资源简介 Unit 3 Same or Different形容词和副词的比较级 语法解析在初中英语中,形容词和副词的比较级是用于两者之间进行比较的语法形式,核心功能是通过特定变化,明确表达“一方在性质、特征或动作程度上,与另一方存在‘更……’或‘不如……’的差异”。一、形容词的定义及用法形容词是用于修饰名词或代词,描述人、事物、动物或抽象概念的性质、特征、状态或数量的词,其用法主要有以下三种:1. 修饰名词或代词,通常位于被修饰的名词前,若修饰不定代词(something, anything等),需放在不定代词后面。This is a red bird.(修饰名词bird,位于名词前)I have something important to tell you.(修饰不定代词something,位于不定代词后)2. 说明主语的性质、特征或状态,紧跟在系动词(be动词,感官动词,“变得”become/get/turn/go,“似乎”seem等)之后。The flowers are beautiful.(说明主语flowers的特征,位于be动词之后)The soup tastes delicious.(说明主语soup的味道,位于感官动词taste之后)It gets cold in winter.(说明主语it的状态变化,位于系动词get之后)She seems happy.(说明主语she的状态,位于系动词seem之后)3. 补充说明宾语的性质或状态,紧跟在宾语后,常见于“动词 + 宾语 + 宾补”结构,常见动词如:make, keep, find等。We must keep our room clean.(补充宾语room的状态)The story made her happy.(补充宾语her的情绪)Lily find English easy.(补充宾语English的特征)二、副词的定义及用法副词的核心作用是修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,回答“如何做?”“何时做?”“何地做?”“到何种程度?”等问题,其用法主要有以下四种:1. 修饰动词(最常见),说明动作的方式、频率、时间、地点等。She sings beautifully.(副词beautifully,修饰动词sing,说明“唱”的方式)He often plays basketball.(副词often,修饰动词play,说明“打”的频率)We will meet tomorrow.(副词tomorrow,修饰动词meet,说明“见面”的时间)2. 修饰形容词,加强或减弱形容词的程度。This movie is very interesting.(副词very,修饰形容词interesting,表程度“非常”)The box is too heavy for me.(副词too,修饰形容词heavy,表程度“太……”)She is quite tall.(副词quite,修饰形容词tall,表程度“相当”)3. 修饰其他副词,加强或减弱副词的程度He runs very fast.(副词very,修饰副词fast,表程度“非常快”)She speaks English quite well.(副词quite,修饰副词well,表程度“相当好”)4. 作状语,修饰整个句子,说明句子的时间、地点、原因、让步等。Yesterday, I went to the park.(时间状语,说明整个句子的时间)He is late, because he missed the bus.(原因状语,说明“迟到”的原因)However, he didn’t give up.(让步状语,表转折“然而”)三、比较级的构成规则形容词和副词的比较级构成分为规则变化和不规则变化,其中规则变化占绝大多数,需重点掌握;不规则变化需单独记忆。1. 规则变化:构成方法 原级→比较级单音节词和部分双音节词 一般情况,直接加-er 形容词:tall→taller;short→shorter 副词:fast→faster;hard→harder以“e”结尾,词尾加-r 形容词:nice→nicer;large→larger 副词:late→later以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的双音节词,先变“y”为“i”,加-er 形容词:happy→happier;easy→easier 副词:early→earlier重读闭音节的单音节词,词尾是 “辅 + 元 + 辅”,双写词尾字母,加-er 形容词:big→bigger;hot→hotter;thin→thinner多音节词和部分双音节词 在词前加more 形容词:important→more important;beautiful→more beautiful 副词:carefully→more carefully;quickly→more quickly【注】双音节词的比较级需灵活判断,若词尾有“-ly”“-ful”“-less”等后缀(如:careful, slowly),通常加more;若词尾无后缀(如:clever, simple),可加-er或more(cleverer/more clever,均正确)。2. 不规则变化:需单独记忆原级 比较级 例句good/well better He is better at English than me.(他英语比我好。) She sings better than her sister.(她唱歌比她姐姐好。)bad/badly worse This movie is worse than that one.(这部电影比那部差。) He did worse in the exam.(他考试考得更差了。)many/much more I have more books than you.(我的书比你多。) She eats more than her brother.(她吃得比她弟弟多。)little less There is less water in this bottle.(这个瓶子里的水更少。) He talks less than before.(他比以前说话少了。)far farther/further Beijing is farther from Shanghai than Nanjing.(北京到上海比南京到上海远。) We need further discussion.(我们需要更深入的讨论。)四、比较级的句式结构比较级的本质是“两者之间的比较”,所有句式均围绕“突出A与B的差异”展开。初中阶段需掌握6大核心句式。1. A + be动词 + 形容词比较级 + than + B这是最基础的比较,意为“A比B更……”,用于比较两者的“性质、特征”(用形容词修饰名词/作表语)。My sister is younger than me.(我妹妹比我小。)This red dress is more beautiful than that blue one.(这条红裙子比那条蓝裙子更漂亮。)【注】than后的B若指代前文的名词,需用“名词性物主代词”避免重复。 My bag is heavier than your bag. My bag is heavier than yours.2. A + 实义动词 + 副词比较级 + than + B这是最基础的比较,意为“A比B更……”,用于比较两者的“动作方式、频率、程度”(用副词修饰动词)。He runs faster than Tom.(他跑得比汤姆快。)She studies more carefully than her deskmate.(她学习比同桌更仔细。)【注】修饰动词必须用副词比较级,不能用形容词。 She sings gooder than me.(good是形容词,且比较级不规则) She sings better than me.(well是副词,比较级为better)3. A + be动词 + not + 形容词比较级 + than + B= A + be动词 + less + 形容词原级 + than + B这是否定比较,意为“A不如B……”,两种句式完全等价,均表示“A的特征不如 B”,区别在于结构(前者用“not + 比较级”,后者用“less + 原级”)。This movie is not more interesting than that one.= This movie is less interesting than that one.(这部电影不如那部有趣。)His English is not better than mine.= His English is less good than mine.(他的英语不如我好。)【注】“less”后必须接形容词/副词的原级,不能接比较级。 This book is less interestinger than that one. This book is less interesting than that one.4. A + 实义动词 + not + 副词比较级 + than + B= A + 实义动词 + less + 副词原级 + than + B这是否定比较,意为“A不如B……”,两种句式完全等价,反向比较“动作的方式/程度”,表示“A 的动作不如B”。He does not run faster than me.= He runs less fast than me.(他跑得不如我快。)They did not finish the work more quickly than us.= They finished the work less quickly than us.(他们完成工作不如我们快。)5. A + be / 实义动词 + 程度副词 + 比较级 + than + B在比较级前加“程度副词”,意为“A比B……得多/一点”,突出A与B的“差异大小”,常见程度副词及含义如下:程度副词 含义 例句much/a lot ……得多 This box is much heavier than that one.(这箱子比那个重得多。)a little/a bit ……一点 It’s a little colder today than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷一点。)even 甚至更…… After the rain, the wind became even stronger.(下雨后,风甚至更大了。)【注】不能用very, so, too修饰比较级(这些词只能修饰原级)。 She is very taller than me. She is much taller than me.6. The + 比较级(A的特征/动作),the + 比较级(B的结果)表示“一方变化时,另一方随之变化”,意为“越……,就越……”,前半句是“条件”,后半句是“结果”,两个比较级前都必须加“the”。The harder you study, the better grades you will get.(你学习越努力,成绩就会越好。)The more you read, the more knowledge you will have.(你读的书越多,拥有的知识就越多。)The faster he runs, the more tired he feels.(他跑得越快,就感觉越累。)【注】两个“the”缺一不可,且比较级后需接完整的句子(主语 + 谓语)。 Harder you study, better grades you get. The harder you study, the better grades you get.五、“as ... as”同级比较句型“as ... as”是初中阶段表示“同级比较”的核心句型,意为“A和B在某方面一样……”,既可以表达肯定意义,也能通过否定结构表示“不如……”。1. 肯定句型:表示“两者在某一特征或动作上程度相同”。(1)A + be动词 + as + 形容词原级 + as + BThis story is as interesting as that one.(这个故事和那个一样有趣。)She was as quiet as her sister when she was young.(她小时候和她姐姐一样文静。)【注】中间必须用形容词的原级,不能用比较级或最高级。 My room is as bigger as yours. My room is as big as yours.(2)A + 实义动词 + as + 副词原级 + as + BHe runs as fast as his brother.(他跑得和他哥哥一样快。)They finished the work as quickly as we did.(他们完成工作和我们一样快。)【注】修饰实义动词时,中间必须用副词原级,不能用形容词。 She speaks English as good as her teacher. She speaks English as well as her teacher.2. 否定句型:表示“A在某方面不如B”。(1)A + be 动词 + not + as + 形容词原级 + as + B= A + be 动词 + not + so + 形容词原级 + as + BHis bag is not as heavy as mine.= His bag is not so heavy as mine.(他的包不如我的重。)【注】否定时只需在be动词后加“not”,中间依然用形容词原级,不能换成比较级。 This book is not as more interesting as that one. This book is not as interesting as that one.(2)A + 实义动词 + not + as + 副词原级 + as + B= A + 实义动词 + not + so + 副词原级 + as + BHe did not write as carefully as his deskmate.= He did not write so carefully as his deskmate.(他写得不如同桌仔细。)【注】实义动词的否定需借助“don’t/doesn’t/didn’t”,不能直接在动词后加“not”。 She sings not as well as her sister. She does not sing as well as her sister. 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览