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高中英语基础语法汇编 chapter 1 八大基本句型
第一节 句型的概念
句型(Sentence Patterns), 即句子的结构类型, 包括构成句子的语词的不同类别、序列、搭配方式等。英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂, 但仔细观察不外乎八个基本句型。从这八个基本句型出发可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之, 绝大多数英语句子都是由这八个基本句型生成的。掌握好这八个基本句型, 就可以为运用英语这门语言打下良好的基础。这八种基本句型分别为主语+谓语(SV), 主语+系动词+表语(SVP), 主语+谓语+宾语(SVO), 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVoO), 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(SVOC), 主谓状结构（S + V + Adverbial），主谓宾状结构（S + V + O + Adverbial），There be句型。
第二节 八种基本句型的内涵
一、主语+谓语(SV)
在“主语+谓语”句型中, 谓语动词为不及物动词或者是不及物动词词组。例如：
The boy runs very fast.
The sun is rising from the top of the hill.
I'll try again.
Did you sleep well last night
Unfortunately, the engine of our car broke down.
二、主语+系动词+表语(SVP)
在“主语+系动词+表语”句型中, 除了系动词be之外, 还有一些动词可以充当系动词, 例如, 表示状态的系动词：appear, seem, keep, remain, stay, prove, continue, stand等；表示感觉的系动词：look, feel, smell, sound, taste等；表示转变的系动词：become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。例如：
My grandmother is still in good health.
The most important thing for us to do now is to decide when to leave.
She appears younger than her age.
The weather continued fine.
He looks much happy today.
It sounds interesting to go cycling around the countryside.
He became mad after that.
His brother grew rich within a short time.
Seeing is believing.
三、主语+谓语+宾语(SVO)
(1)谓语动词为及物动词。例如：
He sold his house in the countryside and moved his family to the city.
Many people believe that exercise can help people keep fit.
He smiled a strange smile.
Sometimes I can't express myself in English.
The little boy really enjoys reading in the sun.
I really don't know what we are going to do next.
(2)谓语动词后面跟不定式作宾语。例如：
We can't afford to pay such a high price.
He decided to move to Chicago.
The Customs officer demanded to see my passport.
We tried to kill two birds with one stone.
She liked to dance on the stage.
(3)谓语动词后面用“连接副(代)词+不定式”作宾语。例如：
I didn't know how to get to the subway station.
I forgot what to say.
You should learn how to be patient.
Many students wondered where to apply for jobs.
(4)谓语动词后面用动名词作宾语。例如：
The government official avoided answering our questions.
Would you mind waiting a minute
The young man kept looking at the beautiful girl.
It has stopped raining.
(5)有些谓语动词既可跟不定式, 也可跟动名词作宾语, 但两者意思差别不大。例如：
What do you propose doing/to do next
It started raining/to rain.
(6)有些谓语动词既可跟不定式, 也可跟动名词作宾语, 但意义不同。
①动词forget, remember, regret 等接不定式时, 表示非谓语动词的动作发生于谓语动词的动作之后；接动名词作宾语时, 表示非谓语动词的动作发生于谓语动词的动作之前。例如：
I forgot to tell you about it.
我忘记告诉你那件事了。
I remembered giving the money to him, but he said I didn't.
我记得我把钱给他了, 但是他说我没有给。
另外, 动词forget, remember, regret等接动名词的完成式或不定式的完成式作宾语时, 意义相同。例如：
I regretted to have broken the rules of our class.
=I regretted having broken the rules of our class.
我后悔违反了班规。
②mean接不定式作宾语时, 表示一种意图, 意思是“打算做, 想要做”；接动名词作宾语时, 表示解释, 意思是“意味着, 意思是”。例如：
I didn't mean to hurt your feeling.
我本不想伤害你的感情。
What he said means going there on foot.
他的意思是走着去那儿。
③try接不定式作宾语时, 表示一种决心, 意思是“设法做, 尽力做”；接动名词作宾语时, 表示尝试, 意思是“试着做”。例如：
I'll try to catch up with my class.
我将尽力赶上同学们。
I tried reading the novel without consulting my dictionary.
我试着不查词典来阅读这本小说。
④need, require, want, deserve后接不定式或动名词时表示的语态不同。need, require, want, deserve 等表示“需要”, 后接另一动词作宾语时, 该动词用不定式或动名词均可。但是其语态不同, 即动名词用主动形式表示被动意义, 而不定式则用被动形式表示被动意义。例如：
The flowers need watering every day.
=The flowers need to be watered every day.
花儿需要每天浇水。
注意：若 need, require, want后接动词为句子主语所发出的动作, 则只能用不定式, 不能用动名词。例如：
He needs to water the flowers every day.
他需要每天给花浇水。
⑤can't help后接不定式时, 意思是“不能帮忙做某事”；接动名词作宾语时, 意思是“禁不住做某事, 情不自禁做某事”。例如：
I'm very busy now, so I can't help(to)clean the house.
我现在很忙, 因此不能帮助打扫房子。
The girl couldn't help crying when she saw her mother again.
当小女孩再次看到母亲时, 她情不自禁地哭了起来。
⑥stop接不定词作宾语时, 表示停下正在做的事以便去做另一件事；接动名词作宾语时表示停下正在做的事。例如：
The boy was watching TV just now.When he heard his father come into the room, he stopped to do his homework.
刚刚男孩正在看电视。当听到他父亲走进房间时, 他马上停下来, 然后去做作业了。
The students stopped talking immediately when they saw the teacher come in the classroom.
看见老师走进教室, 学生们立刻停止了讲话。
四、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVoO)
在“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”句型中, 及物动词后跟双宾语, 即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。例如：
My Chinese teacher asked me a very difficult question.
He gave me his address.
I'll show you around my hometown when you come to see me.
The famous company offered him a well-paid job.
My father told me a white lie.
但若要先说出直接宾语(事物), 后说间接宾语(人), 则需要借助于介词to或for。用to侧重于指动作的方向, 表示朝着、向着、对着某人；用for侧重于指动作的受益者, 表示为了某人、替某人。
需借助to的动词有：bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, return, send, teach, tell, write, ask等；需借助for的动词有：buy, call, cook, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。例如：
He brought a cake to me.
My friend bought a cute dog for me.
Please return the bag to its owner.
The old soldier always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.
Can you order some drink for me
Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.
五、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(SVOC)
“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中的“宾语+补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份, 或者是表示让宾语去完成的动作等。在一个句子中担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。例如：
She wanted me to give her some money.(不定式)
I found the beggar lying dead on the road.(现在分词)
Many towns had their water supply cut off because there was no electricity.(过去分词)
He pushed the door open.(形容词)
The parents named their baby“Maomao.”(名词)
This left them without a ray of hope.(介词短语)
I won't let you in.(副词)
When he woke up, he found himself being looked after by a kind old woman.(现在分词的被动式)
Why did you leave the light on (副词)
六、主谓状结构（S + V + Adverbial）
特点：谓语动词是不及物动词，后面接状语（时间、地点、方式、原因等），用来修饰谓语动词，说明动作发生的背景。
例句：
- They played on the playground.（他们在操场上玩。）
主语（They）+ 谓语（played）+ 状语（on the playground，地点状语），说明动作发生的地点。
- He studies hard every day.（他每天努力学习。）
主语（He）+ 谓语（studies）+ 状语（hard，方式状语；every day，时间状语），修饰动作的方式和频率。
七、主谓宾状结构（S + V + O + Adverbial）
特点：在“主谓宾”结构的基础上，增加一个状语，用来修饰谓语动词，说明动作的背景（时间、地点、方式等）。
例句：
- She reads books in the library.（她在图书馆看书。）
主语（She）+ 谓语（reads）+ 宾语（books）+ 状语（in the library，地点状语），说明“看书”的地点。
- He finished his work quickly.（他快速地完成了工作。）
主语（He）+ 谓语（finished）+ 宾语（his work）+ 状语（quickly，方式状语），修饰“完成”的速度。
八、There be句型
1.There be句型的概念
There be句型由“there+be+主语+状语”构成, 用以表达某种存在关系, 可以称为“……有……”句型。There be句型其实是倒装的一种情况, 主语位于谓语动词be 之后, there 仅为引导词, 并无实际语意。有时, 此句型不用be 动词, 而用appear, live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等动词。例如：
There stands a big tree in the middle of the park.
Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.
There appears to be no doubt about it.
There lies a mountain behind our college.
There exist many ancient temples in the country.
2.There be句型的时态与情态变化
在There be句型中, be与其后的主语在人称和数量上保持一致, 且有时态和情态的变化。
(1)there is/are, 表示现在有。
There is a cherry tree in the garden.
There are two men waiting outside the room.
(2)there was/were, 表示过去有。
There was no one waiting for us.
There were too many people in the park yesterday.
(3)there will be、there is/are going to be, 表示将来有。
There will be a huge crowd at the New Year's Eve party, won't there
There is going to be a football game in the afternoon.
(4)there has/have been, 表示现在已经有。
There has been a small church in the town.
There have been many such accidents here.
(5)there might be, 表示可能有。
There might be something wrong with your television.
(6)there must be/there must have been, 表示肯定有。
There must be a reason for his weird behavior.
There must have been an answer to the difficult question.
(7)there used to be, 表示过去曾经有。
There used to be a library in this area.
(8)there seems/seem/seemed to be, 表示似乎有。
There seems to be a man sitting on that fence.
(9)there happen/happens/happened to be, 表示碰巧有。
There happened an old friend in the bank who helped me solve the problem.
3.There be句型否定式的表达方式
there be句型的否定句有两种表达法：
(1)在be后面加not。例如：
There isn't a man under the tree.
There are not any books on the table.
(2)通过no来表达, 此时的no相当于not any。例如：
There is no milk in the bottle.=There isn't any milk in the bottle.
There are no pictures on the wall.=There aren't any pictures on the wall.
4.there be与have 的异同
(1)There be和have都可以表示“有”, 此时, 两者的用法可以相互转化。例如：
There are many beautiful houses in the ancient town.
此句可转化为：
The ancient town has many beautiful houses.
(2)there be 能用来表示“存在”, 侧重表达某地有某物, 而have没有此用法。例如：
There are some trees in front of the house.
此句不能转化为：
In front of the house has some trees.
5.there be句型的非谓语形式
(1)there being结构在句子中主要用作状语或是介词宾语。例如：
There being nothing to do, I went to sleep.
There being no taxi available, we had to walk home.
What's the chance of there being an election this year
No one would have dreamed of there being such a good place.
(2)there to be结构用作动词宾语。能够使用该结构的动词不多, 常见的有like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider等。例如：
I don't want there to be any more trouble.
Students hate there to be too much homework.
6.“there be+名词+非谓语动词”结构
在此结构中, 非谓语动词可以为现在分词、过去分词, 以及不定式形式。例如：
There are some children playing football in the field.(现在分词)
There is a table standing against the wall.(现在分词)
There was nobody injured in the car accident.(过去分词)
There is nothing written on it.(过去分词)
There was so much to lose that we couldn't take any risks.(不定式)
There was nobody to ask for help.(不定式)
7.“There is no+动名词”结构
(1)表示否定, 意思是“不可能……”“无法……”。例如：
There is no getting over the difficulty.
这个困难无法克服。
There is no knowing what the boss will do next.
无法知道老板下一步要干什么。
(2)表示不允许。例如：
There is no photographing here.
这里不允许拍照。
Sorry, there is no smoking in the waiting room.
对不起, 等候室不允许吸烟。
8.“There is no+名词+in doing sth.”结构
例如：
There is no difficulty in finding his home.
找到他家一点都不费劲。
There is no harm in your coming early.
你早到没有害处。
There is no point in wasting time.
浪费时间没有意义。
There is no sense in making him angry.
惹他生气是没有道理的。
There is no use in complaining.
发牢骚没用。

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