语法构词法 课件(共43张)-2026届高三英语二轮复习

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语法构词法 课件(共43张)-2026届高三英语二轮复习

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(共43张PPT)
Senior High
Key Knowledge
Morphology
Word Formation
构词法
2026届高考二轮专题复习
为什么要学习构词法?
【背单词加速器】
【扩充词汇量】
【阅读理解能力】
【理解生词新词】
构词法
派生法 (Derivation):前缀、后缀
合成法 (Compound Word):名词、形容词、介词
转化法 (Conversion):转换词性,一词多义
混合法 (Blending)
截短法 (Clipping)
缩写 (Abbreviation)
1.派生法(Derivation)
1.派生法(Derivation)
日耳曼词汇:
出现较早的英语词汇
例如:
see
hear
eat
外来语词汇:
通常是希腊语和拉丁语
例如:
vis
aud
ed
ible
ible
ible
adj. 可以看见的
adj. 可以听见的
adj. 可以吃的
外来语词汇往往成了构成单词的一部分 -ible → 能被...
1.派生法(Derivation)
词根(word root)
前缀(prefix)
词缀
后缀(suffix)
vis
aud
ed
ible
ible
ible
adj. 可以看见的
adj. 可以听见的
adj. 可以吃的
词根:表示核心意义
前缀:改变词义,不改变词性
后缀:改变词性,不改变词义

in
in
in


1.派生法(Derivation)
定义(Defination):
在词根基础上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词
举例(Examples):
happy -- unhappy
develop -- development
adj.开心的 → adj.不开心的
v.发展 → n.发展
前缀 含义 例子
un , dis , in, im , ir , mis , non 表示 否定意义 unhappy, disagree
incorrect, impolite
misunderstand
non smoker
re 再;又 rethink, retell, recycle
self 自己;本身 self confident, self control
under 在……下面 underline, underground
前缀(Prefix)
前缀 含义 例子
inter 相互;交互 net→Internet
national→international
a 处于……状 态或过程中 live→alive
wake→awake
en 使可能 rich→enrich able→enable
over 太多;过分 work→overwork
size→oversize
前缀(Prefix)
类型 后缀及含义 例子
名词后缀 ness ill→illness, sad→sadness
happy→happiness
kind→kindness
ment “行为或状态” govern→government
move→movement
achieve→achievement
tion “动作;过程;结果” invention, invitation
translate→translation
ance/ ence “行为;性质;状态” important→importance
appearance, absence
后缀(Suffix)
类型 后缀及含义 例子
名词后缀 er, or, ess(女性) “人” farmer, teacher, visitor, actor
actress, hostess
ese, ian “某国/大陆的人” Chinese, Japanese
Asian, Russian
ist 从事某种职业的“人” scientist, tourist, artist
-ty able→ability, real→reality
possible→possibility
th “性质;情况” deep→depth, warmth
true→truth
后缀(Suffix)
1.派生法(Derivation)
有时可以添加不止一个后缀
例如:
struct (n.结构) → structure (n.结构, 建筑)
structure (n.结构, 建筑) → structural (adj.建筑结构的)
structure变成structural去e加-al
不去e则为structureal,为读音更和谐更易懂省去元音字母e
1.派生法(Derivation)
有时派生构词也会添加字母
pent (五) + gon (角) → pentagon (n. 五角形)
the Pentagon
Penta Kill
(五角大楼)
(五杀)
类型 后缀及含义 例子
形容词后缀 ful “充满……的” care→careful, hopeful
use→useful, successful
beauty→beautiful
less “没有的” use→useless, help→helpless
end→endless, care→careless
able “能……的” comfort→comfortable
enjoy→enjoyable
y “有……特性的” rain→rainy, health→healthy
fun→funny, luck→lucky
al “与……有关的” nation→national
nature→natural
后缀(Suffix)
类型 后缀及含义 例子
形容词后缀 -ing “令人……的” ed “感到……的” relax→relaxing, relaxed
excite→exciting, excited
ive “具有……性质的” act→active, create→creative
ish “带有……特征” fool→foolish, child→childish
-ous danger→dangerous
humor→humorous
-ern “东西南北” south→southern
west→western
后缀(Suffix)
类型 后缀及含义 例子
副词后缀 直接加-ly quiet→quietly
real→really, final→finally
以“辅音字母+y”结尾 变y为i加-ly happy→happily
heavy→heavily
以“辅音字母+e”结尾 去e加-y simple→simply
terrible→terribly
comfortable→comfortably
以“ll”结尾,直接加-y full→fully
少数以e结尾,去e加-ly true→truly
后缀(Suffix)
2.合成法(Compound Word)
waterfall
waterproof
underwater
n. 瀑布
adj. 防水的
adj. 水下的
合成法通常是两个日耳曼词汇的简单相连
水 掉落
水 对抗性的
在下方 水
2.合成法(Compound Word)
定义(Defination):
由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词
这种单词叫作合成词,也叫复合词
举例(Examples):
out(adv.向外) + side(n.边) → outside(室外,外部)
black(adj.黑色的) + board(n.板) → blackboard(n.黑板)
man(n.人类) + made(v.制造) → man-made(adj.人造的)
sunrise, newspaper, everywhere, without, warm hearted
类型 主要方式 例词
合成动词 副词+动词 overcome
合成名词 名词+名词 basketball, bookshop
形容词+名词 greenhouse, blackboard
动名词+名词 living room
reading room
名词+动词-ing letter-writing
story-telling
介词+名词 afternoon
合成词(Compound Word)
类型 主要方式 例词
合成 形容词 名词+形容词 world-famous, snow-white
名词/形容词+名词-ed glass-topped, kind-hearted
介词+名词 underground
名词+动词-ing English-speaking
名词+过去分词 man-made, heartbroken
合成词(Compound Word)
类型 主要方式 例词
合成形容词 数词+名词 second-hand, one-way
数词+名词+形容词 10-meter-long
合成介词 介词+名词 outside, inside
介词+副词 without, throughout
合成副词 副词+名词 upstairs, downstairs
合成词(Compound Word)
3.转化法(Conversion)
定义(Defination):
将一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性;
词形不变,转化后的意义往往与之前的联系密切
举例(Examples):
hand(n.)手→(v.)上交
walk(v.)散步,走→(n.)散步
clean(adj.)干净的→(v.)打扫
类型 例词
名词→动词 book(n.)书→(v.)预订
hand(n.)手→(v.)上交
water(n.)水→(v.)浇水
land(n.)陆地→(v.)着陆
name(n.)名字→(v.)命名
score(n.)分数→(v.)得分
cook(n.)厨师→(v.)烹饪
rain(n.)雨→(v.)下雨
转化法(Conversion)
类型 例词
动词→名词 walk(v.)散步,走→(n.)散步
break(v.)打破→(n.)休息
stop(v.)停止→(n.)车站
lift(v.)举起→(n.)电梯
形容词→动词 clean(adj.)干净的→(v.)打扫
open(adj.)开放的→(v.)打开
last(adj.)最后的→(v.)持续
tidy(adj.)整洁的→(v.)使整洁
转化法(Conversion)
类型 例词
形容词→动词 right(adj.)正确的→(n.)正确
wrong(adj.)错误的→(n.)错误
back(adj.)后面的→(n.)背部,后面
light(adj.)明亮的→(n.)灯;光
转化法(Conversion)
4.混合法(Blending)
定义(Defination):
两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩成一个新词;
前半部分表示属性,后半部分表示主体
举例(Examples):
breakfast(早餐) + lunch(午餐) → brunch(早午餐)
news(新闻) + broadcast(广播) → newscast(新闻播报)
smoke(烟) + fog(雾) → smog(烟雾)
helicopter(直升机) + airport(机场) → heliport(直升机停机坪)
5.截短法(Clipping)
定义(Defination):
将单词省去一部分,词义和词性保持不变
举例(Examples):
telephone → phone
mathematics → math
influenza → flu
5.截短法(Clipping)
1)截头
telephone → phone airplane → plane
2)去尾
mathematics → math application → app
examination → exam laboratory → lab
3)截头去尾
influenza → flu refrigerator → fridge
6.缩写(Abbreviation)
定义(Defination):
用单词首尾字母组成一个新词;
各字母分别读音 或 作为一个整体单词读音
举例(Examples):
very important person → VIP
Television → TV
IELTS → International English language test system
6.缩写(Abbreviation)
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)
英国广播公司
6.缩写(Abbreviation)
UN (the United Nations)
联合国
6.缩写(Abbreviation)
PRC
(People's Republic of China)
PLA
(People's Liberation Army)
6.缩写(Abbreviation)
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
美国联邦调查局
美国宇航局
6.缩写(Abbreviation)
UK (United Kindom)
USA (the United States of America)
英国
美利坚合众国
中央情报局
世界贸易组织
艾滋病
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
WTO (World Trade Organization)
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging)
Aids (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
Mr (Mister) Dr (Doctor) St (Saint)
雷达
构词法
派生法 (Derivation):词根 + 前缀、后缀
合成法 (Compound Word):日耳曼词汇的简单相连
转化法 (Conversion):转换词性,一词多义
混合法 (Blending):选一词头和词尾混合构词
截短法 (Clipping):截取单词一部分作为新词
缩写 (Abbreviation):选取多个单词首字母/部分字母
完形填空
(2023张家界)
Do you know the Lantern Festival It is a 1 festival in China. People celebrate it on the 15th day of the first month of the lunar (农历) year.
A school in Changsha held 2 kinds of activities for teenagers. In the morning, the teenagers made yuanxiao with their parents.
(  ) 1.A.tradition B.traditional C.traditionally
(  ) 2.A.different B.difference C.differently
B
A
完形填空
Yuanxiao is the typical food of the festival.With the help of their parents, they 3 made sweet and delicious yuanxiao.They also felt the 4 of working together.
How do you spend the 5 festival in your city
(  ) 3.A.success B.succeed C.successfully
(  ) 4.A.happy B.happiness C.happily
(  ) 5.A.important B.importance C.importantly
CB
A
The family are having a ________ (discuss) about how to help the homeless cats in the neighborhood.
1.
In Zhuhai Park, you can enjoy the natural beauty, or _______ (simple) breathe the fresh air.
2.
The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “________ (possible)”.
3.
People in that city prepared to _____ (build) their houses after the terrible flood.
4.
discussion
simply
impossible
rebuild
Although he has some _______ (advantage), the teacher still encourages him a lot.
5.
Mozart was one of the most famous _______ (music) in the world.
6.
This new program will _______ (able) older people to study at college.
7.
The future is ________ (certain). No one knows what will happen tomorrow. So live for now!
8.
disadvantages
musicians
enable
uncertain
With the money, we have ________ (success) sent many poor children to school.
9.
Some insects are ________ (harm) and we should try to protect them.
10.
Your _______ (suggest) is of great value and is really worth taking. Thank you so much!
11.
Mr. Wind was so proud that he thought he was more _________ (power) than Mr. Sun.
12.
successfully
harmless
suggestion
powerful

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