资源简介

(共38张PPT)
Welcome Unit
Discovering Useful Structures
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S 表示 “主语（subject）”
V 表示 “谓语（predicate）”
O 表示 “宾语（object）”
IO 表示 “间接宾语（indirect object）”
DO 表示 “直接宾语（direct object）”
P 表示 “表语（predicative）”
Attr. 表示定语 (attributive)
A 表示 “状语（adverbial）”
C 表示 “补足语（complement）”
常见句子成分
The basic components of a sentence ：构成句子的各个部分
I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
主语
谓语
定语
宾语
同位语
状语
主要成分 主语和谓语
次要成分 表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语
不同的词类在句子中充当不同的成分
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一个完整的英语句子，至少由两部分组成（祈使句除外）——主语和谓语。
除了主语和谓语，句子有时还需要其他的成分，如用在及物动词后面表示行为对象或结果的宾语，系动词之后的表语，修饰或限定名词或代词的定语，修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或全句的状语，对一个名词或代词作进一步解释的同位语以及补语等。
To see is to believe.
What he has said is true.
TV news often gives us lots of information.
Cycling and boating are my favorite free time interests.
主语：句子的主体；谓语陈述、说明的对象，说明动作由“谁”发出。
It drives me mad to teach her.
It’s a pity that you missed the exciting football match.
注意：主语一般位于句首，但若不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词性从句作主语，常用it作形式主语，则把真正的主语放在句后。
主语
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即学即练
找出下列句子的主语。
Twenty years is a short time in history.
The poor are now living in the shelter.
Running is good for our health.
To study hard is your duty.
She likes dancing.
What I want is some apples .
谓语：表示主语的行为或状态；是英语句子的灵魂、核心。一般在主语之后。
谓语中最重要的是谓语动词 (通常由实义动词充当)，它有时态，语态的变化，并受主语人称和数的影响。
简单谓语：由动词或动词词组组成
He practices running every morning.
Tom looks forward to meeting the new exchange student.
复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词组成
He can speak English well.
I will return you the book tomorrow.
谓语
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动词的分类
be have do will
can must may need shall
read eat drink
am keep stay sound become
即学即练
找出下列句子的谓语。
We have finished reading this book.
The poor are living in the shelter.
Running is good for our health.
He doesn’t like fruit.
A tiger eats meat.
What I want is some apples .
注意：复合谓语的划分要把时态、被动语态、情态动词和否定词归入进去。
助动词和情态动词须和实义动词一起构成谓语！
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宾语：动作的承受者，表示行为或活动的对象、接受者或受影响者。宾语一般位于及物动词和介词之后。
The children are flying kites.
Do you mind passing me the dictionary？
She didn't say anything.
Did you write down what he said
宾语
Some students find it difficult to study English.
Most of us think it no use arguing with her.
注意：不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词性从句作宾语，常用it作形式宾语，则把真正的宾语放在句后。
在动词后方所跟的双宾语中
表示物的叫做直接宾语 direct object （简称“直宾”）
表示人的叫做间接宾语 indirect object （简称“间宾”）
常见接双宾语的动词：teach, buy, bring, take, give, send, sell, show, tell, write, lend, make...
双宾语（IO + DO）
She gave him a book.
Tom passed her a ruler.
Mum bought me a sweater.
He taught us Chinese.
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常借助介词to的常用动词
teach/tell sb. sth =
teach/tell sth. to sb.
take/bring/give sb. sth=
take/bring/give sth to sb.
Show/ send/write sb. sth.=
show/ send/write sth. to sb.
常借助介词for的常用动词
buy sb. sth=
buy sth. for sb.
lend sb. sth.（借）=
lend sth. for sb.
make sb. sth=
make sth. for sb.
双宾语易位
VS
表语：描述主语的特征，用来说明主语的身份、性质、状况等，位于系动词后。
The flower smells sweet.
My hobby is collecting stamps.
English is both useful and important.
That is why he didn't come to school yesterday.
表语
系动词：起连接主语和表语作用，本身有一定词义，它和实义动词一样有时态变化，也受主语人称和数的影响。
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即学即练
找出下列句子的表语。
The problem remains to be settled.
You look younger than before.
My father is a teacher.
They are at the theatre.
Everything looks different.
Her job is training the nurses.
宾语补足语：用来补充说明宾语的动作或状态。
We saw him play soccer.
They made her their monitor.
My mother always keeps everything in good order.
When he woke up, he found himself lying in the street.
常见接宾语补足语的动词：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let.
宾语补足语 Object Complement
宾补与双宾语的区别是什么呢？
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He was seen to go upstairs.
He came home out of humour.
Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.
Starting as a street vender, he is now a manager of a famous company.
主语补足语：对主语进行补充说明。
主语补足语 Subject Complement
定语：修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质、特征常位于名词前、或名词后。
注意：单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前(前置定语)，而短语或从句作定语时，则放在被修饰词之后(后置定语)。
定语 Attributive
These are apple tress.
I have no time to travel in spring.
The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.
The men here are always busy working on the farm.
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I will be back in a while.
He was late because he got up late.
He got up so late that he missed the train.
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
状语：说明动作何时、何地、如何发生；说明形容词或副词的程度。用于修饰形容词,副词,动词或句子。位置自由自在。
类型：表示时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,方式,伴随,条件,程度,让步,频率等。
状语 Adverbial
即学即练
找出下列句子的状语。
I waited to see you.
I'm very pleased to see you.
He often went to school by bus.
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
Please call me if it is necessary.
He went to school in spite of his illness.
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You each have a chance to go to college.
We students should put our heart into the study.
I am Li Hua, a Chinese student studying in London.
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
同位语用于主语、宾语等进一步解释说明。
同位语 Appositive
基本句子结构
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SV 主语+谓语(不及物动词)
(1) Class begins.
(2) The plane has landed.
此类型的句子，谓语动词能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫不及物动词，其后不能直接带宾语。
(1) The baby slept peacefully.
(2) His father has gone abroad.
(3) She swims like a fish.
但有时为了表示发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、地点或时间等，可以有状语来修饰。
SVO 主语+谓语(不及物动词)+状语
SVP 主语+系动词+表语
(1) David Smith is a student.
(2) He became a scientist.
(3) Dinner smells good.
(4) The cake tastes sweet.
此类型的句子，谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语性质或状态的表语，才能表达完整的意思。
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（五感五变三保持，一是一像永不忘）（1）五感： ________________________________
（2）五变： ________________________________
（3）三保持：________________________________
（4）一是： ________________________________
（5）一像： _________
be: am, is , are , was, were
become, get, turn, grow, go
look, sound, smell, taste, feel
remain, stay, keep
V-link
seem
SVO 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语
(1) He loved poetry.
(2) He spent four weeks at a summer camp.
此句型中谓语是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整。
一些不及物动词后面加介词相当于一个及物动词，之后可加宾语。
(1) You must listen to me.
(2) He arrived in London yesterday.
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宾语结构 例句
Kate has a piano.
Have you told them anything about the accident
If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.
We may find out the unknown by calculation.
I dislike travelling to work in a very crowded bus every day.
He refused to attend the medical conference.
I wonder whether I should stay or not.
She knows what to do next.
名词
代词
数词
名词化的
形容词
V-ing(短语)
不定式(短语)
从句
特殊疑问词+不定式
SV IO DO
主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语
(1) I showed him my pictures.
(2) I bought John a birthday present.
(3) He told me his idea.
(4) She passed her a new dress.
此句型中谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整意思。两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。
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动词与“双宾语”
give sb. sth./give sth. to sb.
make sb. sth./make sth. for sb.
常见的这类结构的动词有：give, send, bring, owe, take, offer, pass, lend, tell, return, promise, show, write, throw, hand, award, grant等
常见的这类结构的动词有：make(制造), prepare, buy, order, do, fetch, pick, leave, build, post, get, draw, find, reserve, save等
SVOC
主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语
(1) He found the homework easy.
(2) They called their daughter Mary.
(3) I wish you to be happy.
(4) She wished herself home.
在某些及物动词的后面，需要用一个宾语再加一个宾补才能表达完整的意思。
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EXAMPLE: We laughed.
S V
1. The 100-year-old school lies in the centre of the city.
2. We must act.
3. The maths homework looks easy.
4. The teacher found the classroom empty.
5. My mum bought me a new dictionary.
6. Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student.
7. There is an English Corner at our school.
8. We had chemistry in the newly built lab.
Read the sentences and analyse the structures.
1. The 100-year-old school lies in the centre of the city.
2. We must act.
3. The maths homework looks easy.
4. The teacher found the classroom empty.
5. My mum bought me a new dictionary.
6. Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student.
7. There is an English Corner at our school.
8. We had chemistry in the newly built lab.
S V A
S V
S P
S V O C
S V IO DO
S V O
There be ...
S V O A
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How would you like to go to school and travel the world at the same time For Tim, that dream has come true! This term, Tim and his classmates are living on a ship! They take the same subjects as you do, like maths and English. They also learn about ships and the sea. Tim writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship. Tim loves living on the ship. There’s always something exciting to do. And, after a long day of study, he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out. Studying and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea!
Read the passage and analyse the structures of underlined sentences.
S V
S V A
S V O
S
V IO DO
There be ...
S P
V IO DO
1. Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student.
汤姆期待着见到新来的交换生。
forward adv. (also forwards) 向前；前进 adj. 向前的；前进的
look forward to 盼望；期待
（* to为介词，故其后可接名词、代词或v-ing作宾语，不接动词不定式）
The students are looking forward to having an opportunity to explore society for real-life experience.
I hope you can accept our invitation. And I’m looking forward to your early reply.
The email she had looked forward to arrived yesterday at last and she was very happy.
Language points
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2. And, after a long day of study, he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out.
一整天的学习之后，他喜欢看着太阳落山，等待星星出来。
go down
(1) （日、月）落到地平线下，落下；（船等）下沉，沉没
I like watching the sun go down over the ocean.
我喜欢看海上落日。
The ship went down to the bottom of the sea on a stormy night.
那艘船在一个暴风雨之夜沉入海底。
(2) （物价等）下跌，（温度等）下降
The price of new houses in the city has gone down since the end of March.
自三月底以来这个城市的新房价格下降。
(3) 被记下，被写下，载入（*不用于被动语态）
go down in history 名垂青史
The firemen who died when they were fighting the fire will go down in history for their brave deeds.
在救火中牺牲的消防队员因为勇敢的行为而被后人铭记。
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3. And, after a long day of study, he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out.
come out
(1) （太阳、月亮或星星）出现，露出
The sun had come out to warm his back. 太阳出来了，把他后背晒得暖洋洋的。
(2) （花）盛开
I will remember the day forever when the tulips in the garden started to come out.
我会永远记得花园里的郁金香刚刚盛开的那一天。
(3) 被获知，为人所知
The truth is beginning to come out about what happened. 真相开始逐渐浮出水面。
(4) 出版，发行
When will your new book come out 你的新书什么时候出版？
主谓宾，定状补，句子成分要清楚。
句子主干主谓宾，枝叶部分定状补。
定语用在主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。
还有助词的地得，帮助区分定状补。
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Homework
Review the basic sentence structures.
Write a short composition to describe your first day of school using the basic structures.

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