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初中英语语法讲练集 chapter 1 词类和词类转换
1.1 词的分类
英语中的词根据其形式特征和在句子中的作用可以分为十大类，列表如下：
名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词能在句中独立充当成分，称为实词。冠词、介词、连词和感叹词不能在句中独立充当成分，称为虚词。
1.2 词类转换
词类之间通过一定的构词方法可以互相转换。词类间的转换通常有三种形式：
1．派生词
由词根加词缀构成的新词称为派生词。词缀分为前缀和后缀。前缀加于词根前，后缀加于词根后。例如：
happy adj ．高兴的
happy + -ly→happily adv ．高兴地
un- + happy→unhappy adj ．不高兴的
（1）前缀
前缀一般不改变词类，多改变词义。
1）表示否定意义的前缀
2）表示其他意义的前缀
（2）后缀
后缀一般用来改变词类。
1）表示人或器具
说明：
［1］以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾是单个辅音字母的动词如swim，win，run，begin等，构成名词时先将结尾辅音字母双写，再加后缀-er。
［2］以-an，-ese后缀结尾有关国家名称的派生词见1.2中1（3）。
2）构成抽象名词，表示过程、结果、状况、身份、年纪、程度等。
说明：
［1］explain（解释），pronounce（发音），repeat（重复）构成名词时，词形发生变化：
explain→explanation repeat→repetition
pronounce→pronunciation
［2］begin，shop等动词结尾音节为重读闭音节，且词尾为单个辅音字母，构成名词时，应先将词尾辅音字母双写，再加后缀-ing。
3）构成形容词，表示能力、倾向、属性、程度、方向、否定等。
4）构成副词，表示方式或方向。
说明：
以辅音字母＋y结尾的形容词构成副词时，将词尾字母-y改成i，再加-ly。
5）构成动词，表示做成、变成、…化、使成为等。
（3）有关国家名称的派生词
2．兼类词
英语中有不少词可以兼用作不同的词类。当它们相互转换词类时，词形不作变化。
The ice has changed into water. (v .) 冰已变成水。
There will be a change in the weather. (n .) 天气将要起变化。
Who can answer the question Will you try (v .) 谁能回答这个问题？你愿试试吗？
I can do that. Let me have a try . (n .) 那件事我能干。让我试一下。
Mum, my hands are clean now. Could I have a cake (adj .) 妈妈，我的手干净了。我可以吃蛋糕吗？
Jimmy helped his mother clean the kitchen. (v .) 杰米帮助他母亲打扫厨房。
I'm afraid you've caught a cold . (n .) 恐怕你得感冒了。
They waited for the bus in the cold wind. (adj .) 他们在冷风中等公共汽车。
He speaks English and French well . (adv .) 他英语和法语说得很好。
He's not feeling well today. (adj .) 他今天感觉不舒服。
It was raining hard. They had to stay in the bookstore. (prep .) 天下大雨。他们只好待在书店里。
They went in one by one. (adv .) 他们一个接一个走进去。
Turn right and you'll see the square. (adv .)往右拐，你可以看到广场。
The bank is on the right . (n .) 银行在右边。
英语中有些词词形相似，词性容易混淆。例如：
The policeman helped the pupils across the road. (prep .) 警察帮助学生穿过马路。
Don't cross the road until the lights turn to green. (v .) 等转为绿灯再过马路。
He walked past my office, but didn't come in. (prep .) 他经过我的办公室，但没进来。
I pass the restaurant on my way to school every day.(v .)我上学的路上每天经过这家餐馆。
What's the weight of the fat boy (n .) 这个胖男孩体重多少？
The lady weighed the parcel before I paid the postage. (v .) 我付邮资前，那位女士称了包裹的重量。
welcome, open可兼作形容词和动词，注意使用时不要混淆词性。例如：
You are welcome to our school. (adj .) 欢迎到我们学校来。
The scientists were welcomed at our school. (v .) 科学家们在我们学校受到欢迎。
The science museum is open until 7 p. m. (adj .) 科学博物馆一直开放到下午七点。
When does the museum open in the morning (v .) 博物馆上午几点开门？
3．合成词
（1）合成词一般由两个或两个以上的词合成。
（2）含数词的复合形容词有两种形式：
1）基数词＋单数可数名词，中间用连字符号，一般用作定语修饰名词，相当于“基数词＋名词所有格”。例如：
2）基数词＋单数可数名词＋形容词。例如：
a five-year-old boy五岁的男孩
an eighty-metre-high building八十米高的楼房
这类合成的形容词一般用作定语修饰名词，不用作表语，比较下列各组句子。
That is a 1,000-kilometre-long railway. 那是条1000公里长的铁路。
That railway is 1,000 kilometres long. 那条铁路1000公里长。
That is a three-foot-deep swimming pool. 那是个三英尺深的游泳池。
That swimming pool is three feet deep . 那个游泳池三英尺深。
练 习 一
I．用所给单词的适当形式填空。
A man who has an important job and makes a lot of money usually considers himself ________. (success)
There are few experiences quite as ________ as getting a good idea. (satisfy)
Some living things have lived for millions of years as they have few ________ enemies. (nature)
The pupils had a good ________ and all cried, "April Fool!" (laugh)
— Excuse me, but is it the right way to the Expo Park
— Sorry, I'm a ________ myself here. (strange)
The goods in this shopping-mall sell well for their __________ prices. (reason)
Most home accidents are caused by ________. (careless)
Could I see the manager, please I have a ________ to make. (complain)
Many cities around the world today are ________ polluted. (heavy)
Now people want to buy environmentally ________ products. (friend)
________ between parents and children should go on throughout life rather than finish in childhood. (communicate)
"That's it!" he shouted excitedly. "Keep it ________ like that!" (exact)
The painter tried hard to produce the effect of a ________ sunset. (wonder)
Newspapers often use language to show the unusual ________ of news. (important)
It is not ________ to feel left behind at the beginning of a race. (please)
When they reach the age of 60，some people feel that their ________ life is completed and their job is done. (act)
Usually, the convenience of public transport is important in the ________ of a location when we buy an apartment house. (choose)
Mrs. Smith is in hospital because of ________ loss. (weigh)
A young man, ________ from college, came to work in the company, but a year later, he was fired. (straight)
The pupils followed Jane's ________ and came to understand the poems well. (explain)
The members of the band were excited when they were preparing for an important ________. (perform)
Even though he was well prepared for his speech, his ________ made him speak badly. (nervous)
A study suggests that babies feel more ________ with other babies than with strange adults. (comfort)
The hotels in the seaside town were crowded with ________ who came from England on vacation. (tour)
The pupil had ________ in himself and believed that he could do as well as others in his studies. (confident)
In India women have ________ stayed at home, but now many women want to take an active role in the economy. (traditional)
________ is when you return home tired after work and find dinner ready on table. (happy)
When some children find their music or clothes make their parents or teachers unhappy, this gives them ________ enjoyment. (addition)
In restaurants, the usual tip for ________ is between 10 and 20 percent of the bill. (serve)
The most exciting moment was the beautiful show of ________ fireworks in the clear night sky. (color)
What a pleasure it is to add a new stamp to one's ________! (collect)
Pop music teenagers enjoy may sound ________ to adults. (noise)
A good job is always about an ________ life for ourselves, not just about making a lot of money. (enjoy)
People with learning ________ are usually above average in intelligence. (able)
Mumbai is famous for its ________ park, where most Indian movies are made. (nation)
When changes come in your life, don't fight against them, but bend like bamboo and you will ________. (success)
Since our new manager's ________, we have been busier than before. (arrive)
They swam in ________ and followed the river out of the cave into a bigger river. (dark)
________ thought, for example, writing a song or drawing a picture, happens on the right side of the brain. (create)
A public library is the most important building in a city — it has all our ________. (know)
He planned to make some ________ to his car to make it more environmentally friendly. (improve)
Any ________ is welcome to improve our hotel service. (suggest)
To my surprise, Edward finally became the ________ of first prize. (win)
Most ________ speak English, but some speak French. (Canada)
I think ________ should come first in hunting for jobs. (honest)
Doctors are worried about the ________ of some medicines to children. (safe)
Students should have enough sleep so that they can learn more ________. (efficient)
Western tourists prefer a bit more ________. They like to have time to go around the city. (free)
When a child has ________ problems in class, he or she usually has not enough sleep. (attend)
The air we breathe in cities every day is just a ________ of gases, so it is sometimes very dirty. (mix)
The tourists were satisfied with the ________ during their tour in China. (arrange)
John has got a high score for his poem, which was ________ written. (beautiful)
It is sometimes very difficult to forecast the ________ weather in the mountain area. (change)
The computer can do calculations very quickly and ________. (accurate)
There was already a large crowd of visitors at the ________ to the exhibition two hours before it opened. (enter)
The students offered to lend a helping hand to those ________ children in the earthquake. (home)
Hopkins is so ________ that he is always disappointing those whom he has promised to help. (forget)
The close ________ she had with a few girls at school continued till their old age. (friend)
People in the shopping mall are ________ tourists from all over the world. (main)
Everyone should be responsible for the ________ of wild animals. (protect)
II．完成下列句子，根据句意在空格中填入所缺的词，首字母已给出。
Model: We now download music or pictures from the Internet and seldom use a r ________ to record music or pictures. (recorder)
A housewife now often has a pocket c ________ with her so that she can calculate the money she has to pay for the things she buys.
Maggie wants to be an a ________, one who produces art, especially paintings or drawings.
The c ________ rode their bikes as fast as they could in the cycle race around the island.
The f ________ found they could catch no fish in the sea as the sea was heavily polluted by the oil.
The f ________ managed to have the great fire under control and stop it spreading to other houses.
Edison, Watt, and Bell were great i ________, who made new things and changed people's lives.
A l ________ is in charge of a library, and his or her job is to lend books to readers and mend books.
Helen found a part-time job as a w ________ in a Russian restaurant. She learned to serve customers at their tables.
A news r ________ writes about the news in a newspaper or speaks about it on the television or radio.
American I ________ are native Americans, who have lived in America for centuries.
An A ________ American is an American citizen whose family was from Africa.
Unlike most people, who play tennis just as hobbies, Bill is a p ________ tennis player. He plays tennis as a job and for money.
We can't believe in a d ________ person as he or she often lies or cheats.
Boys usually dream of becoming e ________, who can design, build or repair engines, machines, etc.
When I telephone a large company, the o ________ will put through my call to the office I want.
When people have toothache, they go to the d ________ to have their bad teeth filled or pulled out.
A m ________ plays the piano, the violin, or other musical instruments, or writes music.
An o ________ has a position in the government or a large organization.
A t ________ is a boy or a girl between 13 and 19 years old.
A b ________ is a woman who makes money by buying and selling and is good at dealing with money.
III．完成下列句子，根据句意在空格中填入所缺的合成词，首字母已给出。
Model: Teachers always give us a lot of h ________, so we always have a lot of written exercises to do away from school. (homework)
In summer we like to stay in a room with an a ________, which can make air cool.
An a ________ can provide flights for people or goods in planes.
At the a ________ passengers wait to take their flights and can see planes land and take off.
My b ________ is on November 15th. This means November 15th each year is the same date as the one I was born.
I feel a terrible pain in my stomach, so I have a terrible s ________.
Bobby often has a h ________ for his breakfast, which is a hot sausage in a soft bread roll.
Unlike a car, which has four wheels, a m ________ has only two wheels. But it has an engine, so it is different from a bicycle.
We all like to go to the s ________ for summer holidays. On the beach we can see beautiful sunrise and sunset.
When we do s ________ in Rome, we see the sights of Rome as tourists.
On the night when the Shanghai Expo opened, visitors from all over the world enjoyed the f ________ with colored lights and loud sounds in the night sky.
Nearly everybody enjoys delicious s ________, which is mainly fish and shellfish from the sea.
Most people work or study on w ________，that is, Monday through Friday，and rest on w ________, which are Saturday and Sunday.
In London the railway system under the ground is called the u ________ or the tube.
A s ________ can carry people and travel in space, even to other planets or stars.
If a number of computers are connected together，then a computer n ________ is formed so that information can be shared.
When you leave and enter your own country, you need to have a p ________ to show you are a citizen of the country.
To solve the traffic problems in big cities, we build o ________, which carry one road over another road.
When we read a news story, we often first read the h ________, which is the title printed in large letters above the news story.
When playing v ________, two teams hit a ball over a high net with their hands and try not to let the ball touch the ground on their own side.
I ________ is always frozen sweet food children like, which is made of milk or cream, often with a taste of fruit or chocolate.
练习一答案
I.
1. successful 2. satisfactory 3. natural 4. laugh 5. stranger 6. reasonable 7. carelessness 8. complaint 9. heavily 10. friendly 11. Communication 12. exactly 13. wonderful 14. importance 15. pleasant 16. active 17. choice 18. weight 19. straight 20. explanation 21. performance 22. nervousness fortable 24. tourists 25. confidence 26. traditionally 27. Happiness 28. additional 29. service 30. colorful 31. collection 32. noisy 33. enjoyable 34. ability 35. national 36. succeed 37. arrival 38. darkness 39. Creative 40. knowledge 41. improvements 42. suggestion 43. winner 44. Canadians 45. honesty 46. safety 47. efficiently 48. freedom 49. attention 50. mixture 51. arrangement 52. beautifully 53. changeable 54. accurately 55. entrance 56. homeless 57. forgetful 58. friendship 59. mainly 60. protection
II.
1. calculator 2. artist 3. cyclists 4. fishermen 5. firemen 6. inventors 7. librarian 8. waitress 9. reporter 10. Indians 11. African 12. professional 13. dishonest 14. engineers 15. operator 16. dentist's 17. musician 18. official 19. teenager 20. businesswoman
III.
1. air-conditioner 2. airline 3. airport 4. birthday 5. stomachache 6. hot dog 7. motorcycle 8. seaside 9. sightseeing 10. fireworks 11. seafood 12. weekdays, weekends 13. underground 14. spaceship work 16. passport 17. overpasses 18. headline 19. volleyball 20 Ice cream

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