资源简介

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English Grammar
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班级：_______________
姓名：_______________
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Contents目录
词法专题（一）名词…………………………………………………………第 2 页
词法专题（二）冠词…………………………………………………………第 5 页
词法专题（三）形容词和副词………………………………………………第 7 页
词法专题（四）代词…………………………………………………………第 10 页
词法专题（五）数词…………………………………………………………第 13 页
词法专题（六）介词…………………………………………………………第 14 页
词法专题（七）动词及其时态语态…………………………………………第 16 页
词法专题（八）主谓一致……………………………………………………第 24 页
词法专题（九）非谓语动词…………………………………………………第 27 页
词法专题（十）连词…………………………………………………………第 31 页
句法专题（一）句子成分……………………………………………………第 32 页
句法专题（二）基本句型和句子演变………………………………………第 34 页
句法专题（三）名词性从句…………………………………………………第 36 页
句法专题（四）定语从句……………………………………………………第 40页
句法专题（五）状语从句……………………………………………………第 44 页
句法专题（六）情态动词虚拟语气特殊句式………………………………第 48 页
语法考点盘点…………………………………………………………………第 52 页
附：衡中高频词整理
英语语法框架
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特殊句式
强调句： it is/was +句子被强调部分+who/that+句子其余成分
倒装句
：完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前的句子
There goes the bell! At the foot of the mountain lies a river.
部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分(助动词、be动词、情态动词置于主语之前的句子
Never will I give up. Only by working hard, can we realize our dream.
形容词性质的从句：__________
副词性质的从句：___________
名词性质的从句：1__________
2__________
3__________
4__________
语法
词法：八大词类
________________________________________________________
八大句子成分：
_______________________________________________
1_________________________
2_________________________
3_________________________
4_________________________
5_________________________
句子
结构
按
结
构
分
简单句
并列句：
简单句+并列连词+简单句
复合句：主句 + 从句
疑问句
祈使句
：
用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等，以动词原形或名词开头
感叹句
What + a/an +形容词+名词+主语+谓语！
What +形容词+名词+主语+谓语！
What
+名词+主语+谓语！
How +形容词/副词+主语+谓语！
How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!
How +主语+谓语!
一般疑问句
：将be动词/情态动词/助动词
(do/does/did/have/has)移到主语前
反义疑问句
：前肯后否；前否后肯
选择疑问句
：一般疑问句+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同部分)
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句法
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陈述句:
肯定句/否定句
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特殊疑问句
：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how...)
+一般疑问句
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按
语
气
分
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词法专题一 名词
考点一：名词的分类
类别 意义 例词
专有名词 表示人、地方、组织、机构、节日、国家或事物等专有的名称 America, Betty, the Great Wall, Christmas
普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 表示个别人或事物的名称 actor, brick, dictionary, eraser, garden, hammer, island
集体名词 表示若干人或事物的名称 army, class, cattle, people, police, team, youth, staff
不可数名词 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称 bread, cotton, furniture, ink, money, milk, rice, snow, water
抽象名词 表示性质、行为、状态或情感等抽象概念的名称 anger, freedom, life, knowledge, happiness, mind, value, fun
考点二：名词的单复数
dish____________ boss___________ match____________ box___________ month__________
baby____________ factory_________ city______________ boy___________ monkey___________
tomato__________ hero___________ potato__________ radio__________ photo__________
wolf____________ thief___________ half____________ roof__________ belief_________
Chinese_________ Japanese____________ Englishman___________ German _________
foot______________ tooth____________child____________ mouse__________
man teacher_________________ passer-by_____________ grown-up_________
sheep_________ fish__________ means __________
改错：1) I will stay here for one and a half hour.
2) I tried to get used to the life here and began to make friend with people here.
3) The second man pointed to his glass and asked if the angel could cure his poor eyesight.
4) When I was walking home with one of my friend, a truck stopped beside us.
固定词组:
(1) 与……交朋友make ___________with sb (2) 与……树敌make _____________with sb
(3) 向……表示问候give my _________to sb (4) 携手，联合join ____________with sb
(5) 与……握手shake _____________with sb (6) 向……祝贺___________________to sb
(7) 为……作准备make ____________for sth (8) 情绪高涨in high___________________
(9) 突然哭起来burst into_______________
考点三：名词的可数与不可数
1. 物质名词和抽象名词一般作不可数名词
改错：1) I nearly gave it up half way, but I stuck to it with determinations.
2) We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream.
2. 常见不可数名词：progress, information, advice, luggage, baggage, fun, furniture, homework, housework, equipment...
改错：1) He has made such a great progress that he can write e-mails in good Chinese.
2) It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.
3) I would appreciate it if you could give some advices to me.
4) How fun it is to go for a hike on such a fine day!
3. 抽象名词具体化:强调具体的一个人或一件事(surprise, success, danger, comfort, knowledge, shock...)
改错：1) It is a must for us to have good knowledge of English.
2) There is much rain here in summer. There was heavy rain yesterday.
3) I often ask him for help and his advice is often great help to me.
4) Failure is the mother of the success. To make it a success, I’ll not give up.
4. 特殊名词形式
翻译：
(1) iron铁—an iron_________________ (2) room______________—a room房间
(3) word____________—a word单词，话 (4) paper纸—a paper_________________
(5) time时间—a time/times____________ (6) light______________—a light灯
(7) man_____________—a man一个男人 (8) wood木头—woods_______________
(9) sand沙—sands__________________ (10) work(job可数)工作—works_______
(11) change____________—a change变化 (12) exercise锻炼—exercises__________
(13) arm手臂—arms_________________ (14) good益处—goods_______________
(15) people人民—peoples_____________ (16) glass玻璃—glasses_______________
(17) custom风俗—customs_____________ (18) manner方式—manners___________
(19) condition 状况—a condition____________-conditions_____________
考点四：名词所有格
1. ’s或s’ 表所有格，of 也可以表所有格， at/in sb’s 表在...地方
(1) 儿童节_______________________ (2) 教师节_______________________
(3) 母亲节 ______________________ (4) 博士学位_____________________
(5) the love of a mother_____________ (6) a leg of the desk________________
(7) in a few days’ time________________ (8) after ten miles’ walk_______________
(9) today’s newspaper________________ (10) Shanghai’s transport_____________
(11) at the barber’s __________________ (12) in my grandma’s_________________
2. 双重所有格：
(1) 我的一位朋友__________________ (2) 我哥哥的两位同学_______________
3. of 属格的一些形象表达
1) a blanket of fog ____________________ 2) a rain/shower of arrows ______________
3) a rapid flow of fun __________________ 4) a cloud of bees___________________
5) a wall of water___________________ 6) a sea of flowers__________________
考点五：修饰名词的单词和短语
1. 修饰可数名词: many, a good/great many, many a, more than one, a few, quite a few, few，several, a great/large number of, hundreds of, dozens of
2. 修饰不可数名词：much, (a) little, a bit of, a good/great deal of, a large amount of
3. 修饰可数/不可数名词：some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities of, masses of, a mass of, a variety of, the majority of, none of,
考点六：名词的构词法
1.动词变名词的后缀
approve→_______________赞成;批准 arrive→___________到来;到达
survive→________________幸存 propose→___________提议;建议
appear→________________出现;外貌 guide→_______________指引;指导
perform→_______________表演;节目
exist→________________存在;生存 prefer→_______________偏爱
refer→________________参考;查阅
attract→______ ________吸引 construct→_____________建设
educate→______________教育 evaluate→_____________评估
graduate→______________毕业 discuss→______________讨论;辩论
expect→_______________期待;期望 explain→______________解释
consider→______________考虑 imagine→______________想象力
starve→________________挨饿 invite→________________邀请;请柬
decide→_______________决定 admit→_______________接纳;准许入学
hear→_____________听力；听觉 begin→_______________开始
achieve→______________功绩;成就 argue→_______________辩论;论据
treat→_________________对待;治疗 equip→_______________设备
fail→________________失败;未做(应做之事) press→______________压力
mix→______________混合;混合物 depart→_______________离开;出发
recover→___________恢复;痊愈 discover→ _____________发现
grow→_____________成长;发展 choose→______________选择
vary→_______________多样化;种类 tend→________________趋向;趋势
形容词变名词的后缀
1) short→_________________不足;短缺
2) efficient→______________效率;功效 fluent→_______________流利;流畅
accurate→_______________准确性 private→______________隐私;私密
free→_________________自由;自主 wise→________________明智;智慧
different→______________差异 silent→________________沉默
weak→_________________弱点 kind→________________仁慈;好意
careless→________________粗心大意 dark→________________黑暗
strong→________________力量;强项 warm→_______________温暖;热情
true→___________________真相 wide→________________宽
disable→_______________无能;残疾 responsible→________________责任
difficult→___________困难 cruel→___________残酷;残暴 safe→_________安全
表示“人”的后缀
1) teach→____________老师 village→___________村民 strange→___________陌生人
2) lie→______________说谎者
3) employ→____________受雇者 interview→____________被面试者 train-_________学员
4) invent→____________发明家 act→__________男演员 educate→_________教育家;教师
5) act→___________女演员 god→___________女神 host→___________女主人;女主持人
6) China→_____________中国人 Japan→_____________日本人
7) America→___________美国人 Australia→_____________澳大利亚人
8) music→_________音乐家 history→________历史学家 politics→_________政治家;政客
9) novel→___________小说家 special→___________专家 tour→_________旅行者;观光者
10) serve→_________仆人 participate→_______________参加者 assist→___________助手
即时训练
一．填空：
Recent______________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take some breaks regularly.
The (life) of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.
Do you know how many _ (woman) astronauts have traveled in space all over the world
This development was only possible with the ___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.
She has turned down the_____________(invite) to star at the Talent show in order to concentrate on her studies.
Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top_____________(attract).
That’s a good ____ (suggest) that you should first buy a second-hand car if you don’t have money for a new one.
Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with________________(patient).
My first _____________(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.
Your ____ (perform) as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on what you learn.
Only in this way can we enjoy the pleasure and_____________(convenient) of online shopping without the concern of being cheated.
Observing and experiencing such things gave huge joy and________________(please)
The passage mainly talks about the girl’ act of _________ (brave).
After my____________ (graduate) from high school, I decided to go on with further study.
词法专题二 冠词
冠词的概念、分类和用法
汉语词法中无冠词之说，这是英语词法所独有的一类词，而且只有三个，即a，an, the。冠词是一种虚词，用在名词或名词词组的前面，表示名词是特指还是泛指。冠词可分为不定冠词和定冠词两种。如果不需要冠词时，就叫零冠词。不定冠词有a,an；定冠词只有the。
考点一：定冠词
定冠词常用来表特指，具体用法如下：
特指上文提及的人、物；谈话双方都知道的人、物；独一无二的事物
I saw a homeless dog and sent the dog home. / Open the door please./ the moon
与形容词连用表一类人，与可数名词单数连用表一类。如:
the rich, the young, the wounded/ The tiger is in danger of distinction(灭绝).
与表度量单位的名词连用，表示“按……”。如:
I hired the car by the hour./ He is paid by the year./ Tomatoes are sold by the kilogram.
序数词、最高级前。如: the first lesson / the most beautiful girl in our class
特殊的比较结构前。如：
① 用于“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”结构中，表示“越……越……”之意。
The more we do for the people, the happier we’ll be.我们为人民做得越多就越幸福。
② 用在“the＋比较级＋of the two”结构中，表示“两个中较……的一个”。
She is the taller of the two girls.她是两个女孩子中个子较高的那一个。
the用在年代、朝代及逢十的数词(表示某个年代)前：
the Tang Dynasty 唐朝 in the 1990's 在20世纪90年代
西洋乐器前：play the piano / play the violin.
姓氏复数前表夫妇俩或一家人: the Greens
河流、山脉前: the Read Sea/ the English Channel / the Himalayas
常用的固定搭配（见第六部分）
考点二：不定冠词
不定冠词通常用在首次提到的或不限定的单数可数名词前表泛指。具体用法如下：
1. 表示“一”的概念：
He bought a book./ Take the medicine three times a day./ They are of an age .
与可数名词单数连用表一类eg. A fox can’t hide its tail.
用于序数词之前，表示数量或序数的增加，意为“又一”“再一”
I'll try a second time. They had a third child.
用于物质名词前，使之转化为具体名词，表示“一种”“一阵”“一杯之量”等。
There was a heavy rain yesterday. I'd like a tea and a coffee, please.
用于指人的专有名词前，指某人、某人的作品或艺术品、像……似（式）的人等。
A Smith wants to see you. He tries to be a Lei Feng.
用于表示“非常”“很”等意义的most 前。
This is a most moving story. Qingdao is a most attractive city in summer
用于抽象名词前，使之具体化，表示与之相关的具体的人或事。
He was a success in business. It's a pleasure to study.
特殊用法和固定结构见后续讲解。
考点三：区分a不定冠词a/an
1) ______European country/ used car/ useful tool/ university/ one-legged man/ universal habit/ unique style
2) ______hour/ honour/ uncle/ old man/ honest boy/ eight-year old boy/ engineer
考点四：区分泛指与特指
I want to eat______third apple on the desk. VS I have eaten two apples, and I want to eat _______third apple.
Everyone knows______Mr Smith./ Tom, someone is waiting for you outside, ____ Mr Smith, but I don’t know him.
Let’s meet on ______Sunday. / He came on ________cold Sunday.
We admire _______Edison. / The boy will be________ Edison.
Act and protect_______ world./Let’s create ______ happier world.
Look! _______moon is beautiful. / In the western sky, there is_____big round moon.
The boys shouted in______surprise. / It was______surprise to see you here.
How beautifully she sings! I have never heard_______better voice.
考点五：零冠词
1. 名词复数，不可数名词表一类时无冠词，专有名词前通常无冠词
Books are my best friends. / Lu Xun is a great Chinese writer. / Honesty is the best policy.
2. 季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前无冠词。
Spring is the best season of the year. / Supper is ready. / Let’s meet on Sunday.
3. 球类、棋类、学科、语言前无冠词。
He likes football./ He’s good at physics./ Let’s play chess.
改错：1) Xi Jinping, a president of China, is visiting America next week.
2) We must be honest, because a honesty is the best policy.
3) Hurry up, the supper is ready.
4) Let’s meet on the Sunday.
5) He is good at the physics.
6) Two thirds of the students are playing the football.
考点六：固定搭配
不定冠词
have a cold have a good time make a living
as a result as a matter of fact in a hurry
in a word at a distance for a while
make an attack make a difference make a note of
play a part in pay a visit to go for a walk
have an effect on hold a positive attitude to take one’s place
have a knowledge/command of
定冠词
catch sb by the arm at the sight of at the same time
on the contrary in the 1830s in the distance　
by the way in the end make the most /best of
in the charge of sb on the increase at the mercy of
take the place of in the possession of sb on the spot
零冠词
come first in the race catch sight of come to life
take effect do good/harm/wrong to come into power
at first sight /glance in space in society
in nature by length attach importance to
by air in charge of s.th in possession of s.th
be in bad condition in consequence make fun of
in memory/honour of in need of in peace
take place put on weight
即时训练
一、填空
1. Long long ago there was ________ old king who had ________ very beautiful daughter.
2. If you want to improve your working efficiency, it will be ________ must for you to make_______most of your time.
3. —Well, that is one of ________ most expensive hotels in town, I'm afraid.
—Do you mean we'd better choose ________ cheaper one
4. Here is ________ very person we are looking for, one with ________ good knowledge of German.
5. Today the Internet is playing ________ important and essential role in our life.
6. Finally, I accepted ________ offer of an 80-year-old peasant woman who lived alone in a little house.
感悟：1.学会判断是否填冠词 ①如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词，则很可能填冠词；②如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“一”的概念，一般填a/an，表示泛指时用不定冠词(元音音素前用an，辅音音素前用a。表示特指时用定冠词the。如果翻译成“这/那”的概念，一般填the；③如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语，则很可能填the。 2. 熟记含冠词的固定搭配。
词法专题三 形容词&副词
考点一: 形容词、副词的句法功能
形容词在句子中可以做定语，表语，补语；副词在句子中作状语，修饰动词，形容词，副词以及句子。
She sounded more_______________(confidence) than she felt.
2. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip______________ (enjoy).
3. He achieved an__________________(amaze) success.
4. The advice given to us is________________(absolute) right.
5. _________(thankful), I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.
6. He returned home,_______ (safe) and sound. He _________(safe) returned home.
7. 翻译：All the experts present at the meeting pointed out that the present situations called for more investment. （ ）（ ）
8. 翻译：Those who have no money left put up your left hands. （ ）（ ）
考点二：形容词变副词
1. dangerous________________ narrow_________________ absolute________________
immediate________________ complete______________ accurate________________
wonderful________________ careful________________ fortunate____________ extreme___________
2. angry___________ busy_____________ easy___________ healthy___________
3. possible__________ probable__________ terrible_________ simple__________ gentle_________
4. 特殊true_________ full__________ shy_________ whole__________ basic____________
注意：-ly结尾的形容词：friendly elderly timely deadly lively lovely likely daily lonely manly timely orderly disorderly ugly motherly
考点三：常见形容词副词辨析
1. deep/deeply: deep意思是"深",表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
Although it was into the night, all the viewers were___________ moved by the play.
The workers dug__________ into the well.
2. high/highly: high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
Don’t jump _________, you may hurt yourself.
Mr Deng thought_____________ of the reforms in the city.
3. close /closely: close意思是"近""亲密的”； closely 意思是"仔细地"“密切地”
She is ____________connected with this case.
He is a__________ friend of my uncle’s.
4. hard /hardly: hard adj.坚固的;艰难的；adv.有力地；努力地/ hardly表几乎不
He works so____________ he is used to work. 句子有误
We had begun our walk when it ________began to rain. 句子有误
5. wide/widely: wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
I’d like to sleep with the windows ___________open.
English is _____________used all over the world.
6. late/ later/ latest/lately
a. late adj. 迟的；晚的；末期的；最近的；已故的。adv. 晚；迟
b. later adv. 后来；稍后 / adj. 后来的；以后的；
c. latest adj. 最新的；最后的
d. lately adv. 最近
练习：
Better _________ than never.
Let's consider the question ___________.
Have you seen Peter ___________
Here is the ___________ issue of China Daily.
7. 其余常考辨析: ever/never here/there however/therefore beside/besides ago/before free/freely near/nearly most/mostly
考点四：比较结构
1. 写出下列各词的比较级和最高级形式
1) cold___________ strong___________ narrow___________ clever___________
2) nice__________ large__________ wide__________ simple___________ polite___________
3) early__________ busy__________ dirty__________ heavy___________ happy___________
4) thin___________ fat___________ hot___________ big___________ red___________
5) important___________ successful___________ useful___________ expensive___________
特殊变化形式:
单词 比较级 最高级 单词 比较级 最高级
good/well far
bad/ill
many/much old
little
well-known late
注意:本身已含有比较，最高级的词有：
superior (较高的) senior(年长的) junior(级别低的) major(主要的) empty(空的)
minor(次要的) favourite(最喜欢的) latest（最新的) excellent（优秀的）
2. 同级比较
1) Green is not ________strict a teacher as Mr. White.
2) Henry is a worker_______ good as Peter.
=Henry is _____good a worker as Peter.
=Henry is such a good worker _____ Peter.
3. 倍数+ as + adj. + as = 倍数+ the+ n + of = 倍数+比较级+than
1) This bridge is three times _____long as that one.
=This bridge is three times __________than that one.
=This bridge is three times the________ of that one.
4. 比较级 修饰比较级的副词：much, even, far, rather, still, a little, a lot, by far
1) My brother is much ______（tall） than I .
2)Travelling in the city is _______________（convenient）than in the countryside.
3) My English is getting better _______ better.
4) The older you get, the ________(wise) you will become.
5) I have never read a ___________(good) story than this one.
6) We should help those who are ____________(little) fortunate than us.
7) Tom is the__________(tall) of the two boys.
8) She is more than happy to see him off at the airport. ______________
9) He is more brave than wise. ______________
10) She is not so much poor as careless with money. ______________
11)He can not so much as spell this simple word. ______________
考点五：最高级
The theater is the ___________(old) in London.
I have never spent a ____________(happy) day.
I can’t agree__________(much).So take action as planned
This is the most difficult problem facing us. ________________
This is a most difficult problem facing us. _________________
考点六：形容词后缀
1. 名词→形容词
1) -y: rainy, sunny, funny, lucky, foggy, 健康的_____________多云的____________富裕的____________
2) -ful: 感谢的__________有用的___________有帮助的__________成功的___________仔细的___________
3) -ese/-ish/-an: fool-_________愚蠢的, self-____________自私的, child-______________幼稚的___________
Japanese, Egyptian埃及人, American, Irish爱尔兰人, Finnish芬兰人, 威尔士人____________
4) -ous: poisonous, nervous, dangerous, various, famous, generous, 焦急的____________好奇的____________
5) -ly: friendly, lovely, likely, monthly, quarterly每季的, 每天的___________, 昂贵的____________
6) -less: careless, homeless, penniless, hopeless, 无用的____________无价的______________
7) -ant/-ent: important, significant 有意义的, 不同的______________, 沉默的_____________, 有耐心的___________, 有自信的__________, convenient____________
8) -al: cultural, natural, national, chemical, medical, industrial,有益的___________, 农业的_______________
9) -ive: passive被动的, expensive昂贵的, progressive进步的, 积极的________, 有效的__________
10) -tic/-fic: systematic有系统的, fantastic极好的, 科学的__________, 具体的______________
11) -en: woollen毛的, wooden木制的, 金色的___________
12) -some: handsome, tiresome烦人的, quarrelsome爱吵架的, 令人烦恼的______________
13) -free: carefree无忧无虑的, interest-free无利息的, duty-free__________,tax-free ___________,
alcohol- free____________
练习：
1) Snakes are ____________(danger), so you must be__________(care) when staying outdoors.
2) There are many _______________(nature) disasters happening every year.
3) Take an __________(act) part in all kinds of out-of-class activities.
4) Take some _________(effect) measures to do with pollution in our__________(day) life.
2. 动词→形容词
1) -able: unforgettable, bearable, acceptable, understandable, 有价值的___________, 有道理的___________
2) -sible: responsible, sensible敏感的, 可用的__________
3) -tive: defensive防御性的, preventive预防性的, 吸引人的__________, 多产的_____________, 保护性的___________
4) -ing: disappointing; shocking惊奇的, inviting迷人的, 有前途的___________,领先的____________
5) -ed: skilled熟练的, injured受伤的, advanced高级的, 迷惑的__________, 有决心的________
6) -y: sticky黏的, picky爱挑剔的, slippery滑的, 吓人的__________
练习：
1) What you said sounded_____________(reason) and______________(value).
2) Moyan is a _____________(produce) writer for he will finish several novels in a year.
3. 复合形容词
1) hard-working____________ 2) well-educated_____________ 3) bittersweet__________
4) time-consuming__________ 5) man-made________________ 6) cold-blooded_________
7) absent-minded___________ 8) easy-going___________
4. 用加词缀的方法把下列名词变为形容词
1) value_______________ 2) care________________ 3)science______________
4) danger_______________ 5) weight________________ 6) smell_______________
7) develop_______________ 8) wood________________ 9) fun_______________
10) west_______________ 11) luck_____________ 12) medicine___________
13) nature___________ 14) politics_______________ 15) hunger_____________
16) Europe____________ 17) surprise____________ 18) anger_____________
19) beauty_______________ 20) success____________
即时训练
语法填空考点：
1）形容词变副词；2）形容词、副词的比较级和最高级；3）形容词变名词。（形容词修饰名词或者放在be动词,系动词后面充当表语；副词修饰动词，形容词或副词，过去分词，或整个句子）4）注意常用副词however，besides.
The girl used to be shy, but is _______ (gradual) getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.
Andy is content with the toy. It is the________ (new) one she has ever got.
She has never seen a _________ (bad) film so long as she remembered.
I know my sister ________(well) than anyone else. Once she had made up her mind, nothing can change it.
Of the two sisters, Betty is the ________(young) one, and she is the one who loves to be quiet.
Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should__________ (probable) earn our respect.
7. When we got there, we found the situation was much ________(bad) than expected.
8. He smokes so __________(heavy) that he coughs day and night.
9. Do you know the __________ (deep) of the river
10. The more I talk about it, the__________ (little) I can think about it by myself.
11.The wind was blowing_______________(strong) and it became even _________(cold)．
词法专题四 代词
一、定义
代词是指代人或事的词,主要替代名词以及起名词作用的短语/不定式/动名词/从句或句子,以避免重复。
Learning English is hard, but it can become easy if you adopt a right method.
二、代词的分类
分类 单数 复数
第一 人称 第二 人称 第三 人称 第一 人称 第二 人称 第三 人称
人称 代词 主格 I you he，she，it we you they
宾格 you you
物主 代词 形容 词性 my your our your
名词性
反身代词 yourself himself， herself，itself yourselves
指示代词 this，that，such these，those，such
相互 代词 宾格 each other，one another
所有格 each other’s，one another’s
不定 代词 普通不定代词 some，any，no，somebody，anybody，nobody，someone，anyone，no one，something，anything，nothing，none
个体代词 all，every，each，other，another，either，neither，both，half，everybody，everyone，everything
数量代词 many，much，(a)few，(a)little，a lot，a great deal
疑问代词 who，whom，whose，which，what
连接代词 who，whom，whose，which，what (用法请参阅名词性从句部分)
关系代词 who，whom，whose，which，that (用法请参阅定语从句部分)
三、考点解析：
考点一: 主格、宾格、单复数、性别、形容词名词分清楚。（以下为单句改错题）
People give up his dreams for this or that reason.
Some classmates are feeling really worried about the exam，but I don't take them so seriously.
As soon as the students rushed into the bathroom, they took off their clothes and hung it on the hooks（挂钩）.
考点二: 反身代词别乱用。（以下为单句改错题）
Tom taught him Chinese.
The boy is old enough to take care of him.
My mother takes good care of myself .
考点三: all，both，either，any，none，neither
都 任何一个 都不 部分否定
两者 both either neither＝ not either both和 not连用
三者或 三者以上 all any none＝ not any all和 not连用
I invited three friends to my party , but ________of them came .
I invited three friends to my party and __________of them came .
You can come to me on Friday , Saturday or Sunday . ________ is ok .
_________ of my parents love travelling .
I feel lonely because ___________of my parents is at home .
There are two books . _______________is ok .
考点四: none，nothing，no one/nobody
none none既指人也指物，后面可接of短语， 一般用来回答how many，how much 和which的提问
nothing nothing只指物，后面不能接of短语， 用来回答what的提问
no one/ nobody no one和nobody只指人不指物，其后 不接of短语，一般回答who的提问
_________ of the three girls loves sports .
He shouted for help , but __________came .
—What did you buy yesterday —____________.
Niki is always full of ideas，but ________ is useful to my knowledge.
—How many students are there in the classroom —__________.
—How many books did you buy —____________.
—Who is in the classroom —____________.
考点五：somebody, anybody, nobody/no one/everybody (something /anything /nothing /everything )
somebody 某个人，有人，用于肯定句
anybody 某个人，有人，用于疑问和否定句，任何人, 用于肯定句
no one/ nobody 没有人
everybody 每个人
_______________ has broken into the house .
—Is ______________in the classroom —Yes , there are three girls .
—Is ________________in the classroom —No, Tom hasn’t come yet .
考点六：other，the other，others，the others，another
the other the other指两个人或物中的“另一个”，常与one连用，构成“one...the other...”(一个……；另一个……)
another 单独使用，泛指三者或三者以上的人或中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。常与one连用，构成one...another...泛指；与数词连用，表示“又、再”eg. He walked for another five miles.
others，the others others泛指“其余的人或物”，相当于“other＋可数名词复数”，不能作定语，常构成some...others...。the others特指“其余的所有人或物”，相当于“the other＋可数名词复数”
This shirt is too small for me . Please show me _________.
There are 45 students in our class . 20 are girls and ________________are boys .
He put one hand in his pocket and _____________was holding a cigar .
Some students are named Wang , some are named Zhang and ____________are named Li.
Walk _____________five miles and we will be home .
考点七：部分否定和全部否定
Not all that glitters (发光) is gold . =All that glitters is not gold .
I don’t like each of the books .
No one is perfect .
Everything is not ready .
① no one，none，nobody，nothing，not...any/either以及“no＋名词”都表示全部否定；译为：全都不……；没有一个……
② all，both，everyone/everybody/everything以及“every＋名词”与not 连用时，表部分否定，译为“并非全部/每个/两个都……”。
考点八：It 的用法总结
指代前面所提到过的事情、事物、想法等，也可指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对象。还指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等。
—Where is my dictionary →I left it right on the desk. (指事物dictionary)
—I've broken a plate.→It doesn't matter. (it指前面提过的事)
—Who is at the door →It's the milkman.
It is nine o'clock now.
It is raining heavily.
It is a long way to go.
It做形式主语、形式宾语
It is not easy to learn English well.
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.
It构成强调句型： It be +主语/宾语/状语+ that（who）……
He leaked(泄露) the news yesterday .
It was he that /who leaked the news yesterday .
It was the news that he leaked yesterday .
It was yesterday that he leaked the news.
含有it的常考短语或句型。
It depends.视情况而定。
Take it easy.别着急。
believe it or not信不信由你
make it成功，做到，约定时间
as someone puts it像某人所说的那样
When it comes to...当涉及/谈到……
keep it in mind that...把……铭记在心
考点九：替代词(it，that，one)的用法区别
it =the+名词，特指前面提到过的同一个人或物,其复数为they /them . eg. I saw a homeless dog and sent it(=the dog) to the shelter ./Look , there are five students in the picture . They(=The five students) are my best friends .
that =the+名词，表特指上文那类事物，但非同一个。其复数形式为those. Eg. The weather in Chongqing is hotter than that(=the weather ) in Kunming./The goods online are cheaper than those (=the goods) in a physical store.
one =(a/an)+可数名词，表泛指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为ones. Eg. There are many apples on the desk and I want to have one (=an apple)/ Red apples are more tasty than green ones(=apples).
即时训练
一、填空
For the First time, I feel good about (me) because I’m doing something, not because someone told me I was doing good.
A few hours before, I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with (it) choking smog.
—Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop —“Oh dear! It’s (I).”
This man might have needed the umbrella for (he) later, but he was so kind that he finally gave it to me.
Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but of them wants to.
Susan made ___clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.
The workers in the zoo took care of the three baby pandas because (they) mother had deserted them.
The children promised to take care of (they) well and learn to be independent when I was away.
You have some problems to deal with. We also have (our) to solve.
词法专题五 数词
考点一：基数词与序数词
基数词 序数词 基数词 序数词
one eleven
two twelve
three thirteen
four nineteen
five twenty
six ninety
seven hundred
eight thousand
nine twenty-one
ten twenty-six
考点二：序数词前是否要加the
改错：
He was eighth to break the record.
He was first student to come to school.
Mother was first teacher in my life.
We decided to climb the mountain, but on the second thought realized that it was too dangerous.
He fell in love with her at the first sight.
In four years at college, he ranked the first in the examination .
“Quality and Credit Come the First” is our business principle.
The rich man has bought two cars. But he wants to buy the third one this week.
考点三：表示编号
Lesson Twelve = _______________ Class seven= _________________
考点四：“一两天/周/月/年”的表达法
1) a week or two = _______________ a year or two= _________________
考点五：“一个半”的两种说法
one /an hour and a half = _______________
考点六：分数表达法
1/5____________________ 3/5__________________ 1/4________________
考点七：“数词+名词”作定语
an eight-year-old boy=____________________ a five-minute walk = ________________
考点八：年代表示法
改错：All the steelworks around here were closed down in 1980s.
考点九：年龄表达法
Tom was tenth years old when he came to our town.
At the age of eighteenth, Mary went to New York.
As a boy of sixth, he can hardly understand it.
He began to learn Russian when he was in his fifty.
He was in his teen when he moved to England.
There she met Charlie, a 23-years-old college student.
考点十：表示“第几长/宽/高/……”与最高级连用
Shanghai is the first_________(large) city in China.
即时训练
一、填空
1. However, in the urban district of Beijing, houses along hutongs still occupy one ______ (three) of the total area, providing housing for half of the population.
2.What they learnt helped them make_________first airplane flight in 1903.
3. He is the___________(five) person to ask me the same question.
4. I have read the tenth chapter but not the___________(twelve).
5. It was the third time one of his cars___________ (go) up in flames.
6. Osaka is the__________ (two) largest city in Japan.
7. Yuri Gagarin became the first man____________ (fly) in space.
二、改错
1. He died within a few days of his ninety birthday.
2. The station is a ten-minutes walk from my house.
3. Three fifth of the students are women.
4. At the first, he seemed surprised by my questions.
5. I just want to give these kids the second chance.
6. Billy is fourteen years old and in ninth grade.
7. I still remember how hard first day was.
8. In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons.
词法专题六 介词
考点一：表时间的介词 (on/at/since/before/until/till/by表时间点；in/for表时间段)
________ the age of 17 ________ a rainy evening ______ my thirties
She has been ill ________a week.
We worked _________ the night to finish his paper.
We have known each other________10 years ago.
We had learned English _______5 years _______the end of last year.
I didn’t realize its importance ________I was refused by the company.
I’ll come back _______a few days.
It won’t be long _________all return to normal.
考点二：表地点的介词 (off/over/through/across/in/at/above)
There are some islands _________the coast.
There are some fans hanging _________the desks in our classroom.
We were flying ________the clouds.
The Great Wall winds its way _________the deserts, _________the valley, __________the mountain and gets to the east of China.
At last, we arrived ___________Beijing at midnight.
考点三：表方式的介词 (in/by/through/via/without/with/without)
They got paid __________the month.
We got there________ car.
He solved the problem ________this method.
We attain information mainly __________the Internet nowadays.
You’d better communicate with him __________English.
The burglar got in straight ___________the window.
—Can you see them__________glasses —No. I’m short-sighted.
考点四：其他用途 (to/beyond/against/at/with/from/for)
The water is advancing_______a rate of 5cm a day.
He was surprised________the news.
We all jumped_________joy.
The little red house looks beautiful___________the green woods.
Understanding this article is______________my ability, so I have to turn to you.
The book is designed_______children.
He was rewarded_______his bravery.
He is devoted________saving the endangered animals.
I have been working_________morning to night.
The key_______success is persistence.
________his permission, we can go camping on Sunday.
He has been married______Marry for 10 years.
________his directions, we can finish the task in advance.
考点五：介词的省略(当表示时间的词前有this,that,next,last,every,each,some, any, all等时 )
改错：1. We watched an exciting football match in last week.
2. You can come at any day you like.
3. Jane will go back home in next month.
考点六：介词与动词的区别
改错：1. I doubt whether he will against the idea.
2. Mr.Zhang in charge of the school work.
3. Many people in favor of freedom but have to work.
4. He across the road and then took me in his arms.
考点七：介词短语和连词的互换: 介词+名词/词组/doing = 连词+句子
1)The plane was delayed because the fog was thick.
The plane was delayed _______ ________ the thick fog.
2)The headteacher praised me in public for my honesty.
The headteacher praised me in public__________I was honest.
3)At the sight of her mother ,the girl jumped up.
______ ______ ______she saw her mother, the girl jumped up.
4)As soon as I arrive in Beijing,I will contact you by phone immediately.
_________my arrival in Beijing, I will contact you by phone immediately.
5) As time goes by,we’ll become older and older.
_______time going by, we’ll become older and older.
6)When John stayed in Shanghai,he worked as a lawyer .
_________John’s stay in Shanghai, he worked as a lawyer.
7）I’m surprised that you should come.
I’m surprised________your coming.
8)After saying good bye to them, we got on the train.
After_______ _______ good bye to them, we got on the train.
即时训练
一、填空：
The review says it is more effective at lengthening life_______walking,cycling or swimming.
I was searching______these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.
I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home________dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree______engineering or architecture.
It has been about 100 years________its completion.
But my connection with pandas goes back_____my days on TV show in the mid-1980s.
Most of us are more focused______ our task in the morning than we are later in the day.
In India, most people traditionally eat_______their hands.
Drinking my iced coffee I ran my fingers on the map along the streets________the hotel to the open hall.
It’s only an hour away_______car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
词法 (
一、
动词的分类
)专题七 动词
及物动词(带宾语)：tell, ask, learn, produce, develop, leave
(
实
义
动
词
) 不及物动词(无被动语态,不带宾语；若要接宾语需加上相应介词)：rise, appear, fall,
happen, die, lie, occur, go, belong to, take place , come out, come about,
come true, consist of, go out, break out, go up, go down, break down, run out
状态动词(表示相对静止的状态):belong, contain, exist, know, love, wait, wear等。
延续性动词 (动作可以持续一段时间): work, stay, keep等。
动作动词 非延续性动词 (表短暂的动作,不能持续): arrive, finish, lend, open
(
系
动
词
)1.系动词表主语特征或状态;一般不用进行时, 无被动语态;表语常为形容词,名词,副词,介词短语或表语从句 eg. He tasted all the apples, but none of them tasted good.
2.常见系动词:be ( is, am , are, was, were )
become, turn, grow, come, get, run, fall, go(表变化)
look, sound, taste, smell, feel(表感官)
keep, stay, remain(表保持)
(
助
动
词
) prove, turn out(表结果)
seem, appear(表看起来似乎)
1.不能独立作谓语, 必须与动词原形或分词构成谓语
(
情
态
动
词
)2.常见助动词：be, do, does, did, have, has, shall, should, will, would等
1.不能单独做谓语,只是表示说话人的语气态度。其后加动词原形做谓语。通常无人称、
时态、单复数的变化。情态动词也属于助动词。
2.常见的情态动词有：will, shall, must, can, could, should, dare, ought to, have to, had better,
need, may, might 如: He can sing. /I can’t sing. /Can you sing
动词的变化形式
1.动词的第三人称单数形式
1).一般在动词末尾加 “s”：如likes, meets, helps, admires等。
2).以 “s, x, sh, ch”结尾的动词后加 “es”：如teaches, pushes, passes, watches, mixes等。
3).以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变“y”为 “i”,再加 “es”：如study-studies, carry-carries, fly-flies等
(但以“元音字母+y”结尾的动词,直接加 “s”：如enjoys, plays, destroys, employs, says, stays等)
4).以“o”结尾的动词后加 “es”：如does, goes等
2.动词的现在分词形式
1).一般在动词末尾加 “ing”：如waiting, studying, talking, working, sleeping等。
2).以不发音的“e”字母结尾的动词去掉“e”后再加“ing”：如write-writing, smile-smiling, move-moving
若是发音的“e”字母结尾的动词，则不去“e”：如see-seeing, agree-agreeing等
3).以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写末尾辅音字母再加“ing”：如sit-sitting, plan-planning, swim-swimming, begin-beginning, prefer-prefering, refer-referring等。
4).以“ie”结尾的动词,将“ie”改为“y ”再加“ing”：如die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying等
5).以“l”结尾的动词,可以双写“l”,也可以不双写“l”：如control-controling/controlling, travel-
traveling/travelling等。
3.动词的过去式和过去分词形式
规则动词变化：
1).一般在动词末尾加 “ed”：如planted, called, laughed, helped等。
2).以不发音的“e”字母结尾的动词直接加“d”：如lived, changed, agreed, hated, arrived, hoped等。
3).以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写末尾辅音字母再加“ed”：如planned,stopped, dropped, permitted, admitted, preferred, occurred, referred, fitted等。
4).以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变“y”为“i”,再加 “ed”：如study-studied, carry-carried, hurry-hurried, copy-copied, cry-cried等
不规则动词变化：
1).catch-caught-caught begin-began-begun drive-drove-driven
2).teach-taught-taught do-did-done break-broke-broken
3).bring-brought-brought fall-fell-fallen choose-chose-chosen
4).think-thought-thought draw-drew-drawn forget-forgot-forgotten
5).buy-bought-bought drink-drank-drunk know-knew-known
6).fight-fought-fought take-took-taken give-gave-given
7).build-built-built beat-beat-beaten fly-flew-flown
8).hear-heard-heard bite-bit-bitten write-wrote-written
9).deal-dealt-dealt grow-grew-grown throw-threw-thrown
10).lose-lost-lost forgive-forgave-forgiven freeze-froze-frozen
11).find-found-found forbid-forbade-forbidden ride-rode-ridden
12).pay-paid-paid hide-hid-hidden shake-shook-shaken
13).say-said-said speak-spoke-spoken go-went-gone
14).tell-told-told steal-stole-stolen become-became-become
15).sell-sold-sold swim-swam-swum run-ran-run
16).leave-left-left wear-wore-worn come-came-come
17).mean-meant-meant see-saw-seen overcome-overcame-overcome
18).lead-led-led ring-rang-rung rise-rose-risen
19).keep-kept-kept sing-sang-sung tear-tore-torn
20).hold-held-held win-won-won eat-ate-eaten
21).sleep-slept-slept read-read-read cost-cost-cost
22). smell-smelt-smelt cut-cut-cut fit-fit-fit
23).spend-spent-spent hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt
24).make-made-made let-let-let put-put-put
25).meet-met-met set-set-set shut-shut-shut
26).lend-lent-lent spread-spread-spread strike-struck-struck
27).feel-felt-felt send-sent-sent stand-stood-stood
28).hang-hung-hung悬挂-hanged-hanged绞死
29).lay-laid-laid平放;下蛋
30).lie-lay-lain 躺 -lied-lied 撒谎
动词的时态和语态
1.一般现在时 (
及物动词
(
带宾语
):
tell,
)
一般现在时 动作___________ 用法： ①表经常、习惯性恒定动作 ②表主语的特征;兴趣;爱好;能力和感觉等 He often _______(go) to school by bike every day. He ________(like) collecting stamps. The story __________(sound) interesting. The book_________(sell) well. The water ________(feel) cold.
状态___________ 用法：表当前稳定状态 They_______(be) very happy now. It _______(be) very hot today.
被动形式 _______________ English______________(speak) all over the world. You____________(not allow) to smoke here.
常见的时间状语有：every day/week/year; once a week; every four years...
特殊用法：
①表客观事实、真理 Light _________(travel) faster than sound. Action__________(speak) louder than words.
②在时间、条件等状语从句中 表将来（主将从现） Take an umbrella in case it__________(rain). I don’t know when he will come. But if he _______(come), I will let him know it.
③按时间表、日程表将要发生 的动作 My train__________(leave) at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.
练习:
1).The sun ________(rise)in the east and ________(set)in the west.
2). I_________(play) ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the New Year.
3). —Do you like the material —Yes, it ________(feel) very soft.
4). When _______he__________(come) again When he _____(come), let me know.
5). He should report to the manager as soon as he __________(arrive).
6). The volleyball match will be put off if it ________(rain).
7). In some parts of the world, tea ______________ (serve)with milk and sugar.
8). Visitors ________________ (request) not to touch the exhibits.
9). A giant panda______(have) a round face, big black eyes and a plump body with black and white
colors. It______(be) regarded as the national treasure in China. It______(look) cute and lovely.
10). It_____(like) eating bamboo. It can climb trees. Every year people from home and abroad______
(come) to watch pandas.
2.一般过去时
一般过去时 动作_________ 用法：①表某动作在过去发生了 ②表过去某段时间内经常、习惯性动作 An earthquake___________(happen) in Wen Chuan seven years ago. I often ______(go) fishing with my dad when I was young.
状态_____________ 用法：表状态在过去存在 It ________(be) cold yesterday. He_______(be) in Beijing at that time.
被动形式_______________ He_________(rob) of much money the other day. His money_________(steal) while he was sleeping.
特殊用法：
①表动作在过去某段时间里发生过 I_______ (stay) in my grandma’s for several years when I was young. I know a little about Japanese. Because I____________(study)it for two years when I was in college.
②表说话之前的情况 It’s you! I ________(not recognize) you. You have changed a lot. I never__________(think) you would give me a gift.
常见时间状语有：just now, yesterday, last year, in 1949, in the past, two years ago等
练习：
1).Edward, you play so well. But I ____________(not know) you played the piano.
2).He __________(play) football regularly for many years when he was young.
3).Last year, many students ____________(send) abroad to study.
4).Excuse me. I ___________(not realize) I was blocking your way.
5).—Do you want a lift home
—It’s very kind of you, but I have to work late in the office. I _________(oversleep) this morning because my alarm clock didn’t go off.
6).In 1492, Columbus _____(land)on one of the Bahama Islands, but he mistook it for an island off India.
7).Last week I ______(get) up so early that I ______(catch) the bus to my school. At the school gate, I______(meet) my English teacher. She ______(tell me that there was a speech contest for me to attend. I _____(be) excited and _________(promise) her that I would try my best to do it well.
8).I _____________(admit)into Luxian No.2 High School last year.
9).I _____________(bear)in July, 2007.
10). In junior high, I _____(be)the shortest in my class, but I often________(play)basketball with my friends.
3.一般将来时
一般将来时 动作_____________ ①表动作在将来某时间发生 ②表动作在将来经常发生 He ________(go) abroad next week. We ordinary people _________(travel) to the moon in the near future.
状态_____________ 用法：表状态在将来存在 Your photos___________(be) ready tomorrow. Life _________(be) better if we try.
被动形式________________ A sports meeting__________(hold ) in our school next week. Don’t worry. The children ___________(take) good care of.
特殊用法：
am/is/are going to do ※表事先安排要做的事(will临时决定) ※有某种征兆迹象要发生某事 I_____________spend the holiday in the countryside. Look! the dark clouds. It ____________rain.
am/is/are about to do 马上做某事，不需时间状语 I’m sorry I am busy now. I ____________leave for Beijing. I’ll call you later.
am/is/are to do 表计划要做的事（正式） 表“应该 ”“想”“注定”等语气 He____________(get) married next month. Fish___________(die) without water.
常见时间状语有：next week, tomorrow, in the future, in two years等
练习:
1).—Ann is in hospital.
—Oh, really I _________(not) know. I ____________(will/am going to) visit her now.
2).Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, ____________(be going to) visit Beijing this summer.
3).If their marketing plans succeed, they _____________(increase) their sales by 20 percent.
4).Next week I ___________(have)an English contest to attend.
5).In the future, extreme climate_____________(become)more and more frequent.
6).Whatever you say, I ______________(not change)my mind.
7).When I was a little girl, I _________(dream) to be a doctor. I _______(watch) movies and _________(read) books about doctors. I________(find) they________(be) great. Now I still ________(have) the dream of becoming a doctor. When I_______(see) sick people suffer from pain, I _______(hope) to help them out. My dream______(be) to become a doctor. I _______(major) in medicine in college. I ________(study) hard to have enough skills to cure people of their diseases. I believe I________(be) a good doctor in the future.
4.过去将来时
过去将来时 动作________________ 表在过去某动作之后将发生的动作 表过去倾向性的动作 Yesterday he said that he __________(go) to Beijing. He ___________(go) fishing when he was free. He used to go fishing when he was free.
状态_______________ 用法：表状态在将来存在 He said he_____________(be) very famous in the future. He reminded that it _______________(be) dangerous.
被动形式______________ He promised trees ___________________(plant)soon.
特殊用法：
was/were going to do He told me that he__________(spend) the holiday in the countryside.
was/were about to do He was about to leave _________ it began to rain.
was/were to do He said he______________(get) married the next month.
练习：
1).We were all surprised when he told us that he ___________(leave)office soon.
2).—Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday —I __________(本打算来), but I had an unexpected visitor.
3).我对他承诺我将会尽力去把它做好。
4).他告诉我如果我不交作业，我会被惩罚的。
5).我正要出去，这时天开始下起雨来。
6).我正要去接电话，这时电话被挂断了。
7).I________(tell) my friend Mary a secret yesterday and she told me that she________(keep) my secret. But in fact, on the afternoon, she _______(tell) it to Jenny. I ________(quarrel) with her and promised that I ____________(not) tell her anything.
5.现在进行时
现在进行时 动作________________ ①动作在此刻正在进行 ②动作在现阶段一直进行 We_________(take) notes while the teacher__________(explain) the grammar. We_____________(prepare) for the monthly examinations these days.
被动形式 __________________ My car_______________(repair) in the garage, so I have to walk to work.
特殊用法：
表渐进的过程 It______________(get) colder and colder. Cars_____________(become) more and more common.
②位移性动词(如come, go, leave, arrive, return, die, take, move…)用现在进行时表将来 Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane______________(take off). Hurry up! Time__________________(run out).
③be always/constantly/forever doing表赞叹，厌恶，不满 He is always thinking about others. She is always complaining about others.
练习：
1).—Have you moved into the new house —Not yet, the rooms ______________(paint).
2).Would you please keep silent The weather report ___________(broadcast) and I want to listen.
3).Selecting a mobile phone is not easy because technology ____________(change) so rapidly.
4).—What’s that terrible noise —The neighbors ______________(have) a party.
5).—I don’t suppose the police know who did it.
—Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and _____________(question) now.
6).Listen to the two girls by the window. What language ________________(speak)
7).—What’s that noise —Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine ______________(test).
8).The people downstairs______________________(make) loud noise now. I can’t bear it any more. They ________always__________(make) noise.
6.过去进行时
过去进行时 动作_________________ ①动作在过去某一刻正在进行 ②动作在过去某阶段一直在进行 What____________(you/do) at 12 o’clock last night I____________(prepare) for my final exam last month, so I didn’t call you.
被动形式_________________ My car_____________(repair) in the garage, so I walked home yesterday.
练习：
1).My brother_________(fall)while he__________(ride) his bicycle and hurt himself.
2).Mary______________(cook) in the kitchen when someone knocked at the door.
3).I first met Lisa three years ago. She____________(work) at a radio shop at the time.
4).—Did you see a man in black pass by just now —No, sir. I_____________(read) a newspaper.
5).—You were out when I dropped in at your house.
—Oh, I_____________(wait) for a friend from England at the airport.
6).Shirley___________(write) a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
7).Last night, it__________(rain) heavily when the lights_________(go) out. I______(be) afraid of darkness. I______(be) alone at home while my parents__________(work) in the factory. I________(call) my mom and she________(come) back quickly. Before she _______(arrive ) home, the power was back on.
7.现在完成时
现在完成时 动作__________________ “已经” ①动作在过去发生，但对现在造成响 （短暂动词） ②动作从过去开始一直持续到现在 （延续性动词） He ______________(marry). He ______________(die). He__________(work) here for twenty years.
状态____________________ 用法：表状态从过去一直持续到现在 He_____________(be) here for an hour. He____________(be) dead for 3 years.
被动形式________________ My pen_________________(find). He________________(fire) by his boss.
常见时间状语: so far, up to now, until now, have already done, have never done sth. before, have just done, not have done sth. yet, in the past/last few years, for/ since/by等引导的状语
练习：
1).—I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
—Oh, not at all. I ____________(be) here only a few minutes.
2).He______________________(work) here since he ___________(graduate) from college.
3).Up to now, the program____________(save) thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
4).His sister left home in 1998, and ________________(not/ hear of) since then.
5).I__________(study) English for several years. Since I started to learn English, I__________(have) difficulty with it. Up to now, I __________(not remember) so many words and I ___________(not understand )most of the grammar. In the past two years, I ___________(not be) able to follow my English teacher. I feel worried. What can I do I ___________(make) up my mind to learn it well. I _______(take) action now.
6).你已经失去了这次机会。
7).这种病毒已经得到了控制。
8).这个病毒已经被研究了好几个月。
9).自从这个病毒袭击人类以来，它已经导致许多人的死亡。
10).他参军已经三年了。 他已经结婚三年了。(至少三种)
8.现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时 动作___________________ 用法：表动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，还在继续 —Why, Jack, you look so tired! —Well, I______________(paint) the house for three hours and I must finish the work today.
练习：
1).Over the past decades, sea ice _____________(decrease) in the Arctic as a result of global warming.
2).我一个上午一直在打扫屋子，但似乎还是很脏。
3).三天来，雨持续下个不停。我不知道它什么时候会停下来。
9.过去完成时
过去完成时 动作________________ ①表动作在过去某一动作之前发生（过去的过去） He told me that he__________(buy)a car. When I arrived, he_______________(leave). I _____________(finish) my homework when my mom asked me to play the piano.
状态_______________ 表状态在过去某一动作之前存在 He said he___________(be) abroad for three years.
练习：
1).The moment I got home, I found I____________(leave) my jacket on the playground.
2).John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he ___________(plan) for the wedding.
3).Tom was disappointed that most of the guests_______________ (leave) when he arrived at the party.
4).The police found that the house________________(break into) and a lot of things___________(steal).
5).Mary_____(tell) me yesterday that she_______(buy )a computer because she________(give) some money by his father to buy what she needed most. And I______(tell) that her father _______(promise) to give her some money to buy something if she could focus on something meaningful.
【特殊句式中的时态】
1. This/It is the first/second…time that…have/has done
This/It was the first/second…time that…had done
1).这是我第一次参观这座城市。
2).他告诉我这是他第一次参观这座城市。
2. It is/has been +一段时间+since...did
1).自从他来到中国已经两年了。
3. ...was/were doing...when...… was/were about to do…when…. had done...when...
1).我正在做作业突然门铃响了。
2).我正要离开这时天突然下起了大雨。
3).我刚好完成作业妈妈又叫我去弹钢琴。
4. had hoped/had intended/had meant/had planned/had thought表过去未曾实现的愿望或意图
1).We had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but found it was gone.(译)________________________
2).We _________________(intend) to get to the cinema last night, but someone visited us.
四、动词的被动语态
1.不同时态和它的被动语态
时态 Active voice主动语态 Passive voice被动语态
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
过去将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
现在完成进行时
过去完成时
2.无被动的动词
1).系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, become, turn, get, grow, turn out, stay, remain…等
那听起来很有道理。___________________________________________________
这道菜闻起来很香。______________________________________________________
2).表示主语的特征
这本书很畅销。__________________________________________________________
这件外套很容易洗。______________________________________________________
3).常见无被动词/短语happen, take place, break out, belong to, date back to/from, consist of, come out等
这寺庙可以追溯到唐朝。_____________________________________
每天都有许多地震发生。______________________________________
他的书已经出版了。________________________________________
即时训练：
一、用动词的正确形式填空：
1).This window_______________(break) by Tom yesterday.
2).A new cinema________________(build) here. They plan to have it completed next month.
3).My homework_______________(finish) a few minutes ago.
4).It________________(say) that some foreign friends would visit our city the next day.
5).Hundreds of jobs________________(lose) if the factory closes.
6).America__________________ (discover) by Columbus in 1492.
7).Great changes____________________(take) place in my hometown in the past few years.
8).Tom was disappointed that most of the guests________________(leave) when he arrived at the party.
9).More than a dozen students in that school______________(send) abroad to study medicine last year.
10).—Do you know our town at all —No, this is the first time I_____________(come) here.
11).Take an umbrella in case it ___________(rain).
13).Let’s take action to protect our earth or we _____________(regret)in the future.
14).I was about to get on the bus _________ I heard someone calling me from behind.
15).—What is the price of petrol these days —Oh, it_____________(rise) sharply since last month.
16). —Tom looks quite unhappy.
—Yes, he_____________(plan) to get his girl friend a new dress, but he ________(lose) his wallet.
17).Do I have to take this medicine It___________(taste) so terrible.
18). —Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time
—Yes, since she__________(join) the Chinese Society.
19).Progress______________(be) very good so far and we’re sure that the work will be finished on time.
20).I have to see the doctor because I______________(cough) for a few weeks.
21).I’m tired out. I_____________(shop) all afternoon and I don’t seem to have finished anything.
22).The book has been translated into thirty languages since it_____________(come) on the market in 1973.
23).When you are home, give a call to let me know you_____________(arrive) safely.
24).We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we_______(know) each other for years.
25).I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Someone_____________
(talk) with her on the phone all the time!
26). —Were you surprised by the ending of the film
—No. I_______________(read) the book, so I already knew the story.
27).In the near future, more advances in the robot technology____________(make) by scientists.
28).That piece of music sounds quite familiar. Who_________________(play) the piano upstairs
29).In the last few years thousands of films_______________(produce) all over the world.
30).Planning far ahead____________(make) no sense—so many things will have changed by next year.
词法专题（八） 主谓一致
一、语法一致原则
1.主语为单数，包括动名词、不定式或者从句作为主语，谓语动词用单数。
1). He_________(like) English.
2). Learning English well_______(be) very important.
3). To see__________(be) to believe.
4). What he said_________(sound) reasonable.
5). Physics________(be) difficult to learn.
6). The news_________(be) shocking.
2.主语由and或者both...and或被all修饰。
1). Both my father and my mother_________(be) farmers.
2). The actor and the singer_________(invite) to be special guests in the show yesterday.
The actor and singer____________(invite) to be a special guest in the show yesterday.
3). All the money__________(use) up so far. And all the boys_________(have) to go home now.
3. A as well as B 作主语，谓语动词由主语A决定，as well as B只是介词短语作状语。类似结构有：with, along with, like, together, with, rather than, except, but (除了), including, besides, in addition to等
1). Nobody but my parents___________(know) the secret.
2). The teacher as well as students_________(is) excited when they heard the news.
3). The students as well as the teacher __________(be) excited when they heard the news.
4.either, neither, no, each, every, many a, more than one+单数名词作主语，谓语动词单数。some/any/no/every构成的不定代词做主语，谓语动词用单数。
1). Everybody________(be) here.
2). Either of the parents_______(be)important to me.
3). Many a boy__________(enjoy) playing football.
4). Each of the students________(be) friendly.
5). The students each__________(be) friendly.
5.分数/百分数+名词作主语，谓语动词由名词决定。
1). Two-thirds of the students____________(be) boys.
2). Ninety percent of the work_________________(do) so far.
6.定语从句中的主谓一致。
1). Mary, who______ (be) my best friend, often shares happiness and sorrow with me.
2). As_________(be) known, she is kind.
3). He is one of the boys who__________(send) abroad last year.
4). He is the only one of the boys who__________(send) abroad last year.
二、意义一致原则
1.集体名词family, audience, crew, club, class, company, committee, party, crowd group,

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