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(共27张PPT)
2026届语法填空专题
-- 有提示词之词性转化
GRAMMATICAL CLOZE
Learning Objectives
By the end of the class, Ss will be able to:
1. Identify the part of speech of the given word and accurately determine the required part of speech in the context .
2. Master common word formation rules (such as suffixation, prefixation) for converting the given word .
3.Apply the converted words appropriately in grammatical cloze.
知识解码
一、解题思维
第一步：确定是否考查词性转换
提示词为形容词、副词、名词或动词时，根据句意，考虑是否要转换词性；如：提示词为动词，且该动词在句中既不作谓语，也不作非谓语，则要考虑动词词性转换。
第二步：确定转换形式
根据句式结构以及设空处所作成分进一步分析，最终确定正确的词形转换形式。
二、解题规律
（一）.提示词为动词的词性转换
提示词为动词，如果既不是谓语动词，也不是非谓语动词，则考虑动词词性转换。动词是转换成名词还是形容词，则需根据句式结构以及设空处所作成分进一步分析。
1.动词转换为名词的规律
（1）-ion/-tion/-ation/-sion
possess→possession　　拥有 compete→competition　　比赛 educate→education　教育　
（2）-ment” develop→development　　发展 achieve→achievement　成就
（3）-ance/-ence： perform→performance　　表演 exist→existence　　　存在
（4）-al： approve→approval　　　批准 survive→survival　　　幸存
（5）-ing： build→building　　　建筑物 draw→drawing　　　绘画作品
（6）-er/or： perform→performer　表演者 act→actor　　　演员
（7）-age： pack→package　　包裹 marry→marriage　　　婚姻
（8）-ure/-ture： press→pressure压力 depart→departure离开；出发 mix→mixture混合(物)
（9）－y recover→recovery恢复 discover→discovery发现
2.动词转换为形容词的规律
(1).-able：
accept → acceptable　　　可接受的 drink → drinkable　　　可饮用的
(2). -ible：
perceive → perceptible　　　可察觉的 resist → resistible　　　可抵抗的
(3).- ing/-ed：
confuse → confused　　感到困惑的 excite → exciting　　令人激动的
(4). -ive：
impress→ impressive　给人深刻印象的 instruct → instructive　　有教育意义的 attract → attractive有吸引力的
(5). –ant/-ent：
Assist → assistant　辅助的 depend → dependant　依赖的 persist→ persistent　　　持续的
(6).—ful/less：
meaning-meaningful 有意义的 power—powerless 无能为力的
(7).-ory：
advise → advisory　　　顾问的；咨询的 prepare → preparatory　　　预备的；准备的
【2025届大亚湾区一模】Another feature of the celebrations is a popular snack called zongzi or
43 (stick) rice dumplings.
2.【2025届海淀区一模】Chinese consumers displayed a strong 19 (prefer) for locally-made products.
3.【2024届广东省一模】Her 41 (commit) to cultural preservation and rural development was recognized in 2019, when the China women’s Handicraft Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition was held and Zhang’s innovative design collection won top honors.
4.【2025届佛山市质量检测（一）】The CunBA drums up a special kind of emotion and 40 (excite) among spectators (观众).
5. 【2024届浙江省二模】 Made from seeds, leaves and flowers, incense has been used as an enjoyable 59 (pursue) for scholars.
6. 【2025届四川省一模】 Traditional tanghulu using hawthorn berries is said to taste like a 39 (combine)of both.
7. 【2024届河北省保定市一模】These hills not only contribute to the city’s picturesque charm but also offer opportunities for adventure and 60 (explore).
sticky
preference
commitment
excitement
pursuit
combination
小试牛刀
exploration
8.【2025届四川省绵中二模】 If it moves a meter, what harm is done The Great Wall still stands tall today, yet 43 (go) is its builder, Emperor Qinshihuang.
9.【2025届枣庄市一模】The alley is now a popular 45 (attract) that is traversed daily by locals.
10.【2024届潍坊市一模】The Wing Chun style is known for placing 36 (emphasize) on technique rather than strength.
11.【2025届河北省一调】Kunqu Opera uses a seemingly endless 40 (vary) of gestures to express specific emotions and has distinguished itself by its rhythmic patterns.
12.【2025届湖南省一模】In addition, sleeping on the heatable brick bed for a prolonged period is good for the blood 63 (circulate) and metabolism of the body, and can relieve some diseases such as arthritis and waist and leg pain.
13.【2025届重庆市三模】 Who would have thought that cultural 37 (consume) in China could become as easy as ordering a sandwich
14.【2024届陕西省汉中一模】 His deep appreciation for art often gave him 69 (inspire) in his scientific research.
15.【2025届泰州市一模】 Chinese artists often say that the artists first need to have a thorough and deep understanding of the natural 43 (exist) before drawing.
inspiration
gone
attraction
emphasis
variety
circulation
consumption
existence
1. (2025年1月浙江卷) Consumers and the industry alike are moving quickly to find a __________ (solve) to fashion's incredible footprint.
2. (2025八省联考) As more and more foreigners start to study the Chinese language and experience Chinese culture, the world will have a better understanding of China and its rich history, its hard-working people, its development through _________ _(innovate), and its inclusiveness.
3.（2023新高考II卷）Since June 2017, right before the 36 (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
4.（2023全国甲卷）The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life. However, Cason’s theme is a more weighty 69 (warn) about environmental destruction.
5.（2022全国甲卷）Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ___________ (protect).
6. （2021新高考II卷）A company ____ ____ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
7. 14.（2022年全国乙卷）“It can help to build a community with a __________（share）future for mankind,” he said.
8.（2022年浙江卷6月）Blind people recognize shapes with their _________ _ (exist) senses, in a way similar to that of sighted people, says Ella Striem-Amit, a Harvard scientist.
真题探究
arrival
warning
protection
representative
solution
innonation
shared
existing
9. (2023新高考II卷) As cities balloon with __________ (grow), access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.
10. (2023年新课标Ⅱ卷) These small studies provide __________ (inspire) and may be a springboard for more complex works in the future.
11. (2023年全国甲卷) It is not an __________ (explain),but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
12.(2024年1月九省联考) He is happy with the__ (improve)he sees in his students'writing and in his own writing
13. (2024全国甲卷) They all agreed and vowed(承诺)to promote the idea at the__ (complete)of their journey
14.（2024浙江1月卷）Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the ___ _______ (criticize) that they lead to waste.
15. （2025全国一卷）“In a Go game, each move should serve a long-term goal. You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them to follow your ‘____59____ (guide)’ till they lose,” explains Wang Wei, a Go player among the visitors to the exhibition.
growth
inspiration
explanation
improvement
completion
criticism
guidance
(二）　提示词为名词的词性转换
名词转换为形容词的规律
后缀 -able /-ible
adjust（v. 调整）→ → adjustable（adj. 可调整的）access（n. 进入）→ accessible（adj. 可进入的；易懂的）
2. 后缀 –ful/-less
hope（n. 希望）→ hopeful（adj. 充满希望的）power（n. 力量）→ powerful（adj. 强有力的）
care（n. 小心）→ careless（adj. 粗心的）home→ homeless（adj. 无家可归的）end→ endless（adj. 无尽的）
ce变成t结尾
innocence →innocent 无辜的 evidence →evident 显然的silence →silent 沉默的 patience→patient 有耐心的
4. 后缀 –ous
fame（n. 名声）→ famous（adj. 著名的） poison（n. 毒药）→ poisonous（adj. 有毒的）
5. 后缀 –y
cloud（n. 云）→ cloudy（adj. 多云的）health（n. 健康）→ healthy（adj. 健康的）
6. 后缀 –al
culture（n. 文化）→ cultural（adj. 文化的）origin（n. 起源）→ original（adj. 原始的）
7. 后缀 -ic /-ical
physics（n. 物理）→ physical（adj. 物理的；身体的）hero（n. 英雄）→ heroic（adj. 英雄的）
8.后缀 -en：
9. +ly结尾
friend →friendly 友好 love→ lovely 可爱的 month →monthly 每月的
10. + ed
balance→balanced 平衡的 spot → spotted 有斑点的 talent→talented 有天赋的
11. 学科名词加cal变成形容词
chemistry →chemical 化学的 physics →physical 身体的
politics →political 政治的 ecology→ ecological 生态的
12.ance变成ant结尾的形容词
significance →significant 有意义的 ignorance→ ignorant 无知的
tolerance →tolerant 容忍的
13.+cial结尾的形容词
benefit →beneficial 有益的 face→ facial 面部的
commerce →commercial 商业的 finance →financial 金融的
14.其他
energy→energetic 精力充沛的 strategy→strategic 战略的
self→selfish 自私的 wisdom→wise 明智的
freedom →free 空的, 免费的 height →high 高的
love→loving 慈爱的 death→dead 死的
pleasure→pleased 高兴的 popularity →popular 流行的
pride→proud 骄傲的 scientist→scientific 科学的
freedom→free 自由的 world → worldwide
名词转换为动词的规律
通过添加前缀或后缀，使名词具备 “做……”“使…… 成为”“给予……” 等动作含义。
1. 后缀 -ize /-ise（英式） 表示 “使…… 化”“以…… 方式处理”。
modern（n. 现代）→ modernize（v. 使现代化）
computer（n. 电脑）→ computerize（v. 使电脑化）
real（n. 现实）→ realize（v. 实现；意识到）
2. 前缀en-/后缀 –en 表示使…… 进入状态”“赋予……” “使…… 变得”“加强……”
rich（adj. 富有的）→ enrich（v. 使富裕；充实） large（adj. 大的）→ enlarge（v. 使扩大）
courage（n. 勇气）→ encourage（v. 鼓励，使有勇气）camp（n. 营地）→ encamp（v. 扎营，使驻扎）case（n. 箱子）→ encase（v. 把…… 装入容器；包裹） strength（n. 力量）→ strengthen（v. 加强） length（n. 长度）→ lengthen（v. 延长） broad（n. 宽度）→ broaden（v. 拓宽）
3. 后缀 –ify 表示 “使…… 成为”“使…… 化”。
class（n. 等级）→ classify（v. 分类） pure（n. 纯净）→ purify（v. 净化）
simple（n. 简单）→ simplify（v. 简化）
4. 无词缀直接转化（零派生）部分名词可直接用作动词，含义与名词相关。
book（n. 书）→ book（v. 预订） water（n. 水）→ water（v. 浇水）
hand（n. 手）→ hand（v. 传递） fuel (n.燃料） → fuel （v. 加强）
1.【2024届佛山市质量检测（一）】Amateur basketball players representing their villages compete not for cash prizes; instead, the winning team take home live ducks, rice and 39 (tradition) Miao-style silver headdresses.
2. 【2025届乐山市一模】 The aim is to keep the building's temperature 43 (comfort) in all seasons, using only natural airflow.
3. 【2025届贵阳市三模】 Digitalization has made cultural heritage more 44 (access) to the public, particularly to people living in rural areas who would otherwise be unable to visit these sites in person.
4. 【2025届遂宁市二模】 From the iconic biangbiang noodles to the inviting oil-splashed noodles, Xi’an’s noodle scene is a ____60____ (delight) journey through flavors and textures.
5.【2025年高三教学测试】Have you ever had this kind of childhood memory: a family sits together casually during a holiday, drinking and tasting tea after lunch or dinner This has been a ____36____ (day) activity for Chinese people throughout the history.
6.【2025年遵义市高三期末】 They provide a sense of identity and continuity for communities, groups and individuals ____40____ (concern),” states a document from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism to UNESCO.
小试牛刀
traditional
accessible
comfortable
delightful
daily
concerned
7.【2025届陕西省汉中一模】Qian was extremely 67 (knowledge), especially in the area of frontier science research.
8.【2025届石家庄市高三期末】 Audience enjoyed a diversity of local cultural elements from those places, such as folk 43 (music) instruments and folk dances.
9.【2025届广州市一调】 And Kunqu Opera, combining songs performed in the Suzhou dialect, graceful body movements, martial arts and dance, was 38 (origin) born in the region of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province.
10.【2025届达州市期末】 People 64 (routine) have their meals and family gatherings on the bed in cold winters.
11.【2024届泰州市高三一模】Actually, the Chinese painting aims to demonstrate a 38 (harmony) relation between the natural world and human emotion.
knowledgeable
musical
originally
routinely
harmonious
1.（2025全国二卷）I was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States. Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, where bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and ____57____ (center) heating doesn’t exist.
2. (2024年新课标I卷)The latest___ (engineer)techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful
3. 2023年全国乙卷）The __________ (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, means there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
4.（2024年新高考I卷）The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective __________ (function) structure that is also beautiful.
5. （2023年新高考I卷）Xiao long bao (soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot, __________ (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
6. （2023年浙江卷1月）The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by __________ (space) homes and walled gardens.
7. （2023年全国甲卷）__________ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an accusation instead of a moral.
真题探究
remarkable
functional
tasty
spacious
Different
engineering
central
（三）　提示词为形容词、副词的词性转换
形容词、副词的词形转换
（1）分析句子结构发现提示词是形容词且需要改变词性时，应考虑用派生的副词或名词；
（2）若设空处作定语、表语，则应考虑用形容词形式；
（3）若设空处修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，则应考虑用副词形式；
（4）若设空处在介词后，则应考虑用名词作宾语。
形容词转换为副词的规律
副词多用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，形容词转副词的核心规律是通过加词缀实现，部分需调整拼写，少数为不规则变化。
1.一般情况形容词后直接加 –ly careful（仔细的）→ carefully（仔细地）
2.以 “辅音字母+y” 结尾的形容词 变 “y” 为 “i” 后加 -ly happy（开心的）→ happily（开心地）；angry（生气的）→ angrily（生气地）
3.以 “e” 结尾的形容词 多数保留 “e” 加 -ly；少数去 “e” 加 -ly（如 “ue” 结尾） safe（安全的）→ safely（安全地）；true（真实的）→ truly（真实地）
4.以 “le” 结尾的形容词 去 “e” 加 -y terrible（可怕的）→ terribly（可怕地）；comfortable（舒适的）→ comfortably（舒适地）
5.以 “ic” 结尾的形容词，直接+ally
6.不规则变化 无固定词缀，形容词与副词同形或词形完全不同 good（好的）→ well（好地）；fast（快的）→ fast（快地）；hard（努力的）→ hard（努力地）
形容词转换为动词
形容词转动词多通过加词缀表示 “使… 具有某种特征” 或 “使… 进入某种状态”，常见词缀为 -en、-ize、-ify，少数为特殊变化。
1.加 -en 表示 “使… 变得…”（多用于描述状态、性质的形容词）
weak（虚弱的）→ weaken（使虚弱）；soft（柔软的）→ soften（使柔软）
2.加 -ize 表示 “使… 化”“使具有… 性质”（多用于描述特征、属性的形容词）
modern（现代的）→ modernize（使现代化）；real（真实的）→ realize（实现）
3.加 -ify 表示 “使… 成为…”“使… 化”（强调 “达到某种状态”）
simple（简单的）→ simplify（简化）；pure（纯净的）→ purify（净化）
4.特殊变化 无固定词缀，形容词直接作动词（词义与 “使… 呈现该形容词特征” 相关）
empty（空的）→ empty（倒空）；dry（干燥的）→ dry（使干燥）；clear（清晰的→ clear使清晰
形容词转换为名词
形容词转名词多通过加词缀表示 “… 的状态、性质或抽象概念”，常见词缀为 -ness、-th、-ity，部分为词缀替换。
1.－age short→shortage 短缺 percent→percentage 百分比
2.－cy efficient→efficiency效率 accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私
3.－dom free→freedom自由 wise→wisdom明智；智慧
4.－ence/ance different→difference差异-ent ） evident →evidence 证据-ence ）
significant（重要的，-ant）→ significance（重要性-ance)
5.－ness weak→weakness虚弱；弱点 thick→thickness厚度 careless→carelessness粗心大意
6.－th strong→strength力气；优势 warm→warmth温暖；热情
7.－ty/ -ity safe→safety安全 disable→disability缺陷；伤残
responsible→responsibility责任 honest→honesty诚实
8.特殊变化 无固定词缀，词形特殊变化
poor（贫穷的）→ poverty（贫困）；young（年轻的）→ youth（青年）
1.【2025届浙江省一模】When Qu Yuan jumped into a river out of love for his country in 278 BC, people 38 (desperate) rowed out in boats to search for him.
2.【2025届广东省高三一模】“We have trained hundreds of local Miao women in the ancient needlework techniques,” Zhang 39 (proud) remarked.
3.【2025届湖北省高三期末】 With quick kicks, he effortlessly sends the Jianzi into the air and gracefully guides it to land 36 (gentle) on his head.
4.【2025届河北衡水中学期末】 The audience and viewership for this year’s Spring Festival TV gala, which was aired on Feb 9, Lunar New Year’s Eve or Chinese Lunar New Year, both reached record 36 (high), according to ratings statistics.
5.【2025届内江市高三二模】 Later, he also produced teaching videos, published books, and released albums, significantly boosting the instrument’s 43 (popular).
6.【2025届邯郸市高三二模】 The purchasing excitement is expected to 40 (huge) boost consumer confidence and improve the recovery of consumption．
7.【2024届浙江省杭州市一模】 42 (additional), China’s digitalization of cultural heritage has been instrumental in research and education.
小试牛刀
desperately
proudly
gently
highs
popularity
hugely
Additionally
8.【2025届乐山市高三二模】 Digital art is ____42___ _(increasing) being used by artists to create unique pieces that are unlike anything else seen before.
9.【 2024届台州市高三第一次教学评估】While its historical and cultural landmarks awe visitors, it is the varied, mouthwatering selection of snacks that ____58____ (true) captivates their hearts.
10.【2025届青海市高三一模】 The scientists are from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the USA．A spokesperson from NOAA said, “July is 37 (typical) the world’s warmest month of the year, but July 2021 beat itself as the hottest July and hottest month ever.
11.【2025届泸州市高三二模】 Harmony is a core value of China’s Hehe culture, which is 36 (wide) appreciated in modern Chinese society.
12.【2025届兰州市期末调研】 61 (basic), medical incense can kill bacteria in the environment, protecting people against infections.
13.【2024届江苏省高三一模】 The bigger the 37 (capable) of the cargo bike, the more you will find you use it and the more liberated (解放) you will free from the trouble of carparking and traffic.
14.【2025届内江市高三二模】 Look through the options or 44 (simple) drop by or give us a call so we can share our knowledge with you of what works best for your given use.
increasingly
truly
typically
widely
Basically
capacity
simply
14.【2024届沈阳市一模】A total of 250 million people watched the live streaming of the show via their mobile phones with the total views reaching 420 million, up by 37.97 percent and 57.58 percent,
39 (respective), compared with 2023.5 billion instances of viewing, an increase of 12.69 percent year on year.
15.【2024届郑州市高中第一次质量预测】 It’s 42 (absolute) relaxing to drink hot tea, feel the winter breeze, and chat with best friends.
respectively
absolutely
真题探究
1.（2022全国乙卷）“As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest tea-producing country, China has a ___________ (responsible)to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.
2.（2024新课标II卷）Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international ___62___ (visible), said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed to find the connection between the two great writers.
3.(2023年1月浙江首考).The term “hutong”,__ __(original)meaning"water well"in Mongolian,appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty.
4. (2021八省联考) Don’t go to a school __________ (specific) for a high school relationship or to make someone else happy.
5.（2024新课标I卷）The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route that brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the 65 (rich) of gardening in England.
6. (2020全国III卷) As the small boat moved __________ (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
responsibility
originally
richness
visibility
specifically
gently
7. (2023新高考II卷) Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a __ ________ (consequent) of the classes.
8. (2023新高考II卷) Though some are __________ (initial) scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
9. (2020全国III卷) Filled with __________ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
10. (2020新高考I卷) Historical __________ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
11.（2023年新高考I卷）No matter where I buy them, one steamer is __________ (rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, so I am always left wanting more next time.
12.（2023年新高考II卷）So, what are they learning __________ (basic), how to describe a panda’s life.
13.（2023年北京卷） I’m British. Soon after moving to Switzerland, I would throw a house-warming party and was greatly surprised when all 30 guests showed up __________(exact) on time.
14. (2022年浙江卷1月) On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, __________ (rough) 200 academics - many of them climate scientists have promised to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
initially
curiosity
accuracy
rarely
basically
exactly
consequence
roughly
1. Summary
2. Homework:
Complete the grammar fill in the blanks at the back of the paper.
Summary and Homework
(2025新高考-全国卷Ⅰ) An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, 56 originated in China more than 4,000 years ago.
Go is one of 57 earliest binary-based(基于二元的) games. The movements of the black and white pieces reflect the basic ideas of Eastern philosophy, according to Tu Ningning, who is in charge of the exhibition.
" The exhibition brings together Go culture, cutting-edge technology and contemporary art," says Tu. "We hope 58 (present) the rather abstract Go game and AI in a visual context,and initiate dialogues with minimalism art, conceptual art and expressionism.“
"In a Go game , each move should serve a long-term goal. You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them to follow your 59 (guide) till they lose," explains Wang Wei, a Go player among the visitors to the exhibition.
"The players' personalities 60 (reveal) during the game,and one's weaknesses are exposed to the opponent," she adds. "A decent winner always 61 (try) to beat the opponent 62 no more than one or two points as a gesture of respect for the other side."
Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the 63 (strategy) placement of the pieces, 64 the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings, sculptures, 65 (digital) generated pictures and silk-screen prints for the exhibition.
Homework
which
the
to present
guidance
are revealed
tries
by
strategic
and
digitally
Homework
(2021新高考-全国卷Ⅰ)Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”. 56.________ is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 57.____________(human) are.The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will 58.______________ (undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 59._________(hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it But that’s how nature is —always leaving us 60.__________(astonish) .What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it 61.______(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 62._____ offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63._________(ache) legs.As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in 64._________(I). While you’re in China, Mount huangshan is __________ must to visit!
what
humans
undoubtedly
hotter
astonished
was
and
aching
mine
a

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