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(共23张PPT)
Discovering Useful Structures
Describe your favourite things
Unit 5 Languages around the world
Review
China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way through into modern times ... (P62)
People in modern times can read the classic works which were written by Chinese in ancient times. (P62)
Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China’s present is connected with its past. (P62)
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction. (P62)
Restrictive Relative Clauses
定语从句的定义
在复合句中，修饰______或______的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫_______，引导定语从句的词叫_______。关系词分为关系_____和关系_____两类
名词
代词
先行词
关系词
代词
副词
关系代词及其用法
关系代词 指代 在定语从句中所充当的成分 人 物 主语 宾语 定语
that
which
who
whom
whose
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
何时可以省略？
做宾语时可以省略
Lead in
What do you know about the written Chinese
It was a time when people were divided geographically.
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into
one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.
There are many reasons why people learn a foreign language.
These were animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people.
Look at these sentences and underline the restrictive relative clauses. What kind of information does each clause communicate
It was a time when people were divided geographically.
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.
There are many reasons why people learn a foreign language.
These were animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people.
a time for an event
a location for an event
a reason for an action
a location for an action
It was a time when people were divided geographically.
a time for an event
先行词（即被修饰的名词）在从句中做时间状语时，连接词使用when.
It was a time.
At that time people were divided geographically.
I will never forget the day when I first saw you.
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.
a location for an event
先行词（即被修饰的名词）在从句中做地点状语时，连接词使用where.
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country.
In that country the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.
After living in Beijing for 30 years, he returned to the small town where he grew up.
一些表示抽象地点的名词，如 point，case，stage, position，condition，situation等，用where 引导。
The accident has reached to the point where both their parents are to be called in.
Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
There are many reasons why people learn a foreign language.
a reason for an action
先行词（即被修饰的名词）在从句中做原因状语时，连接词使用why。
There are many reasons.
Because of these reasons, people learn a foreign language.
Unsuccessful people can always find reasons why they’re not doing well.
These were animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people.
a location for an action
先行词指物且在从句中做状语时，连接词可以用介词+which来替换关系副词，其中介词的选择和先行词的搭配有关。
There were animals bones and shells.
Symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people on them.
These were animal bones and shells on which(=where) symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people.
介词+which (如on which)的结构一般限于比较正式的文体中。
when引导的定语从句：
when做时间状语=介词in/at/on/during/…+which
I will never forget the day when I first saw you.
= I will never forget the day on which I first saw you.
where引导的定语从句：
where做地点状语=介词in/at…+which
After living in Beijing for 30 years, he returned to the small town where he grew up.
= After living in Beijing for 30 years, he returned to the small town in which he grew up.
why引导的定语从句：
why引导定语从句时，从句的先行词常为reason，
why在句中做原因状语，相当于“介词for+which”结构。
Unsuccessful people can always find reasons why they’re not doing well.
=Unsuccessful people can always find reasons for which they’re not doing well.
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指人，用“介词+whom”；如果指物，用“介词+which”；关系代词有时也可以用whose作定语。
The boss in whose company Mr. King worked heard about the accident.
This is the camera with which he often takes photo.
Selection of prepositions
1. Fixed phrases
Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous.
He is the student from whom we should learn.
2. Sentence meaning
Do you remember the days on which we chatted with each other all night
Can you recognize the house in which you used to live with your parents
be famous for
learn from
on the day
in the house
用介词 ＋ 关系代词填空。
1. Who is the person _______ _______ you just shook hands
2. China is a powerful country, _______ _______ we are proud.
3. This is the tree _______ _______ we used to play games.
4. This is my glasses, _______ _______ I can’t see clearly.
5. Do you remember the day _______ _______ you joined our club
6. Do you know the reason _____ _______ he lost the job
with whom
without which
under which
of which
on which
for which
表示时间、地点及原因的名词作先行词时，
1. 先行词在定语从句中作状语时，应用when, where, why；
2. 若先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，则应用that/which。
Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night
Do you remember the days that/which we spent studying together in the classroom
I don’t know the reason why he didn’t turn to his good friend for help yesterday.
We won’t accept the reason that/which you have given.
Can you recognize the house where you used to live with your parents
Can you recognize the house that/which Tom sold three years ago
对比填空：that 、which、when、where、why
1. I will never forget the days _____________ we spent together.
I will never forget the days ___________ we stayed together.
2. The reason_____________ he explained at the meeting was not sound.
The reason ___________ he was late was that he missed his train.
3. Keep the book in place___________ you can find it easily.
This is the house _________ was built by my grandfather forty years ago.
that/which
when
that/which
why
where
that/which
关系副词 指代 在定语从句中作用
when =
where =
why =
time
时间状语
地点状语
原因状语
place
reason
介词+which
介词+which
for which
Fill in the table to complete each phrase with a restrictive relative clause. Then use the phrases to make complete sentences.
the reason
why
the place
where
in/at which
the place/time
the day
when
the day
when
the reason
why
the place
where
in/at which
the place/time
the earthquake happened
I was on holiday the day when the earthquake happened.
I didn’t get a pay-rise
I don’t know the reason why I didn’t get a pay-rise.
my friend lives
She works near the place where my friend lives.
I found Grandma’s glasses
This is the cupboard in which I found Grandma’s glasses.
Complete the passage with the correct relative adverbs or pronouns. Add a preposition where necessary.
When I started studying German, it was a struggle. The words felt strange on my tongue, and the grammar would not stay in my head. I told my mum that I wanted to give up, and that I would never live in a country ______________ German was spoken. My mum told me that studying a language was not just for my future. It was exercise for the brain; the more I learnt of a language, the more my brain would grow. And I remember that day _______________ I suddenly felt like German was no longer a foreign language. It felt like my brain had doubled in size. I had finally come to a place ______________ I could think in this foreign language, and I could see the world from a different point of view. I felt as if I had reached the goal __________ I had been fighting for. I could open a book and see meanings, not just a sea of words. I finally understood the reason __________ my mum had encouraged me not to give up. Thanks, Mum!
where/in which
when/on which
where/at which
that/which
why
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