. I’m afraid B. I’m afraid of C. I’m afraid to D. I’m not afraid
答案：A
解析：根据答句“Sorry”和“he has to take a piano lesson”（他得去上钢琴课）可知，此处是“恐怕（他没空）”的委婉表达，对应用法④“be afraid + (that +)从句”，空格后直接接从句，无需加“of”（后接名词/doing）或“to”（后接动词原形），故排除B、C；D选项“不害怕”与语境不符，因此选A。
考点12 double
①〔形容词〕双倍的，两倍的；成对的；两人用的
double doors 双扇门　a double bed 双人床
He got double pay for working overtime.
他因加班获得了双倍工资。
②〔动词〕（使）加倍；是……的两倍；把……对折；折叠
We need to double our efforts if we want to finish this project on time.我们如果想按时完成这个项目，就需要加倍努力。
Happiness was doubled when shared.
分享时快乐加倍。
She doubled the paper and put it in her pocket.她把纸对折后放进了口袋里。
③〔名词〕两倍；双倍(的量、数)
Apple juice, please—make it a double.
请来苹果汁——要双份的。
Eight is the double of four. 8 是 4 的两倍。
◆考点突破
1. My parents bought a ______ sofa for our new living room, so both my sister and I can sit on it together comfortably.
A. double B. doubles C. doubled D. doubling
答案：A
解析：空格后“sofa”（沙发）是名词，需用形容词修饰，对应“double”的用法①（形容词，表“两人用的”）；B选项“doubles”多作名词（表“双打”等）或动词第三人称单数，C选项“doubled”是动词过去式/过去分词，D选项“doubling”是动词现在分词，均不能修饰名词“sofa”，故排除B、C、D，选A。
2. The number of students in our school ______ in the past five years because more families moved to this area.
A. double B. doubles C. doubled D. will double
答案：C
解析：根据时间状语“in the past five years”（在过去五年里）可知，句子需用一般过去时，对应“double”的用法②（动词，表“是……的两倍”）；A选项“double”是动词原形（用于一般现在时复数主语或情态动词后），B选项“doubles”是动词第三人称单数（用于一般现在时单数主语），D选项“will double”是一般将来时，均不符合“过去五年”的时间语境，故排除A、B、D，选C。
3. —I’d like a cup of milk tea.
—Sure. Do you want a single or a ______ It’s more cost-effective.
A. double B. doubled C. doubling D. doubles
答案：A
解析：根据前文“a single”（一份）可知，空格处需填名词，表“双份”，对应“double”的用法③（名词，表“双倍的量”）；B选项“doubled”是动词过去式/过去分词，C选项“doubling”是动词现在分词，均不能作名词；D选项“doubles”虽可作名词，但多表“双打”“两倍（复数语境）”，不用于“a + 名词”表“一份双份的东西”，故排除B、C、D，选A。
考点13 plan
①〔动词〕(planned, planned, planning)打算；计划
plan to do sth 打算/计划做某事
I plan to go to the dentist this afternoon.
今天下午我打算去看牙医。
②〔名词〕计划
make a plan for... 为……制订计划
make plans/a plan to do sth 制订计划做某事
They made a new plan for the use of time.
他们制订了一个利用时间的新计划。
We always make plans to do something interesting together.我们总是计划着一起做有趣的事。
◆考点突破
1. They ______ a trip to the Great Wall next month, so they are buying comfortable shoes now.
A. plan B. planned C. are planning D. will planning
答案：C
解析：根据“next month”（下个月）和“are buying comfortable shoes now”（现在正在买舒适的鞋子）可知，“计划旅行”是当前正在进行的动作，对应“plan”的用法①（动词，表“计划”），且需用现在进行时（be + doing）；A选项“plan”是动词原形（一般现在时），B选项“planned”是过去式（一般过去时），D选项“will planning”语法错误（will后接动词原形），故排除A、B、D，选C。
2. My mother usually ______ to cook something special for our family on weekends.
A. plan B. plans C. is planning D. planned
答案：B
解析：根据频率副词“usually”（通常）可知，句子需用一般现在时，对应“plan”的用法①（动词，表“打算”）；主语“my mother”是第三人称单数，动词需用第三人称单数形式“plans”；A选项“plan”是原形（用于复数主语），C选项“is planning”是现在进行时，D选项“planned”是过去式，均不符合语境，故排除A、C、D，选B。
3. Before the summer holiday starts, all of us need to ______ our study and travel.
A. make a plan for B. plan to C. make plans do D. plan for
答案：A
解析：根据“need to”（需要）可知，空格后需接动词原形短语，且结合语境“为学习和旅行做准备”，对应“plan”的用法②（名词，表“计划”）；A选项“make a plan for...”（为……制订计划），语法正确且符合语境；B选项“plan to”后需接动词原形（如plan to study），空格后“our study and travel”是名词短语，不匹配；C选项“make plans do”语法错误（正确为make plans to do）；D选项“plan for”（为……计划）是动词短语，虽可接名词，但结合“before the summer holiday”（暑假前）的语境，“制订具体计划”（make a plan）更贴合，故排除B、C、D，选A。
语法点
◆现在完成时用法 2
1. 现在完成时的基本用法
表示过去已经开始、持续到现在的动作或状态，常与“for + 一段时间”“since + 过去的时间点/从句（用一般过去时）”以及“so far”等时间状语连用；且句中动词通常为延续性动词（如 be, stay, wait, keep, have 等），用来表达持续的动作或状态。
示例：“I have had this bike for three years.”（我买这辆自行车已经有三年了），其中“have”是延续性动词，与“for three years”搭配体现动作持续。
2. 非延续性动词与延续性表达的转换
非延续性动词（即短暂性动词，如 die, borrow, buy, leave 等）想要表达“延续的意义”时，需用相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换短暂性动词：
短暂性动词 延续性动词/短语
die be dead
borrow keep
buy have
leave be away
open be open
close be closed
come be in
finish be over
join be/in a member of
◆考点突破
1. He ______ the book for two weeks. He must return it now.
A. borrowed B. has borrowed C. kept D. has kept
答案：D
解析：“for two weeks”是时间段，需与延续性动词连用，“borrow”是短暂性动词，其延续性表达为“keep”；且句子是现在完成时（表过去动作持续到现在），结构为“have/has + 过去分词”，主语“He”是第三人称单数，故用“has kept”，选D。
2. My grandfather ______ in this city since 2000.
A. lived B. has lived C. has left D. left
答案：B
解析：“since 2000”是“since + 过去时间点”结构，需与现在完成时（延续性动词）连用；“leave”是短暂性动词，其延续性表达为“live”，现在完成时结构为“has lived”（主语“My grandfather”是第三人称单数），选B。
3. The old man ______ for ten years.
A. died B. has died C. has been dead D. was dead
答案：C
解析：“for ten years”是时间段，“die”是短暂性动词，其延续性表达为“be dead”；现在完成时结构为“have/has + 过去分词”，“be”的过去分词是“been”，故用“has been dead”，选C。
4. They ______ the club since last month.
A. joined B. have joined C. have been in D. have been joined
答案：C
解析：“since last month”是“since + 过去时间点”，需与延续性动词（短语）连用；“join”是短暂性动词，其延续性表达为“be in”，现在完成时结构为“have been in”（主语“They”是复数），选C。
5. The shop ______ for an hour.
A. has closed B. has been closed C. closed D. closes
答案：B
解析：“for an hour”是时间段，“close”是短暂性动词，其延续性表达为“be closed”（表状态）；现在完成时结构为“have/has + 过去分词”，“be”的过去分词是“been”，主语“The shop”是第三人称单数，故用“has been closed”，选B。
6. How long ______ you ______ this dictionary
A. have; bought B. have; had C. did; buy D. do; have
答案：B
解析：“How long”询问时间段，需与延续性动词连用，“buy”是短暂性动词，其延续性表达为“have”；且句子是现在完成时，结构为“have + 过去分词”，主语“you”是第二人称，故用“have had”，选B。
7. She ______ here since she ______ the city.
A. has been; left B. has been; has left C. was; left D. was; has left
答案：A
解析：“since”引导的从句用一般过去时（“left the city”表过去动作），主句用现在完成时且需用延续性动词；“be here”是延续性表达，现在完成时结构为“has been”（主语“She”是第三人称单数），选A。
8. The meeting ______ for 15 minutes.
A. has begun B. began C. has been on D. has on
答案：C
解析：“for 15 minutes”是时间段，“begin”是短暂性动词，其延续性表达为“be on”；现在完成时结构为“have/has + 过去分词”，“be”的过去分词是“been”，故用“has been on”，选C。
9. We ______ each other since we ______ school.
A. have known; left B. have known; have left C. knew; left D. knew; have left
答案：A
解析：“since”引导的从句用一般过去时（“left school”表过去动作），主句用现在完成时且“know”是延续性动词；现在完成时结构为“have known”（主语“We”是复数），选A。
10. He ______ the army for three years.
A. has joined B. has been in C. joined D. has been joined
答案：B
解析：“for three years”是时间段，“join the army”中“join”是短暂性动词，其延续性表达为“be in the army”；现在完成时结构为“have been in”（主语“He”是第三人称单数，故用“has been in”），选B。
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
Unit 2 Getting along
话题 人与社会
功能 1.能用所学词汇和句型阐述维持良好人际关系的重要性 2.能听懂关于人际交往、冲突解决等主题的对话或短文，获取关键信息 3.能用正确运用现在完成时描述自己的一次经历
单 词 1. 年级 n. ________ 2. 洞,孔 n. ________ 3. 诗;韵文 n. ________ 4. 大门 n. ________ 5. 家人;亲戚 n. ________ 6. (报刊的)文章 n. ________ 7. 邻居,邻人 n. ________ 8. (计量用的)单位 n. ________ 9. 政府 n. ________ 10. 票,入场券 n. ________ 11. 行为,行动,动作,举动 n. ________ 12. 要旨,主题思想,寓意 n. ________ 13. 计划 v. ________ 14. 争论,争吵 v. ________ 15. 过去,流逝 v. ________ 16. (把……)分开 v. ________ 17. 提供,给予 v. ________ 18. 敲门(窗) v. ________ 19. 尊重,顾及 v. ________ 20. 实现,达成 v. ________ 21. 建造,盖;造 v. ________ 22. 返回,回来,回去 v. ________ 23. 大声说,喊叫,呼喊 v. ________ 24. 使有可能;允许,容许,准许 v. ________ 25. 狭窄的 adj. ________ 26. 害怕的,恐惧的 adj. ________ 27. 高兴的,开心的 adj. ________ 28. 双倍的;两倍的 adj. ________ 29. 充满活力的,生气勃勃的 adj. ________ 30. 焦虑的,紧张的adj. ________ 31. 很;较为 adv. ________ 32. 从网上,在网上 adv. ________ 33. 可能,大概,也许 adv. ________ 34.也不 conj. ________ 35.每当 conj. ________ 36.他们的,她们的 pron. ________ 37.自从……以来;自从……之后 prep. ________
词 汇 拓 展 1. selfish adj. 自私的——____ adj. 无私的（反义词） 2. happy adj. 高兴的——____ adj. 不高兴的（反义词）——____ n. 高兴；幸福——____ n. 不幸 3. price n. 价格——____ adj. 无价的 4. recent adj. 近来的——____ adv. 最近 5. cheer n. 欢呼声——____ adj. 高兴的 6. certain adj. 确定的——____ adj. 不确定的（反义词） 7. suggest v. 建议——____ n. 建议 8. narrow adj. 狭窄的——____ adj. 宽阔的（反义词） 9. argue v. 争论，争吵——____ n. 争论
短 语 1. 终于 ________ 2. 放弃 ________ 3. 逃跑 ________ 4. 感觉像 ________ 5. 数百的 ________ 6. 争论…… ________ 7. 害怕…… ________ 8. 牢记 ________ 9. 忙于某事 ________ 10. 摧毁,拆毁 ________ 11. 改变主意 ________ 12. 达成协议 ________ 13. 分界线,界限 ________ 14. 与……相处融洽 ________ 15. 对……感到兴奋 ________ 16. 注意礼貌/守规矩 ________
句 型 1. 自那以后,他再也没在那里见过一个孩子。 ____ ____, he hasn't seen a child there. 2. 但是春天没有来,夏天也没有。 But spring never comes, ____ ____. 3. 大多数人都希望收到生日礼物。 Most people ____ ____ ____ birthday gifts. 4. 树木们开心得浑身都开满了花。 And the trees are ____ ____ ____ they have covered themselves with flowers. 5. 他们为邻居退让了三尺。 They ____ ____ three chi for their neighbour. 6. 作为回报,他们决定做同样的事情。 ____ ____, they ____ ____ ____ the same thing. 7. 善意激发更多善意,这真令人高兴。 ____ ____ ____ kindness encourages more kindness. 8. 草地上到处都是漂亮的花朵,像星星一样散落其中。 ____ ____ ____, over the grass, ____ beautiful flowers, like stars. 9. “你们在这里干什么 ”他怒气冲冲地吼道。 "What are you doing here " he ____ ____ ____ very ____ ____. 10. 今年,吉米叔叔计划送出800份冰激凌。 This year, Uncle Jimmy ____ ____ ____ ____ 800 ice creams. 11. 三个朋友正想比试谁最勇敢。 Three friends ____ ____ ____ ____ the bravest one among them. 12. 我正忙着写作业,但我最好的朋友一直给我发消息! I ____ ____ ____ my homework but my best friend ____ ____ me! 13. 一些学生帮他建立了社交媒体主页,从此他在网上结交了许多朋友。 Some students helped him ____ ____ social media pages. He has made many friends online since then.
语法 现在完成时2
写作 讨论和改善人际关系的方法和策略
知识点
考点1 selfish的用法
selfish 〔形容词〕自私的
selfish behaviour 自私的行为
How can you be so selfish 你怎么能这样自私
It was selfish of him to leave all the work to you.他把所有的工作都推给你,真是自私。
【拓展】 selfishly〔副词〕自私地
selfishness〔名词〕自私
◆考点突破
1. It’s really ______ of you to take the last seat on the bus without letting the elderly lady sit.
A. selfish B. kind C. helpful D. gentle
2. Tom is always ______ to ask others for help but never offers help to anyone else.
A. honest B. selfish C. modest D. strict
3. Many people think it’s ______ to use all the public Wi-Fi by yourself and block others from connecting.
A. polite B. funny C. selfish D. wise
考点2 here and there
here and there 在各处；到处相当于 everywhere。
There were toys here and there in the child's room.
孩子的房间里到处都是玩具。
I saw some people sitting here and there on the grass enjoying the sunshine.
我看到一些人零零散散地坐在草地上享受阳光。
◆考点突破
1. After the rain, there are small puddles ______ on the playground.
A. up and down B. here and there C. now and then D. back and forth
2. When we visited the old town, we found interesting small shops ______.
A. here and there B. more or less C. sooner or later D. over and over
3. The teacher walked ______ in the classroom while checking students’ homework.
A. from time to time B. here and there C. hand in hand D. step by step
考点3shout
shout 〔动词〕大声说,喊叫,呼喊
shout at sb 冲某人大声叫嚷(多指因生气或愤怒而冲某人大声吼叫或嚷嚷)
shout to sb 对某人大声喊叫(一般指因距离过远而不得不大声喊叫以让别人听见，无感情因素）
“Help!” he shouted. “救命！”他呼喊道。
Don’t shout at the children, please.
请别冲着孩子们大声嚷嚷。
It’s too noisy here. You should shout to him.
这儿太吵了,你应该大点儿声喊他。
◆考点突破
1. My mom ______ me because I forgot to turn off the gas after cooking.
A. shouted to B. shouted at C. talked to D. spoke to
2. It was noisy in the stadium, so I ______ my friend to let her know where I was sitting.
A. shouted at B. smiled at C. shouted to D. waved to
3. Don’t ______ the little girl—she just made a small mistake, and we should be patient with her.
A. shout at B. shout to C. look at D. point at
考点4 run away 跑开；逃跑
其中 away 用作副词，意为“离开；远离”，常与 run, go, walk, drive, ride 等动词搭配使用。
run away from... 从……处跑开/逃跑
The boy put something on the table and ran away quickly.那个男孩把什么东西放在桌子上就迅速跑开了。
Tom ran away from the burning building.
汤姆从那座着火的大楼里逃出来了。
【拓展】
away 构成的常见短语还有：
go away 走开　give away 捐赠
take away 拿走　put...away 把……收好
◆考点突破
1. The thief ______ as soon as he saw the police coming towards him.
A. ran away B. walked away C. turned away D. took away
2. My little brother tried to catch the butterfly, but it ______ before he could reach it.
A. ran away B. flew away C. ran out D. gave away
3. Farmers often use dogs to ______ mice away from their grain stores.
A. run B. take C. put D. keep
考点5 build
build
①〔动词〕建造,盖；造(过去式:built)
build 的名词形式是 building，意为“建筑物，房子”。
People are going to build a bridge over the river.人们打算在那条河上建一座桥。
When he was only twelve, he built a lab for himself. 当他只有 12 岁时,他就给自己建了个实验室。
②〔名词〕身材
(be)of medium build 中等身材
The person is of medium build.
这个人中等身材。
◆考点突破
1. They ______ a new school in our neighborhood last year, and it will open next month.
A. build B. built C. builds D. will build
2. —What does your uncle look like —He is tall and ______ medium build.
A. in B. on C. of D. with
3. My father is a worker, and he often helps ______ new houses for the villagers.
A. build B. built C. building D. builds
考点6、since
①〔介词〕自从……以来；自从……之后
表示时间。
since then 从那以后；自从那时起
I haven’t seen her since last year.
自从去年以来我就没见过她。
I met him three years ago and since then we have been good friends.我三年前遇到了他,从那以后我们就成了好朋友。
②〔连词〕自……以来；自从……之后
引导时间状语从句，该时间状语从句常用一般过去时。
He has raised more than 10,000 yuan for homeless people since the summer vacation began. 自暑假开始以来,他已经为无家可归的人筹集了 10 000 多元。
③〔连词〕因为；既然
用来陈述原因或理由，引导原因状语从句。
Since these clothes are too small for you, why not give them away 既然这些衣服对你来说太小了,为什么不把它们捐出去呢？
④〔副词〕从……以后，自……以来
常与现在完成时连用。
He left home two weeks ago and we haven’t heard from him since.他两周前离家外出,我们至今还没有他的音信。
◆考点突破
1、It’s important to keep learning about new ideas and technology ______ the world changes so fast.
A. so　　B. of　　C. since　　D. unless
考点7辨析:hope 与 wish
两者都可用作动词，有“希望”之意，但有区别，具体如下：
hope
- 表示可以实现或能达成的“希望”
- hope to do sth “希望做某事”
- hope + that 从句 “希望……”
wish
- 表示某种强烈的“愿望”；后跟从句时，一般表示难以实现的“愿望”，从句常用虚拟语气
- wish to do sth “希望做某事”
- wish + that 从句“希望……”
- wish sb to do sth “希望某人做某事”
- wish + 宾语 + 宾语补足语(形容词或名词)（表示美好的“祝愿”）
We hope to see you again.
我们希望再次见到你。
We hope that we can see you again.我们希望能再次见到你。
I wish to go right now.我希望现在就走。
I wish I could fly like a bird.
我希望我能像鸟儿一样飞。
I wish him to make progress.
我希望他取得进步。
I wish you happy.祝你幸福。
I wish you a pleasant journey.
祝您旅途愉快。
◆考点突破
1. I ______ to buy a new phone next month because I’ve saved enough money.
A. hope B. wish C. want D. need
2. My sister ______ me to help her with her math homework this evening.
A. hopes B. wish C. wishes D. hopes that
3. Tom ______ that he could have more free time, but he has too much homework every day.
A. hopes B. wish C. wishes D. hoped
考点8 nor 〔连词〕也不
①常用于 not...nor...（不……也不……）和 neither...nor...（既不……也不……）结构。
It was not my book, nor his.
那不是我的书，也不是他的。
He can neither read nor write. (= He cannot read or write.)他既不会读也不会写。
②用于肯定动词前，表示同意刚提及的否定命题，表示“也不”。
She doesn’t like them and nor does Jeff.
她不喜欢他们，杰夫也不喜欢。
— I’m not going.我不想去。
— Nor am I. 我也不去。
◆考点突破
1. This pen is ______ mine ______ my sister’s. It must belong to someone else.
A. neither; nor B. not; nor C. neither; or D. not; or
2. Lily can’t speak French, and ______ her brother.
A. nor can B. nor is C. so can D. so is
3. —I don’t like eating spicy food. —______. It always makes my stomach hurt.
A. So do I B. Nor do I C. So am I D. Nor am I
考点9 辨析:hear sb/sth doing sth 与 hear sb/sth do sth
hear sb/sth doing sth
- 听到……正在做某事
- 强调听到的动作正在进行
hear sb/sth do sth
- 听到……做某事
- 强调听到动作发生的全过程或动作经常发生
I heard him laughing when I passed his room.我经过他的房间时听到他在笑。
I often hear the young man sing in the next room.我经常听到那个年轻人在隔壁房间唱歌。
【拓展】
与 hear sb/sth doing sth 和 hear sb/sth do sth 用法类似的还有：
see/watch/notice sb/sth doing sth
看到/观看/注意到……正在做某事
see/watch/notice sb/sth do sth
看到/观看/注意到……做某事
◆考点突破
1. —Did you hear Tom when you walked past his room —Yes, I heard him ______ the guitar.
A. play B. playing C. plays D. to play
2. My mom often ______ my little brother read stories before he goes to bed.
A. hears B. hears to C. hears...playing D. hears...play
3. I stood outside the classroom quietly and heard the teacher ______ the text to the students clearly.
A. reading B. read C. to read D. reads
考点10 （1）knock down
①摧毁，拆毁
They want to knock down the old house to build a new one. 他们想拆除这栋旧房子来建一座新的。
②打倒(或击倒、撞倒）
An elephant knocked down a dog.
一头大象把一条狗撞倒了。
③减价；降价
He knocked down the price from $80 to $50.他把价格从 80 美元降到了 50 美元。
（2）knock
①〔不及物动词〕敲门(窗)
knock at/on the door 敲门
He knocked at/on the door, but there was no answer.他敲了敲门，但没有回应。
②〔动词〕碰撞；碰倒，撞倒
knock against/on 撞到……（上）
The car knocked against the tree last night.
那辆小汽车昨天夜里撞到了树上。
③〔名词〕敲击声；敲击
There is a knock at the door.
有敲门声。
◆考点突破
1. The workers plan to ______ the old factory so that they can build a modern shopping mall here.（ ）
A. knock at B. knock down C. knock against D. knock on
2. When I was walking on the street, a bicycle suddenly ______ me, but luckily I wasn’t hurt seriously.（ ）
A. knocked down B. knocked at C. knocked on D. knocked with
3. —Listen! There is a ______ at the door. Who could it be
—Maybe it’s our neighbor, Mrs. Smith.（ ）
A. knock B. knock down C. knock at D. knock against
考点11afraid 〔形容词〕害怕的,恐惧的
① be afraid of sth 害怕某事/某物
Most of the girls are afraid of snakes.
大多数女孩怕蛇。
② be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事
指担心或担忧做某事会引起某种后果。
Don’t be afraid of making mistakes.
不要害怕犯错误。
③ be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事，不敢做某事
She is afraid to cross the river on a ropeway.
她害怕坐索道过河。
④ be afraid + (that +)从句　恐怕……
I’m afraid (that) he can’t come.
恐怕他不能来了。
◆考点突破
1. Most little kids ______ thunder, so they hide in their parents’ arms when it thunders.
A. be afraid of B. are afraid of C. are afraid to D. be afraid to
2. He ______ jump off the wall because he worries he may get hurt.
A. is afraid of B. isn’t afraid of C. is afraid to D. isn’t afraid to
3. —Is your brother free to play basketball this afternoon
—Sorry, ______ he has to take a piano lesson.
A. I’m afraid B. I’m afraid of C. I’m afraid to D. I’m not afraid
考点12 double
①〔形容词〕双倍的，两倍的；成对的；两人用的
double doors 双扇门　a double bed 双人床
He got double pay for working overtime.
他因加班获得了双倍工资。
②〔动词〕（使）加倍；是……的两倍；把……对折；折叠
We need to double our efforts if we want to finish this project on time.我们如果想按时完成这个项目，就需要加倍努力。
Happiness was doubled when shared.
分享时快乐加倍。
She doubled the paper and put it in her pocket.她把纸对折后放进了口袋里。
③〔名词〕两倍；双倍(的量、数)
Apple juice, please—make it a double.
请来苹果汁——要双份的。
Eight is the double of four. 8 是 4 的两倍。
◆考点突破
1. My parents bought a ______ sofa for our new living room, so both my sister and I can sit on it together comfortably.
A. double B. doubles C. doubled D. doubling
2. The number of students in our school ______ in the past five years because more families moved to this area.
A. double B. doubles C. doubled D. will double
3. —I’d like a cup of milk tea.
—Sure. Do you want a single or a ______ It’s more cost-effective.
A. double B. doubled C. doubling D. doubles
考点13 plan
①〔动词〕(planned, planned, planning)打算；计划
plan to do sth 打算/计划做某事
I plan to go to the dentist this afternoon.
今天下午我打算去看牙医。
②〔名词〕计划
make a plan for... 为……制订计划
make plans/a plan to do sth 制订计划做某事
They made a new plan for the use of time.
他们制订了一个利用时间的新计划。
We always make plans to do something interesting together.我们总是计划着一起做有趣的事。
◆考点突破
1. They ______ a trip to the Great Wall next month, so they are buying comfortable shoes now.
A. plan B. planned C. are planning D. will planning
2. My mother usually ______ to cook something special for our family on weekends.
A. plan B. plans C. is planning D. planned
3. Before the summer holiday starts, all of us need to ______ our study and travel.
A. make a plan for B. plan to C. make plans do D. plan for
语法点
◆现在完成时用法 2
1. 现在完成时的基本用法
表示过去已经开始、持续到现在的动作或状态，常与“for + 一段时间”“since + 过去的时间点/从句（用一般过去时）”以及“so far”等时间状语连用；且句中动词通常为延续性动词（如 be, stay, wait, keep, have 等），用来表达持续的动作或状态。
示例：“I have had this bike for three years.”（我买这辆自行车已经有三年了），其中“have”是延续性动词，与“for three years”搭配体现动作持续。
2. 非延续性动词与延续性表达的转换
非延续性动词（即短暂性动词，如 die, borrow, buy, leave 等）想要表达“延续的意义”时，需用相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换短暂性动词：
短暂性动词 延续性动词/短语
die be dead
borrow keep
buy have
leave be away
open be open
close be closed
come be in
finish be over
join be/in a member of
◆考点突破
1. He ______ the book for two weeks. He must return it now.
A. borrowed B. has borrowed C. kept D. has kept
2. My grandfather ______ in this city since 2000.
A. lived B. has lived C. has left D. left
3. The old man ______ for ten years.
A. died B. has died C. has been dead D. was dead
4. They ______ the club since last month.
A. joined B. have joined C. have been in D. have been joined
5. The shop ______ for an hour.
A. has closed B. has been closed C. closed D. closes
6. How long ______ you ______ this dictionary
A. have; bought B. have; had C. did; buy D. do; have
7. She ______ here since she ______ the city.
A. has been; left B. has been; has left C. was; left D. was; has left
8. The meeting ______ for 15 minutes.
A. has begun B. began C. has been on D. has on
9. We ______ each other since we ______ school.
A. have known; left B. have known; have left C. knew; left D. knew; have left
10. He ______ the army for three years.
A. has joined B. has been in C. joined D. has been joined
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