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高中英语基础语法汇编 chapter 2 动词的时态与语态
第一节 动词时态(Verb Tense)
一、动词时态的定义
动词时态表示动作或状态发生的时间,例如,表示动作刚结束、已停止或反复出现等的时间。
二、动词时态的结构
英语中,有十六种时态,常见的为十二种：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、过去将来时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时等,如表所示。
英语的十二种时态
三、动词时态的用法
鉴于汉语动词没有时态形式上的变化,英语的时态对于中国学生来说,是学习英语的一个难点。汉语用特定的词汇来表示动作或状态发生的不同时间,如“正在”“着”“了”“过”等,而英语则用词形变化来表示。例如：
The students are studying in the library.
学生们正在图书馆学习。
He has already read the story.
他已读过这个故事了。
下面就英语中常见的十二种时态,展开详细阐述。
(一)一般现在时(The Simple Present Tense)
1.一般现在时的定义
一般现在时用于表示现在一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态。
2.一般现在时的结构
一般现在时的结构为“be/have/行为动词原形”。
3.一般现在时的用法
(1)表示经常发生的动作或现在的存在状态,常和副词often,usually,always与frequently连用。例如：
She gets up at seven every day.
I always take a walk after dinner.
(2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力。例如：
She is good at playing piano.
Mary speaks French well.
(3)表示客观事实或永恒真理。例如：
The sun rises in the east.
It rains a lot in the rainforest.
(4)一般现在时表示将来的情况。
①表示安排或计划好的将来动作,句中通常有表示未来的时间状语。例如：
The plane leaves in 8 minutes.
I'm at work this afternoon.
②在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。例如：
If the weather is fine tomorrow,we will visit the park.
I'll tell him as soon as he arrives.
(二)一般过去时(The Simple Past Tense)
1.一般过去时的定义
一般过去时用于表示过去的动作或状态。
2.一般过去时的结构
一般过去时的结构为“be/have/行为动词过去式”。
3.一般过去时的用法
(1)表示过去某一时间的动作或状态,句中常带有表示过去的时间状语或由when等连词引导的时间状语从句。例如：
When I was a child,I was afraid that I failed in the exams.
Jack believed it was not his fault.
(2)表示过去经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：
We often played chess on weekends.
The old workers got together chatting.
(3)在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。例如：
She said she would visit her grandfather if she had time.
They wanted to go abroad after they graduated from college.
(三)一般将来时(The Simple Future)
1.一般将来时的定义
一般将来时用于表示将要发生的动作或情况。
2.一般将来时的结构
一般将来时的结构为“助动词shall/will+动词原形”。
3.一般将来时的用法
(1)表示将来的动作或状态。例如：
I will come back tomorrow.
The new swimming pool will be open next week.
(2)表示一种倾向或对未来的预见。例如：
Do you think it will be sunny on Saturday
They will pass the exam for sure.
(3)其他表示将来的说法。
①be going to+动词原形,表示打算、计划或将来要做的事。例如：
I'm going to the theatre next Friday.
It is going to rain soon.
②be about to+动词原形,表示即将、正要做某事,强调马上要做。例如：
The meeting is about to begin.
The train is about to leave in five minutes.
③be+不定式结构,表示安排或计划好的动作。例如：
The competition is to start tomorrow.
You are to stay here till we get home.
④come,go,arrive,leave,start等表示动作的动词,可用一般现在时表示安排或计划好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at 8 tomorrow morning.
Mr.Johnson arrives on Monday.
(4)用现在进行时表示计划或准备要做的事,意为“意图”“打算”“安排”。常见动词有come,go,arrive,start等。例如：
The students are having a party on Friday night.
He's leaving school next year.
(5)be going to和will的区别：用于条件句时,be going to表示将来,will表示意愿。例如：
If you are going to visit your grandparents,you'd better visit them on Spring Festival next year.
If you will make up your mind to go abroad,we will support you.
(6)be to和be going to区别：be to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to表示主观打算或计划。例如：
I'm to meet the client tomorrow.(客观安排)
I'm going to meet the client tomorrow.(主观安排)
(7)shall的用法。shall多用于第一人称后,如“shall I...”“shall we...”,用于询问对方意见,尤其用于请求或建议。例如：
Shall we play tennis this weekend
Shall I open the window
(四)过去将来时(The Future in the Past)
1.过去将来时的定义
过去将来时用于表示过去将要发生的动作或情况。
2.过去将来时的结构
过去将来时的结构为“助动词should/would+动词原形”。
3.过去将来时的用法
(1)表示从过去观点看将要发生的事。例如：
We would go into town after we rested for a while.
It was midnight.She would not come.
(2)“would+动词原形”表示过去的习惯动作。例如：
When in winter,we would go skiing.
When I was a little girl,my parents would take me to the park on weekend.
(3)表示意愿或许诺。例如：
He promised he would never let that happen.
They wished the guy would keep his promise.
(4)过去将来时一般用于宾语从句中。例如：
The students all wanted to know when the result of the exam would come out.
We didn't expect that you would come and visit our family.
(5)其他表示“过去将来时”的用法。
①“was/were going to+动词原形”,表示过去某时间内计划、打算的动作。例如：
There was going to be sunny soon.
We were going to have a road trip last week,but it was canceled.
②“was/were about to+动词原形”,表示过去某时正要做某事。例如：
Jack was about to leave the house when the baby began to cry.
I was about to take a shower when the phone rang.
③“was/were due to+动词原形”,表示定于将来某时做某事。例如：
The meeting was due to last for a few days.
She was due to deliver a speech tomorrow.
④“was/were+不定式”,表示过去某时准备将来做某事。例如：
He was to learn French this summer.
Linda was to go picnicking with families next weekend.
⑤“was/were+不定式完成时态”,表示本来打算做某事。例如：
They were to have been married this month,but something happened.
I was to have told you the plan,but the plan changed.
⑥过去进行时也可以表示过去某时将要做某事。例如：
They told me they were leaving soon.
Mr.Thomson was coming to the party tonight.
(五)现在进行时(The Present Progressive Tense)
1.现在进行时的定义
现在进行时用于表示说话时正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作。
2.现在进行时的结构
现在进行时的结构为“助动词am/are/is+现在分词”。
3.现在进行时的用法
(1)表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。例如：
She's cooking dinner right now.
He's playing computer games in the dormitory.
(2)表示现阶段正在进行着的动作,虽然此动作不一定正在进行。例如：
Tom is teaching in a primary school.
Cindy is learning English these days.
(3)用来表示将来的动作,且多指按计划安排好的事。此时,句中通常有一个表示未来时间的状语。例如：
I'm flying overseas tomorrow.
They are spending the weekend in Japan.
(4)表示经常性的动作,常与always,forever,constantly等副词连用。此时,句中多含有厌烦、赞美等情绪。例如：
Mary is always making that mistake.
He's constantly forgetting things.
(5)表示刚过去的动作,或表示暂时的情况。例如：
I don't know what you are talking about.
Mary is replacing because she is ill.
(6)有些动词不能用于现在进行时,这些动词包括表示状态和感觉的动词、瞬间动词、系动词等,常见的有know,love,accept,finish,want,need,remain,see,hear等。例如：
I need your help.
I accept your apology.
表示渐变的动词可以用现在进行时,常见的有get,become,turn,go等。例如：
It is getting colder and colder these days.
She is becoming more and more beautiful.
(7)现在进行时和一般现在时的区别。
①现在进行时表示某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作,一般现在时表示一段时间内普遍或反复发生的动作。例如：
The water is boiling now.
The water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
②现在进行时表示暂时的情况,一般现在时表示持久的状态。例如：
I'm living with my parents before I get married.
I live in Nanning for a very long time.
③现在进行时表示某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作,一般现在时表示主语的特征、性质、能力等。例如：
She is swimming with her kids.
She is a good swimmer.
(六)过去进行时(The Past Progressive Tense)
1.过去进行时的定义
过去进行时用于过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
2.过去进行时的结构
过去进行时的结构为“was/were+现在分词”。
3.过去进行时的用法。
(1)过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,往往带有时间状语。例如：
I was preparing for the exam yesterday.
Where were you going last night
(2)过去进行时可表示一个动作发生时,另一个动作仍在进行。例如：
He lost his wallet when he was playing football with his classmates.
When we reached the top of the mountain,the sun was rising.
(3)表示过去即将发生的动作。例如：
Tom asked when we were arriving Beijing.
Her family wanted to know when she was leaving Beijing.
(4)过去进行时和一般过去时的区别。
①过去进行时表示正在进行的动作,一般过去时表示已经完成的动作。例如：
I was doing my maths homework this morning.
I did my maths homework this morning.
②过去进行时带有一定的感彩,此时,句中通常带有always,constantly等词。例如：
She was always studying.(有表扬意味)
They were constantly making trouble.(有抱怨意味)
③有时,过去进行时用以表示现在的想法,且语气较为客气委婉。例如：
I was wondering if you could help me carry the box.
I was hoping you could accept my present.
(七)将来进行时(The Future Progressive Tense)
1.将来进行时的定义
将来进行时用于表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。
2.将来进行时的结构
将来进行时的结构为“shall be/will be+现在分词”。
3.将来进行时的用法
(1)表示将来某一时刻或将来某段时间正在进行的动作。例如：
I will be flying to Tokyo at this time tomorrow.
My boss will be working in the office tomorrow morning.
(2)表示安排要做的事或预计会发生的事。例如：
We'll be getting in touch with you.
He'll be meeting you this afternoon.
(3)有时将来进行时与现在进行时换用(多用于口语中)。例如：
I'll be having dinner with Tom tonight.
=I am having dinner with Tom tonight.
When will you be arriving Shanghai on Monday
=When are you arriving Shanghai on Monday
(4)将来进行时不用于表示意志。例如：
I'll be having a talk with Annie later.(×)
I'll be seeing Jack soon.(√)
(八)现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)
1.现在完成时的定义
现在完成时用于表示已发生的事件与现在的情况具有某种联系。
2.现在完成时的结构
现在完成时的结构为“have/has+动词过去分词”。
3.现在完成时的用法
(1)表示动作到现在为止已经完成。例如：
I have finished my homework.
The plane has taken off.
(2)表示过去发生的动作,但发生的时间不确切。例如：
Have you ever been to China
He has just left.
注意：have gone to和have been to区别：have gone to表示“到某地去了”,人还没有回来；have been to表示“到过某地”。例如：
The kids have gone to the park.(孩子们去公园了)
The kids have been to Europe.(孩子们去过欧洲)
Where has Susan gone (苏珊去哪里了)
Where has Susan been —She has been to the library.(苏珊去过图书馆)
(3)表示过去反复发生的动作。例如：
I have done the calculation several times.
I have been to Beijing many times this year.
(4)表示动作发生在过去,并且一直延续到现在,常和since与for引导的短语或从句连用。例如：
I have worked here since I graduated from college.
We have lived in Nanning for over 20 years.
现在完成时和since与for引导的从句连用时,需注意以下问题。
①Since引导的从句一般用过去时,主句谓语用现在完成时。例如：
We've been in Nanning since we moved here ten years ago.
Since I was here,everything has changed.
②当主句中的谓语动词为be动词时,Since引导的从句可用现在完成时。例如：
Since he has been away for some time,his house has been empty.
Since I have been back from abroad,I have been busy with my life here.
③since和for区别。since用以说明动作起始时间,for用以说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have worked here since 2017.
I have worked here for more than one year.
I haven't heard from him since 1999.
I haven't heard from him for 10 years.
④并非带有for时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。例如：
I lived in Nanning for 3 years.(现在我不住南宁了)
I have lived in Nanning for 3 years.(现在我还住在南宁)
(5)现在完成时的动词通常是延续动词,因为现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态,常见的动词有learn,work,study,know,teach等。例如：
I have learned English for more than 10 years.
He has taught French in the college for a long time.
有时,现在完成时的动词也可与表示非延续性的动词连用。常见的非延续性动词有get,go,become,start等。例如：
They have got married for 20 years.
I have become a teacher since 2008.
另外,现在完成时通常不和疑问副词when连用。when一般与过去时态连用。但现在完成时可以和疑问副词where,why,how连用。例如：
Why have you been late
Where have you been recently
(6)适用于现在完成时的句型。
①It is the first time that...句型,从句用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have learned sky diving.
It is the first time that I have seen this movie.
②This is the...that...结构,从句用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best time that we have had now.
This is the worst moment that you have met him.
(7)现在完成时和一般过去时的比较。
①现在完成时和一般过去时都表示过去已经发生的事,但现在完成时强调动作与现在的关系,以及对现在产生的结果、影响等；而一般过去时表示动作发生在过去,与现在没有联系。因此,有明确过去时间状语的,只能使用一般过去时。例如：
I have been to the meeting.(强调参加过会议)
I went to the meeting yesterday.(只说明昨天参加会议这件事)
I have had lunch already.(强调已经吃过午餐)
I had my lunch at the dining hall.(只说明吃午餐的地点)
②现在完成时的时间状语模糊甚至没有时间状语；一般过去时的时间状语比较具体、清晰。现在完成时常见的时间状语为for,since,so far,yet等；一般过去时常见的时间状语为yesterday,two days ago,in September,just now等。例如：
We have been to several countries so far.
We went to several countries in September.
I haven't received your letter yet.
I didn't receive your letter yesterday.
(九)过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)
1.过去完成时的定义
过去完成时用于表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作。
2.过去完成时的结构
过去完成时的结构为“had+动词过去分词”。
3.过去完成时的用法
(1)表示过去某一时间前已完成的动作或状态。过去的时间可以由by,before等介词或某一时间状语来表示。例如：
We had just finished work when we decided to have dinner together.
I didn't go to the theatre because I had seen it before.
By the end of last month,we had built up so many organizations.
(2)与hope,intend,mean,think等动词连用,表示未实现的愿望。例如：
I had hoped to catch the bus but I didn't make it.
I had meant to make it happen,but it didn't work out quite well.
(3)与when/before/after/until等连词引导的分句连用,表示过去某一动作之前的动作。例如：
The phone had rang when we opened the door.
The guest had arrived before we came to the meeting.
(4)用于if,as if,I wish引导的分句中,表示与过去事实相反的主观设想。例如：
I wish I hadn't hurt you.
She seemed to be happy as if you hadn't said anything to annoy her.
(5)过去完成时常和for与since构成的短语或其引导的从句连用,表示由过去某时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作。例如：
I remembered I had given you the advice before the end of last term.
I had known Peter for 3 years before Joe introduced him to me.
(6)过去完成时常见的时间状语包括by the time,before,until,after,as soon as等。例如：
By the time we met him,he had done physical exercises in the gym.
I was surprised after all the students had reacted so positively.
(十)将来完成时(The Future Perfect Tense)
将来完成时的定义
将来完成时用于表示将来某一时间之前所完成的动作。
2.将来完成时的结构
将来完成时的结构为“shall/will have+动词过去分词”。
3.将来完成时的用法
表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。例如：
We shall have finished the study at the end of July.
By the end of this year,we shall have finished the project.
(十一)现在完成进行时(The Present Perfect Progressive Tense)
1.现在完成进行时的定义
现在完成进行时用于表示过去的动作一直延续到现在并可能继续进行下去。
2.现在完成进行时的结构
现在完成进行时的结构为“have/has been+现在分词”。
3.现在完成进行时的用法
(1)表示一个持续到现在的动作,这个动作可能刚停止,也可能仍在进行。例如：
I have been thinking about my future.
It has been raining for two days.
(2)现在完成进行时常与how long状语连用。例如：
How long have you been studying English
I have been writing my thesis for a whole year.
(3)有时,现在完成进行时可表示动作的重复。例如：
I have been using this desk for almost 9 years.
You have been making the same mistakes.
(4)现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别。
①现在完成时表示动作到现在为止已经完成,而现在完成进行时表示动作仍继续进行。例如：
I have finished my project.(项目已经完成)
I have been doing my project.(项目还在进行)
②现在完成时强调动作的结果,现在完成进行时强调动作本身,表示过去发生的动作持续进行下去,且带有一定的感彩。例如：
I have quit smoking.
I have been playing badminton since last year.
③现在完成时强调动作发生的数量,现在完成进行时强调动作发生持续的时间长度。例如：
I have taken three courses this term.
I have been learning English for 10 years.
(5)现在完成进行时需注意的方面如下：
①当强调时间长度时,多用现在完成进行时。例如：
She has been sitting in the library for a whole day.
It has been raining for a week.
②静态动词只能用于完成时而不能用于完成进行时。例如：
I have seen him since last week.
They have owned the property for a long time
(十二)过去完成进行时(The Past Perfect Progressive Tense)
1.过去完成进行时的定义
过去完成进行时用于表示过去之前发生的动作持续到过去的时间并可能继续进行下去。
2.过去完成进行时的结构
过去完成进行时的结构为“had been+现在分词”。
3.过去完成进行时的用法
(1)表示动作在过去某一时间之前发生并延续到过去时间,这一动作可能还在进行,可能已经停止。例如：
They had been fighting before the teacher came in.
He had been looking for a job,but he still didn't find one.
(2)过去完成时和过去完成进行时的区别：过去完成时表示动作已完成,而过去完成进行时表示动作仍在进行中。例如：
He had repaired the house.(动作已完成)
He had been repairing the house.(动作仍在进行)
He had called the police before the thief escaped.
The couple had been fighting over the whole day.
第二节 语态(Voice)
一、语态的定义
语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系,分为主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。一般来讲,只有拥有动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。
被动语态是英语语态学习的重点和难点。因此,语态部分着重讲解被动语态。
二、被动语态的结构
并不是所有时态都有被动语态,在十六种英语时态中,有被动语态的时态有10个。被动语态的通用结构为be+动词过去分词,如表2-2所示。
表2-2 被动语态的10个时态
(1)一般现在时的被动语态为“am/is/are+过去分词”。例如：
The boy is called Johnny.
Potato is eaten by most people in Western countries.
(2)一般过去时的被动语态为“was/were+过去分词”。例如：
The book was written by Margaret.
She was given a chance to perform on the stage.
(3)一般将来时的被动语态为“will/shall be+过去分词”。例如：
The result of the exam will be shown on Tuesday.
When will the graduation ceremony be started
(4)过去将来时的被动语态为“would be+过去分词”。例如：
I was sure that he would be accepted by the college.
I thought she would be punished for her mistake.
(5)现在进行时的被动语态为“am/are/is+being+过去分词”。例如：
She is being called by her boss.
The case is being investigated by the police.
(6)过去进行时的被动语态为“was/were+being+过去分词”。例如：
The employees were being inspected by the leader.
The road was being constructed yesterday.
(7)现在完成时的被动语态为“have/has been+过去分词”。例如：
The robber has been sent to the prison.
They have been warned for their improper behavior.
(8)过去完成时的被动语态为“had been+过去分词”。例如：
I was told that he had been sent to the hospital.
I heard that the school had been renovated.
(9)将来完成时的被动语态为“will have been+过去分词”。例如：
They will have been punished for their childish behavior.
The summer holiday will have been finished soon.
(10)过去将来完成时的被动语态为“would have been+过去分词”。例如：
I thought the plan would have been completed in the next few days.
She said she would have finished training by the end of this year.
三、语态的用法
英语中,大多数句子都使用主动语态,只有在下列情况下使用被动语态。(1)不知道动作的执行者或者没有必要提及动作的执行者时。例如：
The rent has to be paid this week.
Money has been sent to the less developed regions.
(2)动作的承受者是句子的中心。例如：
The children are taken good care of by her.You are invited to visit our family at any time.
(3)表示礼貌或婉转的措辞时。例如：
It is generally considered rude to speak loud in public places.It is hoped that such things should never happen again.

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